Prospective study of dietary fat and the risk of age-related macular degeneration

BACKGROUND: The relation between intakes of total fat and specific types of fat and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to examine prospectively the association between fat intake and AMD. DESIGN: We conducted a prospective follow-up study of participants in the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. At baseline (1984 for women and 1986 for men), the study included 42743 women and 29746 men aged > or = 50 y with no diagnosis of AMD who were followed until 1996. Fat intake was assessed with a food-frequency questionnaire. RESULTS: We accrued 567 patients with AMD with a visual loss of 20/30 or worse. The pooled multivariate relative risk (RR) for the highest compared with the lowest quintile of total fat intake was 1.54 (95% CI: 1.17, 2.01; P for trend = 0.008). Linolenic acid was positively associated with risk of AMD (top versus bottom quintile of RR: 1.49; 95% CI: 1.15, 1.94; P for trend = 0.0009). Docosahexaenoic acid had a modest inverse relation with AMD (top versus bottom quintile of RR: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.52, 0.93; P for trend = 0.05), and >4 servings of fish/wk was associated with a 35% lower risk of AMD compared with < or = 3 servings/mo (RR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.46, 0.91; P for trend = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Total fat intake was positively associated with risk of AMD, which may have been due to intakes of individual fatty acids, such as linolenic acid, rather than to total fat intakes per se. A high intake of fish may reduce the risk of AMD.     

Adequacy of prenatal care as a major determinant of folic acid, iron, and vitamin intake during pregnancy

This study aimed to quantify the association between adequacy of prenatal care and prevalence of folic acid, iron, and multivitamin intake during pregnancy. Data were obtained on socio-demographics, prenatal care, pregnancy complications, and use of vitamin/mineral supplements for 836 women, using a postpartum interview. Associations with the use of vitamin/mineral supplements were quantified with risk ratios (RR), computed by generalized binomial regression. A high proportion of women reported the use of folic acid (81.9%), iron (55.4%), and multivitamins (76.2%) as supplements during pregnancy. Use of supplements was independently associated with adequacy of prenatal care (adequate vs. inadequate: folic acid, RR = 2.28; 95%CI: 1.58-3.29; iron, RR = 1.99; 95%CI: 1.57-2.52, multivitamins, RR = 1.97; 95%CI: 1.54-2.51). Higher schooling was also associated with increased use of folic acid (RR = 1.42; 95%CI: 1.18-1.70), but not multivitamins (RR = 0.87; 95%CI: 0.77-0.98). Use of folic acid was less prevalent in single women (RR = 0.67; 95%CI: 0.48-0.95) and during unplanned pregnancies (RR = 0.81; 95%CI: 0.71-0.92). Adequacy of prenatal care is a major determinant of vitamin/mineral intake during pregnancy.     

老年人饮食习惯与患轻度认知障碍 风险关系的Meta分析

目的 通过Meta分析研究老年人的饮食习惯与患轻度认知功能障碍风险的关系。方法 计算机检索CNKI、维普、万方、PubMed、Web of Science、EBSCO、Cochrane Library数据库,收集国内外公开发表的与老年人饮食习惯和轻度认知障碍相关的研究。检索的时间范围为2000年1月1日至2021年10月31日。使用RevMan 5.4软件进行统计分析。结果 共纳入文献11篇,研究对象12 238人。各类食物对老年人患轻度认知障碍影响的合并效应值分别为:经常食用蛋类（ OR =0.71, 95% CI : 0.53~0.95）;经常食用鱼贝类（ OR =0.65, 95% CI : 0.54~0.78）;经常食用水果（ OR =0.61, 95% CI : 0.47~0.79）;经常饮茶（ OR =0.54, 95% CI : 0.34~0.87）。结论 经常食用蛋类、鱼贝类、水果以及经常饮茶是老年人患轻度认知障碍可能的保护因素。     

alpha-Linolenic acid intake is not beneficially associated with 10-y risk of coronary artery disease incidence: the Zutphen Elderly Study

