HIV/HCV合并感染者中两类抗病毒药物相互作用的研究

直接抗病毒药物对HIV/HCV合并感染者及单纯HCV感染者的疗效相当,然而药物-药物相互作用是临床医师在选择抗病毒方案时不容忽视的问题。本文检索分析了国内外有关直接抗病毒药物与抗反转录病毒药物相互作用的文献,并对两类抗病毒药物的相互作用进行综述,以期为临床医师治疗HIV/HCV合并感染者时选择恰当的直接抗病毒药物组合提供参考。     

重视HIV合并HCV感染的诊断和治疗

HIV和HCV的传播途径相同,二者合并感染相当常见。高效抗反转录病毒治疗的广泛应用显著降低了HIV感染相关疾病的发病率和病死率,但HCV感染引起的终末期肝病已成为HIV/HCV合并感染者死亡的重要原因。因此,加强HIV合并HCV感染者的诊断和治疗对于降低HIV感染的病死率十分重要。本文就HIV合并HCV感染者病毒的相互影响、诊断和治疗进行概述。     

HIV合并HCV感染患者的血液相关检测分析

目的分析艾滋病病毒(HIV)/丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)合并感染人群抗病毒治疗前血液相关检测结果特征及其对临床治疗的指导价值。方法回顾性分析广州市第八人民医院2009—2016年间收治的HIV感染者/AIDS病人(简称HIV/AIDS病人)、HIV/HCV合并感染者和HCV感染者抗病毒治疗前的实验室检测资料,对收集的病人免疫细胞计数和血常规相关检测指标,采用秩和检验进行统计分析,统计软件为SPSS 19.0。结果共入组196例病人,其中HIV单一感染者75例,HIV/HCV合并感染者76例,HCV单一感染组45例。分析HIV单一感染组和HIV/HCV合并感染组之间CD4+T淋巴细胞(简称CD4细胞)计数及CD8+T淋巴细胞(简称CD8细胞)计数、CD4/CD8比值,结果显示:HIV/HCV合并感染组的CD4细胞、CD8细胞计数和CD4/CD8比值较HIV单一感染组无显著差异(Z=-1.319,P=0.187;Z=-0.171,P=0.864;Z=-1.560,P=0.119);三组间血常规各项指标检测结果显示:HIV/HCV合并感染组红细胞(RBC)、血红蛋白(HGB)、平均红细胞体积、平均红细胞血红蛋白含量(MCH)、平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度、RBC差值、HGB差值与HIV单一感染组及HCV单一感染组比较差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05),HIV单一感染组与HCV单一感染组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)(除MCH外)。结论排除肝功能异常的影响后,合并HCV感染未显著影响HIV/AIDS病人外周血免疫细胞计数,但合并HCV感染的HIV/AIDS病人抗病毒治疗前更易发生贫血,且以小细胞低色素性贫血类型为主,提示HIV/HCV合并感染者的临床治疗需要更多关注贫血发生。     

194例HIV阳性孕妇HBV HCV及梅毒合并感染状况分析

目的了解广西艾滋病病毒(HIV)阳性孕妇合并感染乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)、梅毒状况,为医疗部门及相关部门采取有效的措施,实施母婴阻断、提高人口素质提供科学的依据。方法对广西贺州、柳州、南宁和横县发现的194名HIV阳性孕妇的HBV、HCV及梅毒合并感染状况进行检测分析。结果在调查的194名HIV阳性孕妇中,HIV/HCV、HIV/HBV和HIV/梅毒合并感染率分别为14.14%、9.42%和5.24%。2.62%和1.05%的妇女分别有HIV/HBV/HCV和HIV/HCV/梅毒混合感染,吸毒是HIV/HCV合并感染的危险因素,HIV/HBV合并感染存在地区差异。结论研究地区HIV阳性孕妇的HBV、HCV及梅毒感染率显著高于普通孕妇,应早期发现并采取有效的干预措施以预防母婴垂直传播。     

