胆道再次手术的术前评估及处理

目的:探讨胆道再次手术的术前评估及处理.方法:对我院2003-01/2007.03收治的127例胆道再次手术病例的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果:胆道再次手术的主要原因是肝内外胆管结石残留或复发,占66.9%,其次为胆囊残留、胆管下端梗阻,胆漏等.再次胆道手术主要手术方式包括肝叶部分切除 胆肠Roux- en-Y吻合 T管引流.胆道再次手术并发症发生率10.2%.有7例胆道再次手术合并有门静脉高压症,术中出血达800-1500 mL.结论:为了减少胆道再次手术,需要充分的术前准备和评估,并选择合适的手术方案,术中详细的探查及术后合理的治疗.     

经皮肝Ⅰ期胆道造瘘联合胆道镜治疗胰十二指肠切除术后继发胆管结石

目的探讨经皮肝I期胆道造瘘(PTOBF)联合胆道镜治疗胰十二指肠切除术后继发胆管结石的安全性和有效性,探讨胰十二指肠切除术后胆肠吻合口狭窄的原因及处理对策。方法回顾性分析2017年10月至2021年5月于山东省第二人民医院接受PTOBF联合术中硬质胆道镜、术后电子胆道镜治疗的12例胰十二指肠切除术后继发胆管结石患者的临床资料。结果所有患者均成功行PTOBF,经胆道镜取净肝胆管结石,术中发现胆肠吻合口狭窄8例(线结性狭窄3例),经胆道气囊扩张及胆肠吻合口线结拆除,7例近期缓解(87.5%),1例再次胆肠吻合手术。结论PTOBF联合胆道镜治疗胰十二指肠切除术后继发胆管结石安全有效,取净率高,可缓解胆肠吻合口狭窄。     

经皮肝Ⅰ期胆道造瘘联合胆道镜治疗胰十二指肠切除术后继发胆管结石

目的探讨经皮肝I期胆道造瘘(PTOBF)联合胆道镜治疗胰十二指肠切除术后继发胆管结石的安全性和有效性,探讨胰十二指肠切除术后胆肠吻合口狭窄的原因及处理对策。方法回顾性分析2017年10月至2021年5月于山东省第二人民医院接受PTOBF联合术中硬质胆道镜、术后电子胆道镜治疗的12例胰十二指肠切除术后继发胆管结石患者的临床资料。结果所有患者均成功行PTOBF,经胆道镜取净肝胆管结石,术中发现胆肠吻合口狭窄8例(线结性狭窄3例),经胆道气囊扩张及胆肠吻合口线结拆除,7例近期缓解(87.5%),1例再次胆肠吻合手术。结论PTOBF联合胆道镜治疗胰十二指肠切除术后继发胆管结石安全有效,取净率高,可缓解胆肠吻合口狭窄。     

胆道再次手术原因的探讨

胆道疾患手术约有13～38.7%疗效不佳,有的病例需再次或多次手术,方能解除症状。自1965～1978年,作者收集胆道再次手术者36例(计43次手术,其中4次在别处进行)。现就胆道再次手术的原因作一分析。     

腹腔镜胆道再手术治疗60岁以上肝外胆管结石患者的效果观察

目的探讨腹腔镜胆道再手术治疗老年肝外胆管结石的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2013年1月-2015年6月枣阳市第一人民医院收治的86例行腹腔镜胆道手术的60岁以上肝外胆管结石患者的临床资料,根据入选患者手术情况分为初次手术组(n=54)和再次手术组(n=32),比较2组患者手术相关情况及随访情况。计量资料组间比较采用t检验,计数资料组间比较采用χ~2检验。结果 2组患者均顺利完成手术,无围手术期死亡病例,且术后结石清除率均为100%。2组患者的手术方式(一期缝合/T管引流)差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。再次手术组的中转开腹率、手术时间、手术出血量、住院时间、术中结石清除率、术中及术后并发症发生率均高(长)于初次手术组,但仅在手术时间方面差异有统计学意义(t=2.126,P=0.036)。初次手术组术中胆囊动脉损伤1例,予结扎止血;再次手术组术中胃肠道浆膜损伤2例,予浆肌层包埋处理。初次手术组术后出现胆漏1例,肺部感染1例,泌尿系感染1例,均经保守治疗后治愈;再次手术组术后出现胆漏1例,肺部感染2例,均经保守治疗后治愈。总随访率为94.19%,其中初次手术组50例,随访率为92.59%;再次组31例,随访率为96.88%。经影像学检查证实均无胆道狭窄、胆道残留结石或结石复发等并发症。结论腹腔镜胆道再手术治疗老年肝外胆管结石安全、有效,但存在一定的中转开腹率和并发症发生率,应注意提升操作水平,避免术中副损伤,并合理把握手术适应证和优化围手术期处理。     

