儿童哮喘的心理诱因分析

儿童哮喘足指年龄≥3岁,喘息呈反复发作,发作时双肺可闻及以呼气相为主的哮鸣音,应用支气管舒张剂有明显疗效,据临床观察,现在大多数成人哮喘病患者都是起病于幼儿时期,儿童哮喘反复发作,迁延不愈发展成成人哮喘.所以彻底治疗儿童哮喘具有极其重要的意义.对哮喘的患儿来说,过敏原、感染、心理因素,是诱发哮喘发作的常见原因.尤以心理因素为主,也就是说心理因素足诱发哮喘很重要的一个原因,尤其是对儿童病人,娇惯、过分的溺爱、学习的压力等诱因引起的发作占大多数,我们对2005年-2007年间,598名哮喘患儿的诱发原因进行分析,发现超过50%的哮喘发作与心理因素有关,现将研究结果汇报如下;     

重症支气管哮喘46例的护理体会

哮喘严重发作持续24h以上不能缓解者称重症哮喘，是常见的急重症。2006年10月～2008年12月，我们共收治30例重症支气管哮喘患者，经精心护理，效果满意。现报告如下。     

儿童支气管哮喘反复喘息发作的相关性危险因素分析

目的：就儿童支气管哮喘反复喘息发作的相关性危险因素进行分析。方法选择我院2012年11月~2013年1月所收治的支气管哮喘患儿45例为观察组,同时,选择本院同期健康体检结果显示为正常的小儿45例为对照组,使用自行设计的诱发儿童哮喘高危因素统一调查问卷表来对两组儿童的家长进行面对面地仔细询问及调查。结果单因素Logistic回归分析结果显示差异有意义(<0.05)的因素有11个院剧烈运动、呼吸道感染、气候变化、情绪压抑、哮喘史、家族过敏史、儿童有特应性体质、常接触泡沫制品、甜食习惯、父母吸烟史、海产品摄入。多因素Logistic回归分析,最后能进入主效应模型的因素有6个因素,分别是剧烈运动、呼吸道感染、气候变化、情绪压抑、哮喘史、家族过敏史。结论儿童支气管哮喘反复喘息发作与多种相关性危险因素密切相关,对这些危险因素进行研究,能够有效地治愈患儿。     

重症哮喘患儿社交焦虑现状调查及logistics回归分析

目的:调查重症哮喘儿童社交焦虑现状并进行logistics回归分析。方法:①将医院2016年12月-2018年12月收治的137例重症哮喘患儿纳为研究对象,待患儿病情稳定后,要求其填写儿童社交焦虑量表(SASC),调查重症哮喘患儿社交焦虑发生率;②根据是否发生社交焦虑将重症哮喘患儿分为焦虑组与正常组,多因素Logistics回归分析影响重症哮喘患儿社交焦虑的危险因素。结果:①重症哮喘患儿社交焦虑发生率为37.23%;②单因素分析提示,重症哮喘社交焦虑组患儿及正常组患儿哮喘病程、哮喘控制程度、合并呼吸衰竭情况、重症哮喘发作次数、哮喘日常控制程度、母亲文化程度、主要照护者焦虑程度、家庭人均月收入、家庭结构、父母婚姻状态、父母对患儿治疗信心均存在显著性差异(χ~2=17.76,14.06,43.36,20.35,23.19,7.09,7.13,6.35,6.58,49.56;P0.05),两组年龄、性别无显著性差异(P0.05);③多因素logistics回归分析提示,重症哮喘多次发作、哮喘日常控制不良、母亲低学历水平是重症哮喘患儿社交焦虑患病的危险因素(OR=3.550,5.737,3.873;P0.05),而父母对患儿治疗信心是患儿社交焦虑的保护因素(P0.05)。结论:重症哮喘患儿社交焦虑发生率较高,提高患儿母亲对疾病的知晓率及照护能力,有效稳定哮喘日常控制水平,增强患儿父母对疾病治疗的信心,在降低重症哮喘患儿社交焦虑发生率中具有良好的应用效果。     

小儿支气管哮喘的临床护理体会

近年来,小儿支气管哮喘的发病率由于环境等因素的影响呈逐年上升的趋势,严重哮喘发作可导致患儿死亡.通过为小儿创造良好的环境,注意生活习惯,增强体质,调整患儿的心理状态,掌握发病的先兆,正确用药,可使患儿病情长期稳定,减少发作,提高生活质量,最终达到控制哮喘的目的.     