HAART对HIV/HCV合并感染者PBMCs中MxA表达水平及其对后续抗HCV疗效的影响

目的纵向研究高效抗逆转录病毒治疗(HAART)对HIV单一感染者和HIV/HCV合并感染者外周血单个核细胞(PBMCs)中粘病毒抵抗蛋白Mx A mRNA表达水平的影响,分析HAART后HIV/HCV合并感染者抗HCV前基线Mx A mRNA水平是否与后续干扰素抗HCV疗效有关。方法以广州市第八人民医院收治的艾滋病患者(HIV单一感染组,HAART前CD4+T淋巴细胞200个/mm3,42例)和HIV/HCV合并感染患者(HIV/HCV合并感染组,HAART前CD4+T淋巴细胞200个/mm3,33例)为研究对象,并以22名健康自愿者作为对照;观察患者在抗HCV治疗前的HAART的不同时间点(0 W、4 W、12 W、24 W、48 W、72 W、96 W)PBMCs中Mx A mRNA表达水平;对比分析后继抗HCV治疗效果(有早期病毒学应答EVR,无早期病毒学应答NEVR)与Mx A mRNA表达水平的关系。结果 HIV单一感染组PBMCs中Mx A mRNA水平在HAART 4 W后下降(P0.05),其他各时间点及与健康对照组之间差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);HIV/HCV合并感染组PBMCs中HAART各时间点及与健康对照组之间差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);HAART 96 W后进行抗HCV治疗,EVR组抗HCV治疗前Mx A mRNA水平较NEVR组高(P0.05)。结论长期HAART对HIV/HCV合并感染者PBMCs中Mx A mRNA表达水平无显著影响;但HAART后抗HCV治疗前PBMCs中Mx A mRNA水平可作为HIV/HCV合并感染者抗HCV疗效的预测指标之一。     

HIV/HCV重叠感染者疾病进展及病毒间相互作用机制的研究进展

自1981年美国首次从男同性恋患者中报道艾滋病(AIDS)以来,相同症状的患者不断被发现,该疾病也以其惊人的速度在世界范围内传播开来。由于丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)与艾滋病病毒(HIV)有相同的传播途径,使HCV在HIV感染者中得到广泛的传播。据报道,全球HCV感染者中大约6%～10%合并HIV感染,HIV感染者中大约有30%合并HCV感染。因此HIV/HCV重叠感染成为AIDS最关注的领域之一。现对HIV/HCV重叠感染者疾病进展及病毒间在人体内相互作用机制的最新研究进展综述如下。     

HIV和HCV合并感染研究进展

人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）和丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）感染是全球性问题,因两者具有相同的传播途径,合并感染现象相当常见。合并感染者中,HIV、HCV相互作用加速了疾病的进展,严重危害人类健康。高效抗逆转录病毒治疗（HAART）的应用显著降低了艾滋病患者的死亡率和机会性感染等合并症,延长了患者的生存期。HCV合并感染导致的慢性肝脏疾病成为HIV感染者死亡的主要原因之一。本文就近年来HIV／HCV合并感染方面的研究综述如下。     

格卡瑞韦/哌仑他韦治疗HCV感染者和人类免疫缺陷病毒合并HCV感染者疗效及安全性研究

目的 评估应用格卡瑞韦/哌仑他韦治疗丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染和人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)合并HCV感染者的疗效及安全性。方法 2021年4月～2021年12月凉山彝族自治州越西县第一人民医院诊治的HCV感染者25例和HIV合并HCV感染者27例,均接受格卡瑞韦/哌仑他韦治疗8～12周,随访12周。结果 两组静脉注射毒品感染HCV的比率分别为60.0%和63.0%;HCV感染者实现持续病毒学应答(SVR)为92.0%,而HIV合并HCV感染者为88.9%,两组间差异无统计学意义(P=1.000);两组患者对该药耐受性良好,均未发生不良事件导致的治疗方案调整或中止。结论 应用格卡瑞韦/哌仑他韦治疗HCV感染者和HIV合并HCV感染者具有较好的近期疗效和较高的安全性。     