BACKGROUND: Data on the relation between alpha-linolenic acid intake and coronary artery disease (CAD) are limited. Other dietary components appear to modify the reported relation between alpha-linolenic acid intake and CAD. OBJECTIVE: We examined whether dietary alpha-linolenic acid intake was inversely associated with risk of CAD. DESIGN: We prospectively studied 667 men aged 64-84 y from the Zutphen Elderly Study who were free of CAD at baseline. Dietary intake was assessed by using a cross-check dietary history method. RESULTS: During the 10-y follow-up, we documented 98 cases of CAD. After adjustment for age, standard coronary risk factors, and intake of trans fatty acids and other nutrients, alpha-linolenic acid intake was not significantly associated with CAD risk. The relative risk of CAD for the highest compared with the lowest tertile of alpha-linolenic acid intake was 1.68 (95% CI: 0.86, 3.29). alpha-Linolenic acid intake from sources containing trans fatty acids was also nonsignificantly, yet positively, associated with CAD risk. alpha-Linolenic acid intake from foods that did not contain trans fatty acids was not associated with CAD risk, the relative risk of CAD for the highest compared with the lowest tertile was 1.15 (95% CI: 0.63, 2.11). CONCLUSION: We did not observe a beneficial effect of dietary alpha-linolenic acid intake on the risk of 10-y CAD incidence. Investigating this hypothesis was complicated by the association between intakes of alpha-linolenic acid and trans fatty acids. Given the results of current prospective studies, a protective cardiac effect of alpha-linolenic acid is questionable.     

咖啡摄入量与心血管死亡率关系的剂量-反应Meta分析

目的 探讨咖啡每日摄入量与心血管死亡率的关系。方法 计算机检索PubMed、EMbase、The Cochrane、CBM、WanFang Data和CNKI 数据库,搜集有关咖啡摄入量与心血管疾病的相关研究,检索时限均从建库至2020年4月。由两名研究者独立筛选文献、提取文献并评价纳入研究的偏倚风险后,采用Stata 14.0进行剂量反应meta分析,并对纳入的文献进行方法学质量评价。结果 共纳入26篇队列研究,包括2 046 690例受试者。剂量-反应meta分析结果显示,咖啡摄入量每天每增加1杯心血管死亡率下降约3%（RR = 0.97,95%CI:0.96～0.98）,差异具有统计学意义,且存在一种非线性剂量反应关系（P for non - linearity:＜0.01）。与不喝咖啡的人群相比,每天喝1～8杯咖啡的人群相对死亡率分别为（RR = 0.90,95%CI:0.87～0.92）、（RR = 0.84,95%CI:0.81～0.87)、（RR = 0.82,95%CI:0.79～0.84）、（RR = 0.81,95%CI:0.78～0.84）、（RR = 0.81,95%CI:0.78～0.84）、（RR = 0.81,95%CI:0.78～0.84）、（RR = 0.82,95%CI:0.79～0.85）、（RR = 0.83,95%CI:0.80～0.87）。与不喝咖啡人群相比,meta分析结果显示喝咖啡人群的相对死亡率平均为（RR = 0.83,95%CI:0.81～0.85）,可以降低17%的死亡率,差异具有统计学意义。结论 饮用咖啡可以降低心血管死亡率,每日饮用2～4杯最佳。     

Fish consumption, n-3 fatty acids, and subsequent 5-y cognitive decline in elderly men: the Zutphen Elderly Study

BACKGROUND: Indications have been seen of a protective effect of fish consumption and the intake of n-3 fatty acids on cognitive decline. However, studies are scarce and results inconsistent. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to examine the associations between fish consumption, the intake of the n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from fish and other foods, and subsequent 5-y cognitive decline. DESIGN: Data on fish consumption of 210 participants in the Zutphen Elderly Study, who were aged 70-89 y in 1990, and data on cognitive functioning collected in 1990 and 1995 were used in the study. The intake of EPA and DHA (EPA+DHA) was calculated for each participant. Multivariate linear regression analysis with multiple adjustments was used to assess associations. RESULTS: Fish consumers had significantly (P = 0.01) less 5-y subsequent cognitive decline than did nonconsumers. A linear trend was observed for the relation between the intake of EPA+DHA and cognitive decline (P = 0.01). An average difference of approximately 380 mg/d in EPA+DHA intake was associated with a 1.1-point difference in cognitive decline (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: A moderate intake of EPA+DHA may postpone cognitive decline in elderly men. Results from other studies are needed before definite conclusions about this association can be drawn.     