舌下含服粉尘螨滴剂治疗儿童哮喘1年疗效的初步观察

目的初步观察舌下含服粉尘螨滴剂治疗儿童变应性哮喘1年的临床疗效。方法收集2009年5月至2010年6月我院哮喘门诊就诊轻中度哮喘患者55例,采用随机、开放、平行对照的的研究方法将其分为:试验组(粉尘螨滴剂+吸入激素)30例,对照组(单纯吸入激素)25例。临床观察1年,比较2组哮喘症状评分、急性发作次数、发作持续天数、吸入激素量、肺功能及呼气峰流量变异率的改变情况。结果从治疗的第36周开始2组患儿的日均哮喘症状评分出现差异,差异持续至1年观察结束。试验组1年哮喘的急性发作次数、发作持续天数明显少于对照组;从治疗的40周开始2组患儿ICS用量出现差异,差异持续至1年观察结束。治疗1年后试验组肺功能FEF50、MMEF占预计值百分比明显高于对照组(P<0.05),而2组FEV1、PEF、FEF75比较未见明显差异(P均>0.05)。试验组PEFR变异率于治疗29～56周小于对照组(P<0.05)。结论舌下含服粉尘螨滴剂可改善哮喘患儿症状,减少哮喘急性发作次数、持续天数及严重程度,减少ICS剂量、改善患儿小气道肺功能、降低PEFR变异率。     

小儿哮喘51例的诊治

目的：总结小儿哮喘的临床特点及治疗，加强对儿童哮喘治疗及预防的认识。方法对我院2011年1月~2013年12月收治51例哮喘患儿临床资料整理，复习相关文献资料。结果指导患者长期、持续、规范、个体化治疗，改善体质，预防反复发作，有望达到完全控制。     

西安市及华阴、蒲城小儿支气管哮喘流行病学调查

对西安市东、西、南、北郊区及华阴和蒲城县27747例小儿进行了支气管哮喘流行病学调查。结果,总患病率1.26%,其中婴幼儿哮喘5.19%;过敏性咳嗽0.18%;儿童哮喘0.14%。婴幼儿哮喘的患病率明显高于过敏性咳嗽及儿童哮喘的患病率(p<0.05)。西安市4个郊区比较。西城区(三桥乡)患病率明显高于其他区(p<0.05),可能与该区的水和空气污染有关。     

心身因素与儿童哮喘关系的研究

目的 :探讨儿童哮喘的心理社会因素。方法 :对 8-14岁新诊断的哮喘儿童和非哮喘儿童共 6 9对进行艾森克个性问卷测评并对儿童哮喘有关情况和家庭心理因素进行了调查。采用 1:1配对的病例对照研究方法 ,并用条件Logistic回归进行统计分析。结果 :儿童的特应性体质、既往呼吸道感染史及哮喘家族史增加了儿童哮喘的危险性。家庭中父母夫妻感情不好、父母对孩子过于保护、溺爱等可影响哮喘儿童的病情 ,而家庭采用民主的态度是儿童哮喘的保护性因素。艾森克个性问卷的四个维度总体标准分两组差别均无显著性。结论 :哮喘儿童的个体素质及家庭环境与哮喘过程有关。     

SF_(82024)某些疾病血浆c-GMP浓度改变的初步观察

对51例献血者的测定表明:c-GMP的血浆浓度均值为8.1pmol/ml。其范围由6～12pmol/ml。 对10例具有较重哮喘症状的儿科病人(包括暴喘型肺炎,喘息性支气管炎及支气管哮喘)的观察表明,在哮喘发作期均有血浆cGMP浓度上升。(均超过12pmol/ml)。而在治疗后,则随之恢复正常。其中二例,虽症状消失,但血中c-GMP浓度仍不恢复正     