艾滋病合并丙型肝炎病毒感染者抗反转录病毒治疗效果和肝脏损伤

目的 评价对AIDS合并HCV感染患者抗反转录病毒治疗(ART)的临床疗效和肝损伤.方法 将患者按有无HCV合并感染分为HIV和HCV合并感染组(HIV/HCV组)65例,HIV感染组(HIV组)52例,应用两个核苷类反转录酶抑制剂(NRTI)联合一个非核苷类反转录酶抑制剂(NNRTI)的ART方案,疗程1年.随访并检测血浆HIV载量、外周血CD4细胞数、ALT.结果 治疗前,HIV/HCV组和HIV组的HIV载量均值分别为5.59和5.89 log10拷贝/mL,治疗1年后,分别降至2.91 log10拷贝/mL(P＜0.05)和2.88 log10拷贝/mL(P＜0.05),两组分别有83.1%和78.9%的患者HIV载量＜500拷贝/mL.HIV/HCV组和HIV组CD4细胞均值由治疗前的73.9和72.4/μL,分别增至215.1/μL和214.8/μL(P值均＜ 0.05).1年内,HIV/HCV组与HIV组肝功能异常率分别为24.6%与7.7%(P＜0.05),但无因发生严重肝损伤而终止ART者.结论 联合应用NRTI、NNRTI治疗AIDS合并HCV感染患者,短期内能有效抑制HIV复制,促进免疫功能重建.HCV感染虽可加重肝损伤,但对ART疗效无明显影响.     

HIV/AIDS病人合并HBV和HCV感染状况分析

目的分析艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者和艾滋病(AIDS)病人(简称HIV/AIDS病人)合并感染乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)的流行现状及其特点,为AIDS的防控和治疗提供科学依据。方法选取2011-2015年期间准备开始高效抗反转录病毒治疗(HAART)的HIV/AIDS病人986例,采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测HIV/AIDS病人血液中的乙型肝炎表面抗原(HBsAg)和/或丙型肝炎病毒抗体(HCV-Ab)。计数资料样本率的比较采用χ2检验,计量资料的比较采用t检验。结果 HIV/AIDS病人合并HBV感染率为6.06%(59/974),合并HCV感染率为4.12%(40/972),合并HBV/HCV双重感染率为0.42%(4/960),HIV/AIDS病人合并HBV和HCV感染率的差异无统计学意义。血液途径感染HIV者的合并HBV感染率为15.79%,合并HCV感染率为41.03%,均显著高于性途径合并HBV和HCV的感染率(5.01%和1.68%)。合并乙型肝炎病人的CD4+T淋巴细胞200个/μL的比例,明显高于合并丙型肝炎病人CD4+T淋巴细胞200个/μL的比例。合并HBV和HCV感染的病人的天冬氨酸转氨酶、丙氨酸转氨酶、总胆红素均没有显著性差异。结论郑州市HIV/AIDS病人合并HBV和HCV总体感染率低于普通人群,HIV合并HBV/HCV感染的趋势有所控制。但血液途径感染HIV者合并HBV和HCV感染率仍高于普通人群,要加大防控力度。     

广东省单纯丙型肝炎病毒及其与人类免疫缺陷病毒共感染者丙型肝炎病毒的基因亚型分析

目的 了解广东省人类免疫缺陷病毒(HW) /HCV共感染者与单纯HCV感染者的感染途径、HCV的基因亚型分布及其遗传特征,为丙型肝炎病毒感染的治疗与预防提供依据. 方法采用巢式逆转录-聚合酶链反应扩增广东省95例HIV/HCV共感染者及99例单纯HCV感染者HCVNS5B基因区域,扩增产物测序后进行HCV基因亚型分析,遗传分析利用MEGA4软件.不同种基因亚型型内基因距离以碱基置换率表示.结果 HIV/HCV共感染者HCV有5种基因亚型,其中6a型占53.7％ (51/95)、3a型占17.9％ (17/95)、1b型占15.8％ (15/95)、3b型占11.6％ (11/95)、1a型占1.0％(1/95);1b亚型内基因距离为6.30％±1.27％,高于其他基因亚型.HIV/HCV共感染者主要通过静脉注射毒品感染(75/95,78.9％),其基因亚型主要为6a型,占60.0％ (45/75).单纯HCV感染者HCV有7种基因亚型,其中1b型占67.7％ (67/99)、6a型占17.2％(17/99)、3a型占6.1％ (6/99)、2a型占5.％(5/99)、3b型占2.0％(2/99)、4a型占1.0％ (1/99)、5a型占1.0％(1/99);1b亚型内基因距离为5.17％±1.03％,高于其他基因亚型.单纯HCV感染者主要通过输血或血液制品感染(80/99,80.8％),其HCV基因亚型主要为1b型,占76.2％ (61/80).结论 广东地区HIV/HCV共感染者及单纯HCV感染者HCV基因亚型呈现多样性,HIV/HCV共感染者与单纯HCV感染者主要感染途径不同,HCV主要基因亚型也不同.     