Fish consumption among pregnant women in London, Ontario: associations with socio-demographic and health and lifestyle factors

BACKGROUND: Intake of fish and omega-3 fatty acids is inversely related to adverse health outcomes; however, these relationships may be confounded by socio-economic status and health behaviours. This study's purpose was to describe the socio-demographic, health and lifestyle correlates of fish consumption among pregnant women. METHODS: Pregnant women (n=2394) completed a telephone interview between 10-22 weeks' gestation (London, Ontario, 2002-5) containing questions on socio-demographic, health and lifestyle variables; dietary intake was measured using a 106-item validated food-frequency questionnaire. Unadjusted and adjusted risk ratios were obtained using a modified Poisson regression model. RESULTS: Infrequent fish consumption, <1/week, was reported by 32% of women. After adjusting for age and education, infrequent fish consumption was associated with education 相似文献   

无锡市社区老年人群主观认知下降患者门诊就诊率调查及其影响因素分析

目的 了解无锡市社区老年人群主观认知下降（SCD）患者的门诊就诊率及其影响因素,为阿尔茨海默病（AD）超早期精准干预提供参考依据。方法 2021年2—8月,以居民健康档案为线索,采用分层整群随机抽样方法,在无锡市社区招募60岁及以上老年人1 500名,采用一般情况调查表、简易老年人认知筛查问卷（BECSI）、老年快速认知筛查量表（QCSS-E）、成套核心神经心理测验(CNT)及相关实验室检查进行SCD筛查和临床诊断,分析SCD患者的门诊就诊率及影响因素。结果 共获得有效样本1 314名,检出SCD患者379例,占比28.84%,其中因主观认知下降在门诊就诊的仅91例,门诊就诊率为24.01%。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,经常参加社区老年健康讲座（OR=8.323,95%CI:2.955～23.442）、对痴呆早期预防持积极态度（OR=3.852,95%CI:1.152～12.883）、了解SCD相关知识（OR=2.762,95%CI:1.258～6.061）、病程3年（OR=4.072,95%CI:1.282～12.935）是影响SCD患者就诊的积极因素;而受教育程度为小学...     

Depression and cardiovascular mortality: a role for n-3 fatty acids?

BACKGROUND: Recent studies indicate that depression plays an important role in the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The underlying mechanisms are not well understood. OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether dietary intake of the n-3 fatty acids (FAs) eicosapentaenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid could explain the relation between depressive symptoms and cardiovascular mortality. DESIGN: The Zutphen Elderly Study is a prospective cohort study conducted in the Netherlands. Depressive symptoms were measured in 1990 with the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale in 332 men aged 70-90 y and free from CVD and diabetes. Dietary factors were assessed with a cross-check dietary history method in 1990. Mortality data were collected between 1990 and 2000. Logistic and Cox regression analyses were performed, with adjustment for demographics and CVD risk factors. RESULTS: Compared with a low intake (x: 21 mg/d), a high intake (x: 407 mg/d) of n-3 FAs was associated with fewer depressive symptoms [odds ratio: 0.46; 95% CI: 0.22, 0.95; P for trend = 0.04] at baseline and no significant reduced risk of 10-y CVD mortality [hazard ratio (HR): 0.88; 95% CI: 0.51, 1.50]. The adjusted HR for an increase in depressive symptoms with 1 SD for CVD mortality was 1.28 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.57) and did not change after additional adjustment for the intake of n-3 FAs. CONCLUSION: An average intake of approximately 400 mg n-3 FA/d may reduce the risk of depression. Our results, however, do not support the hypothesis that the intake of n-3 FAs explains the relation between depression and CVD.     

Diet and basal cell carcinoma of the skin in a prospective cohort of men

BACKGROUND: Low intake of fat and high intake of specific vitamins have been hypothesized to reduce risk of basal cell carcinoma of the skin (BCC). OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to examine intakes of fat, antioxidant nutrients, retinol, folate, and vitamin D in relation to risk of BCC. DESIGN: In 1986, diet was assessed by a validated food-frequency questionnaire in 43217 male participants of the Health Professionals Follow-up Study who were 40-75 y of age and free of cancer. During 8 y of follow-up, we ascertained 3190 newly diagnosed cases of BCC. RESULTS: Total fat consumption was associated with a lower risk of BCC [relative risk (RR): 0.81; 95% CI: 0.72, 0.90 for the highest compared with the lowest quintile of intake; P for trend < 0.001). Simultaneous modeling of specific fatty acids suggested that this inverse association was limited to monounsaturated fat (RR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.65, 0.96; P for trend = 0. 02); saturated and polyunsaturated fat were not associated with BCC risk. Folate intake was associated with a slightly higher risk of BCC (RR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.40; P for trend = 0.11), whereas alpha-carotene was associated with a slightly lower risk (RR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.79, 0.99; P for trend = 0.01). Intakes of long-chain n-3 fatty acids, retinol, vitamin C, vitamin D, or vitamin E were not materially related to BCC risk. CONCLUSIONS: These findings do not support the hypothesis that diets low in fat or high in specific vitamins lower risk of BCC.     