A retrospective study of the relationship between childhood asthma and respiratory infection during gestation

BACKGROUND: Wheeze in children has been found to be associated with prior antepartum haemorrhage and raised levels of IgE in cord blood, and acute wheezing episodes are intimately linked with respiratory viral infections. OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between maternal presentation with respiratory tract infections in pregnancy and childhood asthma, taking into account factors which could affect presentation. METHODS: This was a case-control study of 200 asthmatic children, 5-16-year-old, age-matched with one control, having no recorded history of wheeze. Data on respiratory tract infections, maternal wheeze, atopy and smoking was collected from primary care records. Deprivation score was assessed according to small residential areas and subjects were equally distributed between four general practices in Plymouth, UK. RESULTS: Presentation with respiratory tract infections during pregnancy was significantly associated with childhood asthma (OR 1.69, 95% confidence interval 1.05-2.77, P = 0.03). The association was marginally stronger for infections in the first trimester (OR 2.30, 95% CI 1.05-5.41, P = 0.04) and for those with cough during pregnancy (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.23-4.22, P = 0.007). The associations remained significant after allowing for the effect of the independent variables (gender, maternal smoking, maternal wheeze, allergic rhinitis, eczema, asthma treatment in pregnancy and deprivation [Townsend] score), using multiple logistic regression analysis (ORs and 95% CIs 1.91, 1.14-3.22; 2.32, 1.01-5.34 and 2.29, 1.17-4.48, respectively). There was also an association between numbers of presentations with respiratory infections and childhood asthma (test for trend, P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: This study has shown an association between presentation with respiratory infection during gestation and childhood asthma. The results were not affected by the other independent variable factors studied and therefore provide some evidence to support the theory that respiratory viruses may be implicated in the aetiology of asthma.     

Relationship between childhood atopy and wheeze: what mediates wheezing in atopic phenotypes?

BACKGROUND: The nature of the relationship between childhood wheeze and atopy remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To characterize childhood wheeze among atopic phenotypes in a longitudinal birth cohort study. METHODS: A whole population birth cohort (N = 1,456) was recruited in 1989. Children were seen at birth and at 1, 2, 4, and 10 years of age to obtain information on asthma and allergic disease development and relevant risk factors for these states. Skin prick testing at ages 4 (n = 980) and 10 (n = 1,036) years was used to define atopic phenotypes. Wheezing in these states was characterized, and logistic regression was used to identify independent risk factors for wheeze onset in different atopic phenotypes. RESULTS: Wheeze ever occurred in 37% of never atopics, 38% of early childhood atopics, 65% of chronic childhood atopics, and 52% of delayed childhood atopics. Chronic childhood atopics had significant wheezing morbidity and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Their wheezing was associated with male sex, early eczema, family history of eczema, and early tobacco exposure. Never atopic wheeze was related to maternal asthma, parental smoking, and respiratory tract infections. Exclusive breastfeeding protected against early childhood atopic wheeze. Maternal asthma, family history of urticaria, and dog ownership increased delayed childhood atopic wheeze. CONCLUSIONS: In many respects, chronic childhood atopy is the atopic phenotype associated with the most significant forms of childhood wheezing. In such children, heritable drive, allergens, and synergy with other environmental triggers seem to be crucial determinants of wheeze onset. Where such sensitization is absent, numerous environmental factors plus genetic predisposition may assume importance for wheezing.     

Pet-keeping in childhood and adult asthma and hay fever: European community respiratory health survey