ERCP治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症的疗效评价

目的 探讨ERCP在治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症方面的作用.方法 回顾性分析2004年10月至2007年10月采用ERCP治疗39例肝移植术后胆道并发症患者的临床资料.对25例胆道狭窄患者(吻合口狭窄14例,非吻合口狭窄11例)行括约肌切开、胆管扩张、鼻胆管引流和塑料内支架置放术等治疗;对6例胆漏患者行鼻胆管引流及塑料内支架置放术等治疗;对16例胆道结石和胆泥形成患者(其中合并胆道狭窄8例)行括约肌切开、鼻胆管冲洗引流及取石网篮取石等治疗.结果 ERCP手术成功率为95.9%(94/98),未出现严重并发症.吻合口狭窄的ERCP治愈率为100%(14/14),非吻合口狭窄的ERCP治愈率为27.3%(3/11),胆漏的ERCP治愈率为83.3%(5/6),结道结石和胆泥形成患者的ERCP治愈率为81.3%(13/16).结论 ERCP治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症安全性较高、疗效较好、严重并发症发生率较低.     

ERCP治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症的疗效评价

目的 探讨ERCP在治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症方面的作用.方法 回顾性分析2004年10月至2007年10月采用ERCP治疗39例肝移植术后胆道并发症患者的临床资料.对25例胆道狭窄患者(吻合口狭窄14例,非吻合口狭窄11例)行括约肌切开、胆管扩张、鼻胆管引流和塑料内支架置放术等治疗;对6例胆漏患者行鼻胆管引流及塑料内支架置放术等治疗;对16例胆道结石和胆泥形成患者(其中合并胆道狭窄8例)行括约肌切开、鼻胆管冲洗引流及取石网篮取石等治疗.结果 ERCP手术成功率为95.9%(94/98),未出现严重并发症.吻合口狭窄的ERCP治愈率为100%(14/14),非吻合口狭窄的ERCP治愈率为27.3%(3/11),胆漏的ERCP治愈率为83.3%(5/6),结道结石和胆泥形成患者的ERCP治愈率为81.3%(13/16).结论 ERCP治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症安全性较高、疗效较好、严重并发症发生率较低.     

ERCP治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症的疗效评价

目的 探讨ERCP在治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症方面的作用.方法 回顾性分析2004年10月至2007年10月采用ERCP治疗39例肝移植术后胆道并发症患者的临床资料.对25例胆道狭窄患者(吻合口狭窄14例,非吻合口狭窄11例)行括约肌切开、胆管扩张、鼻胆管引流和塑料内支架置放术等治疗;对6例胆漏患者行鼻胆管引流及塑料内支架置放术等治疗;对16例胆道结石和胆泥形成患者(其中合并胆道狭窄8例)行括约肌切开、鼻胆管冲洗引流及取石网篮取石等治疗.结果 ERCP手术成功率为95.9%(94/98),未出现严重并发症.吻合口狭窄的ERCP治愈率为100%(14/14),非吻合口狭窄的ERCP治愈率为27.3%(3/11),胆漏的ERCP治愈率为83.3%(5/6),结道结石和胆泥形成患者的ERCP治愈率为81.3%(13/16).结论 ERCP治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症安全性较高、疗效较好、严重并发症发生率较低.     

胆总管探查联合一期缝合术后胆道并发症的危险因素分析

目的探讨腹腔镜胆总管探查联合一期缝合术治疗胆总管结石患者术后胆道并发症发生情况及其危险因素。方法收集2013年6月-2016年6月于咸阳市第一人民医院行胆总管探查联合一期缝合术的134例胆总管结石患者的临床资料,观察其胆道并发症,并按照Clavien-Dindo分级标准分级。对13个可能影响一期缝合术后胆道并发症的相关因素进行单因素分析,组间比较采用χ~2检验,采用logistic回归分析对筛选出的变量进行多因素分析。结果术后12例患者出现胆道并发症,发生率为8.96%,其中8例胆漏,2例胆道残留结石,1例胆道狭窄,1例胆道出血。按照Clavien-Dindo分级标准,Ⅰ级3例,Ⅱ级5例,Ⅲa级2例,Ⅲb级2例。单因素分析显示术后胆道并发症的发生与血浆Alb水平、再次胆道手术、鼻胆管引流及术者经验有关(χ~2值分别为4.012、4.942、4.336、5.975,P值均0.05),而与年龄、性别、胆红素升高、结石最大直径、结石数目、合并内科疾病、合并胆囊结石、手术方式和缝合方式无关(P值均0.05)。多因素分析显示,再次胆道手术和术者经验是术后胆道并发症发生的独立危险因素(χ~2值分别为6.448、6.842,P值均0.05)。结论胆总管探查联合一期缝合术后仍存在一定的胆道并发症发生风险,其中以胆漏最常见,尤其是再次胆道手术及术者缺乏经验时。     