Intake of Fish and Marine n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Mortality: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies

Previous epidemiological studies have investigated the association of fish and marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) consumption with cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality risk. However, the results were inconsistent. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to quantitatively evaluate the association between marine n-3 PUFA, fish and CVD mortality risk with prospective cohort studies. A systematic search was performed on PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and MEDLINE databases from the establishment of the database to May 2021. A total of 25 cohort studies were included with 2,027,512 participants and 103,734 CVD deaths. The results indicated that the fish consumption was inversely associated with the CVD mortality risk [relevant risk (RR) = 0.91; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.85−0.98]. The higher marine n-3 PUFA intake was associated with the reduced risk of CVD mortality (RR = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.85–0.89). Dose-response analysis suggested that the risk of CVD mortality was decreased by 4% with an increase of 20 g of fish intake (RR = 0.96; 95% CI: 0.94–0.99) or 80 milligrams of marine n-3 PUFA intake (RR = 0.96; 95% CI: 0.94–0.98) per day. The current work provides evidence that the intake of fish and marine n-3 PUFA are inversely associated with the risk of CVD mortality.     

Intake of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids and fish and risk of community-acquired pneumonia in US men

BACKGROUND: Essential fatty acids modulate inflammation and glucose metabolism and may alter infection risk. OBJECTIVE: We examined the association between intakes of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids and fish and the risk of community-acquired pneumonia. DESIGN: We prospectively evaluated 38,378 male US health professionals aged 44-79 y at the outset. We updated medical and lifestyle information biennially through questionnaires and diet every 4 y with the use of a validated food-frequency questionnaire. We excluded men who reported pneumonia, myocardial infarction, stroke, other heart disease, arterial surgery, cancer, or asthma before 1990 or those with incomplete dietary data. Community-acquired pneumonia was determined by blinded medical record review of chest radiographs. RESULTS: During 10 y of follow-up, there were 441 new cases of nonfatal community-acquired pneumonia. Pneumonia risk was lower in men in the highest energy-adjusted quintiles of intake than in men in the lowest quintiles of intake of linoleic acid [multivariate relative risk (RR): 0.70; 95% CI: 0.51, 0.96; P for trend = 0.01] and alpha-linolenic acid (multivariate RR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.50, 0.93; P for trend = 0.01). Pneumonia risk decreased 4% for every 1-g/d increase in linoleic acid intake (multivariate RR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.93, 0.99). Pneumonia risk was reduced by 31% for every 1-g/d increase in alpha-linolenic acid intake (multivariate RR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.51, 0.93). Intakes of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were not significantly related to pneumonia risk. CONCLUSION: Higher intakes of alpha-linolenic and linoleic acids and possibly of fish may reduce the risk of pneumonia.     