Indications and waiting list priority for deceased donor liver transplantation in HIV/HCV co-infected hemophilic patients in Japan through contaminated blood product

HIV/HCV co-infection from blood products for hemophilia has been a social problem in Japan. Liver transplantation (LT) is an important treatment option for hepatic failure and cirrhosis of the liver in co-infected patients, and appropriate indications for LT, especially organ form deceased donors, are required by society. The aim is to propose priority status for the waiting list for deceased donor (DD) LT in HIV/HCV co-infected patients in Japan based on medical and scientific considerations. Since 2009, we have been working on the subject in research projects under grants-in-aid for health and labour sciences research on AIDS measures provided by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (the Kanematsu project and Eguchi project). Our research showed that hepatic fibrosis is advanced in HIV/HCV co-infected Japanese patients, especially those with hemophilia who became infected from blood products at a faster rate than HCV mono-infected patients. In addition, those patients who developed portal hypertension had a poor prognosis at a young age. The results of our research contributed to increasing the priority score of those patients on the deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT) waiting list in 2013 and to establishing a scoring system for DDLT corresponding to the Model for End-stage Liver disease (MELD) score in 2019. This paper introduces changes in priority and the current state of priority of the DDLT waiting list for HIV/HCV co-infected patients in Japan.     

Management of chronic Hepatitis C virus in patients with HIV

Opinion statement The life expectancy of HIV seropositive persons is approaching the life expectancy of those who are uninfected with HIV. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has emerged as a worldwide epidemic. Given the similar transmission route between HCV and HIV, there has been an explosion in the number of individuals infected with both viruses. Because of the successful introduction of antiretroviral therapy, patients are more susceptible to new opportunistic infections such as HCV. HCV leads to a more rapid progression to end-stage liver disease in patients with HIV, and the morbidity and mortality related to HCV in co-infected patients is on the rise. Therefore, it has become imperative to treat both HIV and HCV in co-infected patients. The primary goal of HCV therapy is permanent eradication of the virus. Secondary goals include reduction in hepatic fibrosis progression, development of decompensated cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Early studies using standard interferon-alfa for the treatment of HCV in co-infected individuals were discouraging, as poor outcomes, high discontinuation rates, and severe adverse events were observed. The current standard of care for treatment of HCV is pegylated-interferon and ribavirin. New studies have recently demonstrated a higher sustained virologic response rate and a better adverse event profile than previously reported in co-infected patients. As a result, we recommend considering all co-infected patients for HCV therapy while watching closely for unique treatment-related toxicities. The treatment of HCV in co-infected patients should be a high priority for all providers.     

Chronic hepatitis C in patients co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus in Japan: a retrospective multicenter analysis