ERCP治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症的疗效评价

目的 探讨ERCP在治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症方面的作用.方法 回顾性分析2004年10月至2007年10月采用ERCP治疗39例肝移植术后胆道并发症患者的临床资料.对25例胆道狭窄患者(吻合口狭窄14例,非吻合口狭窄11例)行括约肌切开、胆管扩张、鼻胆管引流和塑料内支架置放术等治疗;对6例胆漏患者行鼻胆管引流及塑料内支架置放术等治疗;对16例胆道结石和胆泥形成患者(其中合并胆道狭窄8例)行括约肌切开、鼻胆管冲洗引流及取石网篮取石等治疗.结果 ERCP手术成功率为95.9%(94/98),未出现严重并发症.吻合口狭窄的ERCP治愈率为100%(14/14),非吻合口狭窄的ERCP治愈率为27.3%(3/11),胆漏的ERCP治愈率为83.3%(5/6),结道结石和胆泥形成患者的ERCP治愈率为81.3%(13/16).结论 ERCP治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症安全性较高、疗效较好、严重并发症发生率较低.     

Percutaneous management of bile duct injuries after cholecystectomy

Intraoperative biliary tract injuries are relatively uncommon, but are a cause of significant morbidity and mortality. We have repaired open biliary tract injuries found postoperatively in three patients without reoperation by percutaneous intervention. In two cases, biliary stents were placed percutaneously across the injured portion of the bile duct. For this procedure, a unique coaxial guidewire technique was used. The bile leaks resolved soon after insertion of the biliary stents. In one patient, an expandable metallic biliary endoprosthesis was inserted, and the temporary stent was removed. This patient had no signs or symptoms of cholangitis or biliary obstruction at the 6-year follow-up. The other patient died of heart failure soon after reconstruction. In the last patient, a biliary drain was inserted through the injured duct via the biliocutaneous fistula. In this case, biliary drainage alone resulted in resolution of the bile leak, because the injury was partial without a stricture. This patient was well at the 3-year follow-up. Percutaneous management of bile duct injuries is an alternative in selected patients.     

Surgical management in biliary restricture after Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy for bile duct injury

AIM: To discuss the surgical method and skill of biliary restricture after Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy for bile duct injury. METHODS: From November 2005 to December 2006, eight patients with biliary restricture after Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy for bile duct injury were admitted to our hospital. Their clinical data were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: Bile duct injury was caused by cholecys- tectomy in the eight cases, including seven cases with laparoscopic cholecystectomy and one with mini- incision choleystectomy. According to the classification of Strasberg, type E1 injury was found in one patient, type E2 injury in three, type E3 injury in two and type E4 injury in two patients. Both of the type E4 injury patients also had a vascular lesion of the hepatic artery. Six patients received Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy for the second time, and one of them who had type E4 injury with the right hepatic artery disruption received right hepatectomy afterward. One patient who had type E4 injury with the proper hepatic artery lesion underwent liver transplantation, and the remaining one with type E3 injury received external biliary drainage. All the patients recovered fairly well postoperatively. CONCLUSION: Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy is still the main approach for such failed surgical cases with bile duct injury. Special attention should be paid to concomitant vascular injury in these cases. The optimal timing and meticulous and excellent skills are essential to the success in this surgery.     

Endoscopic diagnosis and treatment of biliary leak in patients following liver transplantation:a prospective clinical study

Introduction As a choice of therapy, orthotopic liver trans- plantation (LT) is widely applied to end- stage liver disease. However, 13%-35% of procedures are complicated by problems of the biliary tract, the most common being stricture and leakage.[1-5] In an analysis of 259 LT recipients, Hwang et al[6] found 12 episodes of anastomotic bile leak and 42 episodes of anastomotic stenosis in 50 recipients. For choledochocholedochostomy cases, the common types of biliary leak are T-tube and an…     

Multidetector computed tomography cholangiography with multiplanar reformation for the assessment of patients with biliary obstruction