太原市社区老年人轻度认知功能障碍向阿尔茨海默病转归三年随访研究

目的 探讨太原市社区轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)老年人向阿尔茨海默病(AD)的转归率,并分析影响因素.方法 从太原市9个社区6152名≥65岁老年人中筛查出600例MCI,实际随访557例,从认知正常(NC)中选择557名与MCI相匹配的老年人进行配对,对MCI组和NC组进行3年随访研究.采用自制问卷面对面调查MCI组的一般人口学资料、生活行为方式、慢性病史、主观感受等,采用16PF调查MCI的人格特征,静脉血采样进行实验室遗传基因学分析,对NC组老年人进行电话访问以得到疾病结局和发病时间.用SPSS 13.0软件进行数据录入及分析,统计学方法采用log-rank检验和Cox回归.结果 MCI组老年人向AD的平均年转归率为6.53%人年.NC组老年人向AD的平均年转归率为1.24%人年,MCI组发生AD的危险性是NC组的5.27倍(95%CI:3.01～9.82).Cox回归分析结果显示,高龄(RR=3.14,95%CI:2.98～7.46)、患高血压(RR=3.28,95%CI:3.02～8.48)、高血脂(RR=2.22,95%CI:1.29～3.82)、糖尿病(RR=4.87,95%CI:2.56～9.25)、较少运动(RR=2.02,95%CI:1.29～3.14)、焦虑(RR=4.46,95%CI:3.07～8.14)、害怕(RR=4.08,95%CI:3.52～5.25)、非乐群型(RR=1.89,95%CI:1.13～3.16)、焦虑人格(RR=5.07,95%CI:2.56～10.04)、性格内向(RR=2.05,95%CI:1.33～3.15)、携带ApoE4(RR=1.73,95%CI:1.15～2.63)是MCI转归为AD的危险因素,文化程度高(RR=0.29,95%CI:0.07～0.43)、脑力劳动(RR=0.14,95%CI:0.05～0.32)、常读书看报(RR=0.30,95%CI:0.15～0.58)、常参加活动(RR=0.41,95%CI:0.23～0.75)是MCI转归为AD的保护因素.结论 患有MCI的老年人更易发展为AD,应长期监测.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the incidence rate of people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) which transferred to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to study the related influencing factors. Methods 600 MCI aged people were experienced screening test which was conducted by WHO-BCA, MMSE and DCR. A three-year follow-up study was conducted to get the information on the aged people with MCI. Data related to demography, behavior, chronic diseases and perception of the elderly with MCI were collected through face to face interview. Characteristics of the elderly with MCI aged people were tested by 16PF. The content of Apoe was tested by PCR.People with NC were investigated by telephone to get the progression and the time to AD.Methodologies on statistics were log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards regression model.Results The incidence rate of MCI to AD was 6.53% person-years. The incidence rate of the normal people to AD was 1.24% person-years. The hazard of MCI to AD was 5.27 times (95%CI: 3.01-9.82)of the normal people to AD. The result of Cox proportional hazards regression model displayed that: older age (RR=3.14, 95% CI: 2.98-7.46) , hypertension (RR=3.28, 95% CI: 3.02-8.48) ,hyperlipermia (RR = 2.22,95%CI: 1.29-3.82), diabetes (RR=4.87,95%CI: 2.56-9.25), lack of sports (RR=2.02, 95%CI: 1.29-3.14), anxiety (RR=4.46, 95%CI: 3.07-8.14), dread fulness (RR=4.08,95% CI: 3.52-5.25), loneliness (RR= 1.89,95% CI: 1.13-3.16), characteristics of anxiety (RR= 5.07,95%CI: 2.56-10.04, introvert characteristics (RR=2.05,95%CI: 1.33-3.15) and ApoE4 (RR= 1.73,95% CI: 1.15-2.63) were the risk factors of MCI to AD. Higher education (RR=0.29, 95% CI:0.07-0.43), intellectual work(RR=0.14,95%CI: 0.05-0.32), often reading books(RR=0.30,95%CI:0.15-0.58), often taking part in recreational activities (RR=0.41,95%CI: 0.23-0.75) seemed to be the protective of MCI to AD. Conclusion The rate of the elderly with MCI that developing to AD was high, suggesting further study on the cognitive situation among the MCI aged people should be carried out.     

酒精摄入与女性乳腺癌发病风险的Meta分析

目的 探讨酒精摄入与女性乳腺癌发病风险的关联性。方法 通过Stata 12.0软件对国内外发表的有关酒精摄入与女性乳腺癌发病风险的队列研究和病例对照研究进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入16项病例对照研究和15项队列研究,包括50 519例患者和973 216例对照者。病例对照研究Meta分析提示,酒精暴露可明显增加女性个体发生乳腺癌的风险,合并OR值为1.18,95％置信区间为1.05～1.32;以绝经状态为亚组的Meta分析提示,酒精暴露可增加绝经后女性个体发生乳腺癌的风险,合并OR值为1.26,95％置信区间为1.08～1.46。队列研究Meta分析提示,有酒精暴露者女性乳腺癌的发生率是非饮酒者的1.1倍,合并RR值为1.10,95％置信区间为1.06～1.15;以绝经状态为亚组的Meta分析提示,有酒精暴露的绝经后女性乳腺癌的发生率是非饮酒者的1.1倍,合并RR值为1.14,95％置信区间为1.10～1.19。结论 酒精摄入可显著提高女性尤其绝经后乳腺癌的发病风险。     