Aim:  A nationwide survey in Japan revealed that nearly one-fifth of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients are co-infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). We conducted a study to further analyze the features of liver disease in HIV–HCV co-infected patients.
Methods:  We analyzed 297 patients from eight hospitals belonging to the HIV/AIDS Network of Japan.
Results:  HCV genotypes 1, 2, 3, 4 and mixed genotypes were detected in 55.2, 13.7, 18.9, 0.9 and 11.3% of patients, respectively, in contrast to the fact that only genotypes 1 and 2 are detected in HCV mono-infected patients in Japan. This is compatible with the transmission of HCV through imported blood products contaminated by HCV. Sixteen of 297 HIV–HCV co-infected patients had advanced liver disease accompanied by ascites, hepatic encephalopathy or hepatocellular carcinoma. The average age of such patients was 41.1 ± 14.0 years, which was much younger than that of HCV mono-infected patients with the same complications. The progression speed of liver disease estimated from the changes in the levels of serum albumin, bilirubin, or platelet was slower in patients who achieved sustained virological response with interferon treatment than in those who did not receive it. The overall sustained virological response rate to interferon treatment was 43.3%.
Conclusions:  Our findings suggest that liver disease is more advanced in HIV–HCV co-infected patients than in HCV mono-infected patients, and interferon treatment may retard the progression of liver disease in such patients.     

Current treatment options for hepatitis C patients co-infected with HIV

With the availability of all-oral, direct acting antivirals (DAAs), hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapy has been revolutionized for HIV/HCV co-infected patients. Indeed HCV cure rates are now no longer different between HCV mono and HIV/HCV co-infected persons and are both greater than 95%. Therefore, current treatment guidelines no longer separate these two groups. Indications for HCV treatment and choice of DAA combination are now the same for all HCV patients. In HIV/HCV co-infection however, drug interactions between HIV and HCV agents need be checked prior to starting HCV therapy. Finally, the higher risk of hepatic decompensation in HIV/HCV co-infected patients, including those receiving successful antiretroviral therapy, continues to make these patients a high priority group for receiving access to modern DAA combination therapy.     

Hepatitis C virus infection in patients with HIV-1: epidemiology,natural history and management

Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related liver diseases have contributed to increased morbidity and mortality in HIV-1-infected individuals in the era of effective antiretroviral therapy. HCV transmission patterns have changed among the HIV co-infected population during the last decade, with acute HCV infection emerging worldwide. HIV infection accelerates the progression of HCV-related liver diseases and consequently cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the current standard treatment of HCV infection with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin results in only a limited viral response. Furthermore, cumbersome pill regimens, antiretroviral related hepatotoxicity, and drug interactions of HCV and HIV regimens complicate therapy strategies. Fortunately, in the near future, new direct-acting anti-HCV agents will widen therapeutic options for HCV/HIV co-infection. Liver transplantation is also gradually accepted as a therapeutic option for end stage liver disease of HCV/HIV co-infected patients.     

Genotypic distribution of hepatitis C among hepatitis C and HIV co-infected patients in Brazil

Information on hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypic distribution among HIV-HCV co-infected patients is lacking in Brazil as well as other Latin American countries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the level of exposure to different risk factors associated with HCV transmission among a group of co-infected patients and to characterize the genotypic distribution of HCV in this cluster. A series of 100 HIV-HCV co-infected patients was analysed. The data to be analysed were collected from specific laboratory tests. Information was collected through a questionnaire. HCV genotyping was carried out by sequencing the 5' non-coding region of HCV. Chi-square and Fischer association tests or Kruskal-Wallis test were used to study the association between HCV transmission-related variables and the established genotypes. In conclusion, exposure to multiple risk factors associated with HCV transmission was common among HIV co-infected patients and an association between HCV genotype 3 and intravenous drug user was observed.     

Coinfection of hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus in HIV-infected patients in south India

AIM To screen for the co-infection of hepatitis B (HBV)and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients insouthern India.METHODS Five hundred consecutive HIV infected patients were screened for Hepatitis B Virus (HBsAg and HBV-DNA) and Hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV and HCV-RNA)using commercially available ELISA kits; HBsAg, HBeAg/anti-HBe (Biorad laboratories, USA) and anti-HCV (Murex Diagnostics, UK). The HBV-DNA PCR was performed to detect the surface antigen region (pre S-S). HCV-RNA was detected by RT-PCR for the detection of the constant 5' putative non-coding region of HCV.RESULTS HBV co-infection was detected in 45/500 (9%)patients and HCV co-infection in 11/500 (2.2%) subjects.Among the 45 co-infected patients only 40 patients could be studied, where the detection rates of HBe was 55%(22/40), antiHBe was 45% (18/40) and HBV-DNA was 56% (23/40). Among 11 HCV co-infected subjects, 6(54.5%) were anti-HCV and HCV RNA positive, while 3(27.2%) were positive for anti-HCV alone and 2 (18%)were positive for HCV RNA alone.CONCLUSION Since the principal routes for HIV transmission are similar to that followed by the hepatotropic viruses, as a consequence, infections with HBV and HCV are expected in HIV infected patients.Therefore, it would be advisable to screen for these viruses in all the HIV infected individuals and their sexual partners at the earliest.     