BACKGROUND: We sought to evaluate the diagnostic use of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) cholangiography with multiplanar reformation (MPR) for the assessment of patients with biliary obstruction. METHODS: MDCT cholangiography with the MPR technique was performed in 58 patients who were thought to have biliary obstruction. No cholangiographic contrast agent was administered. MRCP in 24 patients, Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in 46 patients and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) in 24 patients were performed. Eighteen patients underwent biopsy or surgery. The findings on MDCT cholangiography were compared with those of MRCP, ERCP, PTC, biopsy or surgery. RESULTS: The findings of MDCT cholangiography were as follows: choledocholithiasis (n = 34, 56.7%), malignant stricture (n = 14, 23.3%), benign stricture (n = 1, 1.7%), and cholelithiasis (n = 11, 18.3%). A small common bile duct (CBD) stone in one patient could not be detected on MDCT cholangiography. One patient with a small stone in distal CBD detected on MDCT cholangiography had no stone on ERCP. Two patients with initial diagnoses of CBD stones by MDCT cholangiography were disclosed to have malignant bile duct stricture by reference examination. The sensitivity and specificity of MDCT cholangiography for the diagnosis of bile duct stones were 96.9% and 96.2%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of MDCT cholangiography for the diagnosis of bile duct stricture were 85.7% and 100%, respectively. The overall accuracy of MDCT cholangiography for the diagnoses of the causes of biliary obstruction was 89.8%. CONCLUSION: MDCT cholangiography with the MPR technique is a fast and non-invasive technique with relatively high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnoses of the causes of biliary obstruction.     

Long-term outcome in patients with benign biliary strictures treated endoscopically with multiple stents

BACKGROUND: The long-term efficacy of sequential insertion of multiple plastic stents for benign biliary strictures is poorly defined. The aims of this study were to evaluate the long-term outcome (bile duct patency, complications) of this therapy and to identify predictors of a good outcome. METHODS: Retrospective review of 29 cases of benign biliary strictures treated with sequential plastic stent insertion in progressively increasing numbers and/or of increasing diameter. RESULTS: Stricture etiology was as follows: postoperative 19 (66%), chronic pancreatitis 9 (31%), and idiopathic 1 (3%). Therapy succeeded in 18 patients (62%) (mean follow-up 48.0 [11.56] months after stent removal). Therapy failed in 11 patients (38%) (mean interval to failure 11.59 [9.79] months after stent removal). The 2 groups of patients in which therapy failed had either a hilar stricture (n = 4, 25% success) or distal common bile duct stricture caused by chronic pancreatitis (n = 9, 44% success). In the remaining cases, therapy succeeded in 13 of 16 (81% success). The observed differences in success rate among subgroups were not statistically significant. There were no ERCP-related deaths. One episode of mild pancreatitis and 2 episodes of cholangitis developed during 126 ERCPs over a period of stent insertion of 36 patient years. CONCLUSIONS: In selected patients with benign biliary strictures, sequential endoscopic insertion of multiple biliary stents may lead to long-term success that could be equal to or superior to surgery with minimal morbidity. Hilar strictures and those caused by chronic pancreatitis appear to respond poorly to this therapy.     

Reoperation of biliary tract by laparoscopy： Experiences with 39 cases

AIM：To evaluate the safety and feasibility of biliary tract reoperation by laparoscopy for the patients with retained or recurrent stones who failed in endoscopic sphincterotomy.
METHODS：A retrospective analysis of data obtained from attempted laparoscopic reoperation for 39 patients in a single institution was performed, examining open conversion rates, operative times, complications, and hospital stay.
RESULTS：Out of the 39 cases, 38 （97%） completed laparoscopy, 1 required conversion to open operation because of difficulty in exposing the common bile duct. The mean operative time was 135 min. The mean post-operative hospital stay was 4 d. Procedures included laparoscopic residual gallbladder resection in 3 cases, laparoscopic common bile duct exploration and primary duct closure at choledochotomy in 13 cases, and laparoscopic common bile duct exploration and choledochotomy with T tube drainage in 22 cases. Duodenal perforation occurred in 1 case during dissection and was repaired laparoscopically. Retained stones were found in 2 cases. Postoperative asymptomatic hyperamlasemia occurred in 3 cases. There were no complications due to port placement, postoperative bleeding, bile or bowel leakage and mortality. No recurrence or formation of duct stricture was observed during a mean follow-up period of 18 mo.
CONCLUSION：Laparoscopic biliary tract reoperation is safe and feasible if it is performed by experiencedlaparoscopic surgeons, and is an alternative choice for patients with choledocholithiasis who fail in endoscopic sphincterectomy.     