BACKGROUND: Whether pet-keeping early in life protects against or promotes allergy remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to examine the effects of childhood pet-keeping on adult allergic disease in a large international population-based study, including information on sensitization, adult pet-keeping, and pet prevalence in the populations. METHODS: We used information from structured interviews (n = 18,530) and specific IgE to common aeroallergens in blood samples (n = 13,932) from participants in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) to analyze the associations between keeping pets and adult asthma and hay fever. RESULTS: Keeping cats in childhood was associated with asthma only among atopic subjects, an association that varied between centers (P =.002) and was stronger where cats where less common (< 40% cats: odds ratio(wheeze) [OR(wheeze)] = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.31-2.57; 40%-60% cats: OR(wheeze) = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.10-1.61; > or =60% cats: OR(wheeze) = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.73-1.33). Dogs owned in childhood or adulthood were associated with asthma among nonatopic subjects (childhood: OR(wheeze) = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.13-1.46; adulthood: OR(wheeze) = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.14-1.51; both: OR(wheeze) = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.40-2.04). In atopic subjects, those who had owned dogs in childhood had less hay fever (OR = 0.85; 95% CI = 0.73-0.98) and no increased risk of asthma (OR(wheeze) = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.87-1.17). Respiratory symptoms were more common in subjects who had owned birds during childhood (OR(wheeze) = 1.12; 95% CI = 1.02-1.23) independent of sensitization. CONCLUSIONS: The effects of pet-keeping in childhood varied according to the type of pet, the allergic sensitization of the individual, and the wider environmental exposure to allergen. Cats owned in childhood were associated with more asthma in sensitized adults who grew up in areas with a low community prevalence of cats. Dogs owned in childhood seemed to protect against adult allergic disease but promote nonallergic asthma.     

Impact of gender on asthma in childhood and adolescence: a GA2LEN review

A number of studies have shown gender differences in the prevalence of wheeze and asthma. The aim of this review was to examine published results on gender differences in childhood and adolescent asthma incidence and prevalence, define current concepts and to identify new research needs.
A Medline search was performed with the search words (gender OR sex) AND (child OR childhood OR adolescence) AND (asthma). Articles that reported on abscence or prescence of gender differences in asthma were included and reviewed, and cross-references were checked. Boys are consistently reported to have more prevalent wheeze and asthma than girls. In adolescence, the pattern changes and onset of wheeze is more prevalent in females than males. Asthma, after childhood, is more severe in females than in males, and is underdiagnosed and undertreated in female adolescents. Possible explanations for this switch around puberty in the gender susceptibility to develop asthma include hormonal changes and gender-specific differences in environmental exposures. This aspect needs consideration of the doctors and allergists who diagnose and treat asthmatic individuals.
In conclusion, sex hormones are likely to play an important role in the development and outcome of the allergic immune response and asthma in particular. By obtaining functional data from appropriate models, the exact underlying mechanisms can be unravelled. To examine the effect of gender-specific differences in environmental exposures and changes of asthma prevalence and severity in puberty, larger populations may need to be investigated.     

Epidemiologic, experimental, and clinical links between respiratory syncytial virus infection and asthma

Virtually all children experience respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection at least once during the first 2 years of life, but only a few develop bronchiolitis and more severe disease requiring hospitalization, usually in the first 6 months of life. Children who recover from RSV-induced bronchiolitis are at increased risk for the development of recurrent wheeze and asthma in later childhood. Recent studies suggest that there is an association between RSV-induced bronchiolitis and asthma within the first decade of life but that this association is not significant after age 13. Despite the considerable progress made in our understanding of several aspects of respiratory viral infections, further work needs to be done to clarify the molecular mechanisms of early interactions between virus and host cell and the role of host gene products in the infection process. This review provides a critical appraisal of the literature in epidemiology and experimental research which links RSV infection to asthma. Studies to date demonstrate that there is a significant association between RSV infection and childhood asthma and that preventing severe primary RSV infections can decrease the risk of childhood asthma.     

Early childhood wheezing symptoms in relation to plasma selenium in pregnant mothers and neonates