Prevalence of hepatitis C in an ethnically diverse HIV-1-infected cohort in south London

OBJECTIVES: There is limited information on the prevalence of and risk factors for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among HIV-1-infected patients in the UK. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of HCV infection among an ethnically diverse cohort of HIV-infected patients in south London, and to extrapolate from these data the number of co-infected patients in the UK. METHODS: A total of 1017 HIV-1-infected patients who had attended King's College Hospital HIV clinic between September 2000 and August 2002 were screened for HCV antibody using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Positive results were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or recombinant immunoblot assay. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were obtained from the local computerized database and medical records. We applied our HCV prevalence rates in the different HIV transmission groups to the estimated number of HIV-infected persons in these groups in the UK, to obtain a national estimate of the level of HIV-HCV co-infection. RESULTS: Of the 1017 HIV-1-infected patients, 407 (40%) were white men, 158 (15.5%) were black African men, 268 (26.3%) were black African women, and 61 (6%) and 26 (2.6%) were black Caribbean men and women, respectively. Heterosexual exposure was the most common route of HIV acquisition (53.5%), followed by men having sex with men (36.9%), and current or previous injecting drug use (IDU) (7.2%). The overall prevalence of HCV co-infection was 90/1017 (8.9%), but this varied substantially according to route of transmission, from 82.2% among those with a history of IDU (which accounted for 67% of all HCV infections), to 31.8% in those who had received blood products, to 3.5% and 1.8% in those with homosexually and heterosexually acquired infection, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified several independent risk factors for HCV infection: a history of IDU [odds ratio (OR) = 107.2; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 38.5-298.4], having received blood products (OR = 16.5; 95% CI = 5.1-53.7), and either being from a white ethnic group (OR = 4.3; 95% CI = 1.5-12.0) or being born in Southern Europe (OR = 6.7; 95% CI = 1.5-30.7). Based on the 35,473 known HIV-1-infected persons in the UK and the 10 997 estimated to be unaware of their status, we projected that there are at least 4136 HIV-HCV co-infected individuals in the UK and 979 who are unaware of their status. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, 9% of our cohort was HIV-HCV co-infected. The prevalence was highest among intravenous drug users (82%), who accounted for most of our HCV cases, and lowest among heterosexual men and women from sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean [< 2%]. Our estimate that a significant number of co-infected persons may be unaware of their HIV and HCV status, highlights an urgent need to increase the uptake of HCV and HIV testing, particularly among injecting drug users, to reduce the risk of onward transmission.     

Hepatitis C Management in Patients with Hepatitis C and HIV Co-infection

Co-infection with HIV and hepatitis C (HCV) is common due to similar risk factors. Twenty-five to thirty percent of HIV+ patients are co-infected with HCV. HCV infection in HIV+ patients is associated with higher rates of fibrosis, progression to cirrhosis and decompensated liver disease, and liver-related mortality. The ultimate HCV treatment goal is viral eradication, or sustained virologic response (SVR) which results in decreased liver-related morbidity and mortality. Prior therapies were suboptimal in co-infected patients. However, the new HCV direct-acting antiviral agents provide excellent treatment options in co-infected patients with response rates and adverse events similar to the HCV mono-infected population. Drug interactions between HIV treatments and HCV treatments can be challenging and must be taken into consideration. To optimize outcomes, co-infected patients should be managed by experienced providers or in the setting of a collaborative multidisciplinary approach. This article will review the current treatment rationale and recommendations for HIV-HCV-co-infected patients.