Both alpha- and beta-carotene, but not tocopherols and vitamin C, are inversely related to 15-year cardiovascular mortality in Dutch elderly men

The role of beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol, and vitamin C in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is controversial. Prospective studies on gamma-tocopherol and carotenoids other than beta-carotene are sparse. We assessed relations between the intake of different carotenoids, alpha- and gamma-tocopherol, and vitamin C with 15-y CVD mortality in elderly men who participated in the Zutphen Elderly Study. Information on diet and potential confounding factors was collected in 1985, 1990, and 1995. In 1985, 559 men (mean age approximately 72 y) free of chronic diseases were included in the current analysis. After 15 y of follow-up, comprising 5744 person-years, 197 men had died from CVD. After adjustment for age, smoking, and other potential lifestyle and dietary confounders, relative risks (RR) (95% CI) of CVD death for a 1-SD increase in intake were 0.81 (0.66-0.99) for alpha-carotene and 0.80 (0.66-0.97) for beta-carotene. Carrots were the primary source of alpha- and beta-carotene and their consumption was related to a lower risk of death from CVD (adjusted RR, 0.83; 95% CI = 0.68-1.00). Intakes of carotenoids other than alpha- and beta-carotene were not associated with CVD mortality, nor were vitamin C and alpha- and gamma tocopherol. In conclusion, dietary intakes of alpha-carotene and beta-carotene are inversely associated with CVD mortality in elderly men. This study does not indicate an important role for other carotenoids, tocopherols, or vitamin C in lowering the risk of CVD death.     

The Effect of Daily Fluid Management and Beverages Consumption on the Risk of Bladder Cancer: A Meta-analysis of Observational Study

Epidemiological studies have evaluated the risk of bladder cancer (BCa) in relation to total fluid intake, as well as specific type of beverages consumption, with controversial results. The aim of this study was to further explore the potential relationship by conducting a meta-analysis. Fifty-four articles involving more than 43,000 BCa patients were included in this meta-analysis. A positive, though not statistically significant, association was found between total fluid intake and risk of BCa comparing the highest with lowest intake (SRRE: 1.16, 95%CI: 1.00–1.36). By conducting dose-response meta-analysis, we found that each 500?ml/day increase in total fluid intake was associated with 3.3% increased risk of BCa (RR: 1.03, 95%CI: 1.00–1.07). Pronounced increase in risk of BCa was detected when total fluid intake was more than 3000?ml/day. Meta-analyses of specific type of beverages showed increasing intake of coffee (RR: 1.03, 95%CI: 1.02–1.05) were risk factors for BCa. On the contrary, increasing intake of milk appeared to be a potential protective factor for BCa (RR: 0.90, 95%CI: 0.83–0.98). The risk of BCa was not significantly related to intake of water (RR: 1.01, 95%CI: 0.98–1.03), alcohol (RR: 1.01, 95%CI: 0.97–1.05), tea (RR: 1.01, 95%CI: 0.97–1.05) and soft drinks (RR: 1.04, 95%CI: 0.96–1.11).     

Catechin intake might explain the inverse relation between tea consumption and ischemic heart disease: the Zutphen Elderly Study

BACKGROUND: Epidemiologic studies suggest that tea consumption may reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, but results are inconsistent. Catechins, which belong to the flavonoid family, are the main components of tea and may be responsible for the alleged protective effect. Taking catechin sources other than tea into account might clarify the reported associations. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate the association between catechin intake and the incidence of and mortality from ischemic heart disease and stroke. DESIGN: We evaluated the effect of a high catechin intake by using data from the Zutphen Elderly Study, a prospective cohort study of 806 men aged 65-84 y at baseline in 1985. RESULTS: The mean (+/-SD) catechin intake at baseline was 72 +/- 47.8 mg, mainly from black tea, apples, and chocolate. A total of 90 deaths from ischemic heart disease were documented. Catechin intake was inversely associated with ischemic heart disease mortality; the multivariate-adjusted risk ratio in the highest tertile of intake was 0.49 (95% CI: 0.27, 0.88; P for trend: 0.017). After multivariate adjustment, catechin intake was not associated with the incidence of myocardial infarction (risk ratio in the highest tertile of intake: 0.70; 95% CI: 0.39, 1.26; P for trend: 0.232). After adjustment for tea consumption and flavonol intake, a 7.5-mg increase in catechin intake from sources other than tea was associated with a tendency for a 20% reduction in ischemic heart disease mortality risk (P = 0.114). There was no association between catechin intake and stroke incidence or mortality. CONCLUSION: Catechins, whether from tea or other sources, may reduce the risk of ischemic heart disease mortality but not of stroke.     