内镜治疗术后胆漏和继发胆管狭窄

目的 探讨内镜治疗手术后并发胆漏和继发胆管狭窄的方法及效果。方法 胆漏患 者均先行内镜下十二指肠乳头切开,行鼻胆管引流术,继续保留原有胆道、腹腔引流。待胆道、腹腔引 流停止1-2周证实胆漏愈合后拔管,伴有胆道狭窄的患者在拔除鼻胆引流管后置入塑料内支架,持 续扩张2-3个月。结果 22例胆漏患者鼻胆引流3-4周后胆漏处均闭合,13例胆管狭窄置入内支 架者,10例支架取出后狭窄解除,2例合并肝总管狭窄者经重新置入双支架3个月后效果良好,1例 左肝管狭窄伴结石者,再置入单支架,术后仍有胆道感染症状反复出现。结论 内镜治疗可列为手术 后胆漏或继发胆管狭窄治疗的首选方法。     

Long-term prognosis of patients with endoscopically treated postoperative bile duct stricture and bile duct stricture due to chronic pancreatitis

Aim:  To compare the outcome of endoscopic therapy for postoperative benign bile duct stricture and benign bile duct stricture due to chronic pancreatitis, including long-term prognosis.
Methods:  The subjects were 20 patients with postoperative benign bile duct stricture and 13 patients with bile duct stricture due to chronic pancreatitis who were 2 years or more after initial therapy. The patients underwent transpapillary drainage with tube exchange every 3 to 6 months until being free from the tube. Successful therapy was defined as a stent-free condition without hepatic disorder.
Results:  Endoscopic therapy was successful in 90% (18/20) of the patients with postoperative bile duct stricture. The stent was removed (stent free) in 100% (20/20) of the patients, but jaundice resolved in only 10% (2/20) of patients while biliary enzymes kept increasing. Restricture occurred in 5% (1/20) of the patients, but after repeat treatment the stent could be removed. In patients with bile duct stricture due to chronic pancreatitis the therapy was successful in only 7.7% (1/13) of the patients; the stent was retained in 92.3% (12/13) of the patients during a long period. Severe acute pancreatitis occurred in 3.0% (1/33) of the patients as an accidental symptom attributable to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP); however, it remitted after conservative treatment.
Conclusion:  Our results further confirm the usefulness of endoscopic therapy for postoperative benign bile duct strictures and good long-term prognosis of the patients.     

ERCP对肝移植术后胆漏诊治作用的前瞻性临床观察

目的观察经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)对肝移植术后胆漏的诊断和治疗作用,并随访胆漏愈合后胆管狭窄的发生情况。方法选择经ERCP证实为肝移植术后胆漏13例患者,其中T管漏6例、吻合口漏7例。行内置管引流术6例、鼻胆管引流术2例、鼻胆管联合内置管引流术3例、十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术2例。部份患者联合应用生长激素。结果10例完整随访者胆漏愈合时间10-35d,平均15.3d,随诊胆管造影证实出现吻合口狭窄4例、肝总管狭窄3例、肝内外胆管多发性狭窄1例。胆漏愈合后有80%患者会出现不同形式的胆管狭窄。结论经内镜鼻胆管引流或内置管引流是治疗肝移植术后胆漏的有效方法。鼻胆管引流联合内置管引流除具有疗效确切、便于观察等优点外,理论上有防治鼻胆管意外脱落引起严重后果和预防后续胆管狭窄形成的作用,但其上述作用有待进一步观察。     

SpyGlass内镜直视系统在不明原因 胆道狭窄诊断中的价值

目的评估SpyGlass内镜直视系统(以下简称SpyGlass)对不明原因胆道狭窄的诊断价值。方法收集2012年9月至2017年8月期间因不明原因胆道狭窄在杭州市第一人民医院行SpyGlass检查的患者资料,统计分析SpyGlass诊断不明原因胆道狭窄的准确性。结果共有88例不明原因胆道狭窄患者接受了SpyGlass检查,操作成功率97.7%(86/88),SpyGlass视觉诊断不明原因胆道狭窄良恶性的灵敏度为98.1%(52/53),特异度为96.9%(31/32),准确率为97.6%(83/85),阳性预测值为98.1%(52/53),阴性预测值为96.9%(31/32)。3例(3.5%,3/86)患者术后出现相关并发症,均经内科保守治愈。结论SpyGlass对于不明原因胆道狭窄诊断具有很高的灵敏度和准确率,并发症发生率低,安全有效。