OBJECTIVE: Reduced dietary selenium intake has been linked to the development of asthma. We have investigated whether childhood wheezing symptoms, and asthma up to the age of 5 years are associated with plasma selenium and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GPx) concentrations in pregnant mothers and neonates. METHODS: Two thousand pregnant women were recruited and their 1924 singleton children followed up. Plasma selenium and erythrocyte GPx concentrations were measured in maternal blood during early pregnancy (12 weeks gestation) and in neonatal cord blood. Cohort children were followed up at 1, 2 and 5 years using a respiratory symptom questionnaire and at 5 years children were also invited for spirometry and skin-prick test (SPT). Maternal and neonatal plasma selenium and erythrocyte GPx were related to the childhood outcomes of wheezing, and asthma. RESULTS: At 2 years 1282 children were followed up. At 5 years symptom data were available for 1167 children, 700 children were SPT tested, and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) was measured in 478. Maternal plasma selenium concentration during early pregnancy was inversely associated with wheezing (odds ratio per 10 microg/kg plasma selenium 0.86, 95% confidence interval 0.76-0.97), and consulting a doctor because of wheeze (0.79, 0.69-0.93) in the second year of life. Cord plasma selenium was also inversely associated with wheezing (0.67, 0.47-0.96), and consulting a doctor because of wheeze (0.62, 0.41-0.93) in the second year of life. By age 5 these associations had disappeared. Maternal and neonatal erythrocyte GPx concentrations were not associated with any childhood outcomes at 2 or 5 years. CONCLUSION: The selenium status of mothers during early pregnancy, and neonates is associated with early childhood wheezing but not asthma or atopic sensitization, furthermore, this association is absent by the age of 5 years.     

Asthma onset and relapse in adult life: the British 1958 birth cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have investigated adult-onset wheezing because of difficulties identifying childhood asthma or wheeze retrospectively. OBJECTIVE: To investigate risk factors for the incidence and recurrence of wheezing illness in adulthood. METHODS: British children born during 1 week in 1958 (N = 18,558) were followed up periodically. Information on wheezing illness was obtained via parental interviews at ages 7, 11, and 16 years and via cohort member interviews at ages 23, 33, and 42 years. At ages 44 to 45 years a subset (N = 12,069) was targeted for biomedical survey, and total IgE and specific IgE responses to grass, cat, and dust mite were measured. RESULTS: Incidences of wheezing illness at ages 17 to 33 and 34 to 42 years were positively associated with atopy (any specific IgE -0.3 kU/L) and cigarette smoking. For ages 17 to 42 years, proportions of incident "asthma" and incident "wheeze without asthma" associated with atopy, adjusted for sex and smoking, were estimated to be 34% (95% confidence interval [CI], 26%-42%) and 5% (95% CI, 1%-9%), respectively, whereas proportions associated with cigarette smoking, adjusted for sex and atopy, were estimated to be 13% (95% CI, 0%-26%) and 34% (95% CI, 27%-40%), respectively. Among participants with no reported wheezing illness at ages 17 to 23 or 33 years, wheeze prevalence at the age of 42 years was positively associated with symptoms in childhood. CONCLUSIONS: Onset and relapse of wheezing illness in adult life seem to be similarly affected by atopy and cigarette smoking, although the nature of these effects may differ between asthma and wheeze without asthma. Children who apparently "outgrow" early wheezing illness remain at increased risk for relapse or recurrence during midlife.     

Self-reported prevalence and risk factors of asthma among Korean adolescents: 5-year follow-up study, 1995–2000

OBJECTIVES: The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaires have shown that the prevalence of childhood asthma is increasing worldwide. Although Asian countries used to have lower prevalence rates of allergic disease than Western countries, this prevalence is increasing in several Asian countries. To determine whether the prevalence of childhood asthma is changing in Korean adolescents, we compared findings from nationwide cross-sectional surveys in 1995 and 2000 on populations of middle-school children using the Korean version of the ISAAC questionnaire. METHODS: We developed Korean versions of the ISAAC written (WQ) and video (AVQ) questionnaires for allergic diseases. In 1995, the enrolled population consisted of 15,481 children, ages 12-15, and encompassing all three grades in middle school, selected from 34 schools across the nation; the response rate was 97.3%. In 2000, 15,894 children were selected from 31 of the same schools, and the response rate was 96.4%. The SAS system version 8.0 was utilized for all statistical analyses. RESULTS: The WQ showed that the lifetime and 12-month prevalence of wheeze did not change from 1995 to 2000. While the 12-month prevalence rates of sleep disturbed by wheezing and night cough increased, the rates of severe attack of wheezing and exercise-induced wheeze did not change, over this period of time. The lifetime prevalence of asthma diagnosis, however, increased significantly, from 2.7% in 1995 to 5.3% in 2000, as did the 12-month prevalence of asthma treatment, from 1.0% in 1995 to 1.9% in 2000. The AVQ also showed increases in the lifetime and 12-month prevalence rates of wheeze at rest, exercise-induced wheeze, nocturnal wheeze, nocturnal cough, and severe wheeze over this period of time. These were especially because of significant increases in the Provincial cities of Korea. Interestingly, the 12-month prevalence of wheeze was consistently high in Cheju with low air pollution indices, whereas this rate was low in Ulsan and Ansan with very high air pollution indices. Risk factor analysis showed that body mass index (BMI), passive smoking, and living with a dog or cat, but not air pollution, were associated with higher risk of wheeze. CONCLUSIONS: In the 5-year period from 1995 to 2000, the prevalence of asthma symptoms has increased in Korean adolescents, much of it because of increases in Provincial Centers. BMI, passive smoking, and living with a dog or cat are important risk factors. Environmental factors other than air pollution may be associated with increases in asthma, especially in Provincial Centers.     