轻度认知障碍转化为阿尔茨海默病的生存分析

目的 分析轻度认知障碍（mild cognitive impairment,MCI）患者的生存率以及MCI转化为阿尔茨海默病（alzheimer’s disease,AD）的影响因素。方法 对113名MCI患者的影响因素采用非参数检验进行单因素分析,进一步采用Cox回归进行多因素分析。结果 在2005 - 2014年的10年内MCI患者在3、6、24、36、48、96、120个月生存率依次为99.1%、98.2%、97.3%、87.1%、64.1%、33.4%、0.9%,其中位生存时间为72个月;单因素分析得到MCI患者的生存率在年龄、性别、APOEε4、FAQ、CDRSB、MMSE中有统计学差异（P＜0.05）;多因素分析显示高龄(HR = 1.007, 95%CI:1.020～1.138)、女性(HR = 1.849, 95%CI:1.101～3.105)、高CDRSB得分(HR = 1.171, 95%CI:1.045,1.312)为MCI转化为AD的危险因素。结论 MCI患者的生存率较低,且年龄、性别和CDRSB得分对MCI进展为AD具有重要意义。     

Linking exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls with fatty fish consumption and reduced fetal growth among Danish pregnant women: a cause for concern?

In a selected group of women from the Danish National Birth Cohort, the authors investigated the association between intake of fatty fish and plasma concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on the one hand and the association between maternal PCB concentrations and fetal growth on the other. Of 70,183 women who filled in a food frequency questionnaire during 1996-2002, 100 nulliparous women aged 25-35 years with normal prepregnancy body mass index were selected according to their intake of fatty fish (low (0 meals/month, n = 34), medium (1-3 meals/month, n = 33), or high (> or = meals/month, n = 33)). Women with a high intake of fatty fish had 50% (95% confidence interval (CI): 31, 72) higher plasma PCB concentrations than women with low intake. Maternal plasma PCB concentrations were inversely associated with birth weight and placental weight. The adjusted mean difference between the 75th and 25th PCB percentiles was -155 g (95% CI: -291, -19) for birth weight and -81 g (95% CI: -135, -26) for placental weight. These results support previous findings from this cohort, where fatty fish intake was inversely associated with fetal growth. Dietary recommendations often encourage weekly consumption of fatty fish. These results suggest that potential exposure to PCBs should be carefully considered before recommending such intakes among women of childbearing age.     

骨质疏松与认知障碍关系的Meta分析

目的 系统评价骨质疏松与认知障碍的关系,为认知障碍患者的预防提供循证支持。方法 计算机全面检索Embase,Web of Science,PubMed,Cochrane Library,知网,中国生物医学文献数据库,万方,维普等数据库中关于认知障碍与骨质疏松关系的队列研究及病例-对照研究,时限均自建库至2021年4月23日。所得数据采用RevMan 5.3结合Stata 15.1软件进行Meta分析。结果 最终纳入7篇文献,共77417个患者。纳入文献均为中高等质量水平。Meta分析结果显示:与对照组相比,骨质疏松组认知障碍的发病率更高（OR=1.97,95% CI:1.37～2.82,P<0.001）。同时,亚组分析结果显示,不同性别［男性（OR=1.68,95% CI:1.22～2.32,P=0.001）、女性（OR=1.76,95% CI:1.28～2.42,P<0.001）］、年龄［老年（OR=1.77,95% CI:1.26～2.50,P=0.001）、中年（OR=2.38,95% CI:1.43～3.97,P=0.001）］、测量部位［腰椎（OR=2.18,95% CI:1.49～3.20,P<0.001）、股骨颈（OR=2.41,95% CI:1.23～4.73,P=0.010）］、认知障碍严重程度［痴呆（OR=2.22,95% CI:1.63～3.03,P<0.001）］、国家［亚洲（OR=2.31,95% CI:1.61～3.30,P<0.001）］下,认知障碍与骨质疏松症呈正关联。结论 骨质疏松与认知障碍的风险增加有关。