Occurrence of new-onset wheeze in a 3-year follow-up study of schoolchildren.

BACKGROUND: Different wheeze phenotypes have been identified, primarily in preschool children. OBJECTIVE: To explore the characteristics of children in primary school without a history of wheeze or asthma and the onset of wheeze during a 3-year follow-up period. METHODS: Students in grades 1 to 3 participated in a cross-sectional study in 2000 and again in 2003, creating a prospective cohort. Data were collected using questionnaires in both years. Children without a history of asthma or wheeze in or before 2000 were selected for this analysis (n = 212). Associations between baseline characteristics and an outcome of the onset of new wheeze were evaluated. RESULTS: Twenty-two children (10.4%) reported new wheeze by 2003. Significant associations were found between new-onset wheeze and body mass index (odds ratio [OR], 1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10-1.62) and history of allergic disease (OR, 7.17; 95% CI, 2.48-20.72); significant inverse associations were found with farming exposures in the first year of life (OR, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.05-0.64) and with having a fireplace in the home (OR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.05-0.83). After stratification by sex, the associations were typically stronger in girls than in boys. CONCLUSIONS: Allergic disease in childhood and early and current exposures affect the development of wheeze. These results support efforts to lead healthy lifestyles and direct continued research into wheeze phenotypes, especially by sex.     

Smoking, atopy and certain furry pets are major determinants of respiratory symptoms in children: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood Study (Ireland)

BACKGROUND: Environmental, cultural and health care differences may account for variation among countries in the prevalence of asthma and respiratory symptoms in teenagers. OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and the level of diagnosis, and to compare determinants of asthma and severe wheeze in two countries. METHODS: Self-completion questionnaires based on the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) protocol were provided to school children in Ireland (Republic and Northern Ireland). In the Republic of Ireland, all children in classes largely aged 13-14 years from 30 post-primary schools were selected by random sampling stratified by school size, composition and Health Board in Spring 1995. In Northern Ireland, all children largely aged 13-14 years of age from 26 post-primary schools were selected by random sampling stratified by school type, composition and Education and Library Board in Spring 1996. RESULTS: Questionnaires were completed by 2,364 children from Northern Ireland and 2,671 from the Republic, about 90% of those eligible to participate. The prevalences of wheeze at various levels of severity, of diagnosed asthma and of treated wheeze were very similar in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. A significant proportion of those reporting more severe symptomatology (four or more attacks of wheeze in the past 12 months and/or one or more nights disturbed and/or moderate or greater disruption of daily activities and/or speech restriction due to wheeze) had been neither diagnosed nor treated for asthma (20-37%). To investigate the determinants of the more severe symptomatology of asthma or treated wheeze a series of stepwise multiple regression analyses was performed. A history of atopy, cigarette smoking, the possession of a furry pet other than a dog or cat and age were each independently associated with severe wheeze, whilst atopy, a furry pet (as above) and gender were each independently associated with asthma or treated wheeze. CONCLUSIONS: Cigarette smoking is closely associated with the reporting of significant respiratory symptoms together with atopy and exposure to furry pets. Some 20-37% of severe symptoms were neither diagnosed nor treated as asthma.