Induction of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors and phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase/Akt signaling by global cerebral ischemia in the rat

Vascular endothelial growth factor is an angiogenic peptide that binds to tyrosine kinase receptors on target cells to activate signal transduction pathways involving phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase and the serine–threonine protein kinase, Akt. To determine whether this signaling pathway is activated in cerebral ischemia, we examined the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 1 and 2, and phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase-activated phospho-Akt, in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus following transient global cerebral ischemia in the rat. Western blot analysis and immunocytochemistry demonstrated induction of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 and 2 expression, and of anti-phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase-immunoprecipitated phospho-Akt, in vulnerable regions of the cortex and hippocampus after 15 min of global ischemia and 4–72 h of reperfusion.

These findings demonstrate that vascular endothelial growth factor receptors and receptor-coupled signal transduction pathways are induced in ischemic brain in vivo, and could therefore participate in endogenous neuroprotective responses to ischemia.     

脑缺血诱导大鼠皮层和海马二价金属离子转运体1表达增加的研究

目的:探讨脑缺血对大鼠皮层、海马二价金属离子转运体1(DMT1)表达的影响。方法:雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为脑缺血1、3、7、28 d和假手术组。结扎双侧颈总动脉建立脑缺血模型组,假手术组仅分离双侧颈总动脉但不结扎。采用RT-PCR测定DMT1+/-IRE mRNA的表达;采用免疫组化染色测定大鼠皮层及海马组织DMT1的表达。结果:大鼠皮层和海马DMT1+/-IRE mRNA的表达随缺血时间的延长逐渐增加。与假手术组比较,皮层DMT1+/-IRE mRNA的表达在缺血1、3 d时无差异(P>0.05);缺血7 d时表达增加(P<0.01),缺血28d时增加更明显(P<0.01)。海马DMT1-IRE mRNA表达除在缺血1 d时与假手术组无差异外(P>0.05),其余时间点DMT1+/-IRE mRNA表达均高于假手术组(P<0.01)。随缺血时间的延长,大鼠皮层、海马的锥体细胞、颗粒细胞及血管内皮细胞DMT1的表达逐渐增加。DMT1的表达除缺血1 d组与假手术组无差别外(P>0.05),其余各组均高于假手术组(P<0.05)。结论:脑缺血可诱导大鼠皮层及海马DMT1表达升高,DMT1表达的改变可能参与了脑缺血引起大鼠脑铁含量升高及神经元铁沉积过程。     

Selective inhibition of early--but not late--expressed HIF-1α is neuroprotective in rats after focal ischemic brain damage

The expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1-alpha (HIF-1α) is upregulated in ischemic stroke, but its function is still unclear. In the present study, biphasic expression of HIF-1α was observed during 1-12 h and after 48 h in neurons exposed to ischemic stress in vitro and in vivo. Treating neurons with 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2) 0.5 h after ischemic stress or pre-silencing HIF-1α with small interfering RNA (siRNA) decreased brain injury, brain edema and number of apoptotic cell, and downregulates Nip-like protein X (Nix) expression. Conversely, applying 2ME2 to neurons 8 h after ischemic stress or silencing the HIF-1α with siRNA 12 h after oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) increased neuron damage and decreased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. Taken together, these results demonstrate that HIF-1α induced by ischemia in early and late times leads cellular apoptosis and survival, respectively, and provides a new insight into the divergent roles of HIF-1α expression in neurons after ischemic stroke.     

Adenovirus-mediated brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression regulated by hypoxia response element protects brain from injury of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice

Some gene expression may be regulated by hypoxia-responsive element (HRE) that is bound by hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) which is up-regulated during cerebral ischemia. To explore ischemia/hypoxia-controlled expression and the neuroprotective effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) after ischemic brain injury, an adenoviral vector using five copies of hypoxia response element (HRE) in the vascular endothelial growth factor gene to regulate the expression of BDNF gene (Ad5HRE:BDNF) was constructed, and its efficacy was verified for driving BDNF expression in cultured Hela cells under hypoxic condition by ELISA. We found that the concentration of BDNF in the Ad5HRE:BDNF-transfected culture media was 28-fold greater in a hypoxic condition than under normoxia. To examine the effect of Ad5HRE:BDNF on ischemic brain injury in vivo, Ad5HRE:BDNF was injected into right caudate putamen of adult mice 7 days prior to 60 min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). It was found that exogenous BDNF expression was increased in the Ad5HRE-BDNF-treated group and infarct volume of the Ad5HRE:BDNF-treated group at 3 days after MCAO was significantly smaller than that of vehicle- or AdNull-treated groups. Moreover, Ad5HRE:BDNF injection resulted in significantly improved sensorimotor scores 7 days after MCAO and induced a reduction in the number of Fluoro-Jade B-positive neurons and TUNEL-positive cells, compared with vehicle- or AdNull-injection. Our findings suggest that BDNF expression could be regulated in hypoxia/ischemia condition with five copies of HRE and ameliorates ischemic brain injury in a mouse focal cerebral ischemia model.     

CGRP和NGF对全脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑组织PKC表达的调节作用

目的　研究大鼠脑缺血再灌注后蛋白激酶C(proteinkinaseC ,PKC)在海马和顶叶皮质的表达 ,探讨降钙素基因相关肽 (CGRP)和神经生长因子 (NGF)对脑组织缺血再灌注的保护作用及机制。方法　采用颈动脉负压分流法制作大鼠脑缺血再灌注模型 ,采用免疫组织化学SABC法及显微图像分析检测海马及皮质内PKC的表达。结果　大鼠缺血再灌注海马CA1区及顶叶皮质内PKC阳性产物平均灰度值较正常组低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,注射CGRP或NGF后PKC阳性产物平均灰度值明显高于缺血再灌注组 (P <0 .0 1) ,二者联合应用时平均灰度值比单独应用高 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　CGRP及NGF参与缺血神经元PKC的调节 ,二者对缺血神经元有协同保护作用     

bFGF对局灶性脑缺血大鼠脑组织GRP78表达的影响

目的研究大鼠脑缺血再灌注后对葡萄糖调节蛋白78(glucose-regulated protein78,GRP78)表达的影响,探讨碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(basic fibroblast growth factor,bFGF)对脑组织缺血再灌注神经元GRP78的调节作用及机制。方法应用线栓法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,大脑中动脉阻塞2h再灌注损伤12h,采用TUNEL法、免疫组化检测海马及皮质内神经元凋亡和GRP78的表达。结果 sham组,海马及皮质偶见凋亡细胞,皮质及海马神经元内少见GRP78免疫反应阳性细胞;I/R组,海马及皮质神经元凋亡增加,缺血再灌注损伤后皮质及海马神经元内GRP78阳性表达明显高于假手术组。bFGF组,海马及皮质神经元凋亡减少,皮质及海马神经元内GRP78表达较I/R组明显增加。结论 bFGF显著减少缺血神经元凋亡,上调脑缺血诱导的GRP78表达,对脑缺血再灌注海马及皮质神经元的具有保护作用。     

碱性成纤细胞生长因子对局灶性脑缺血大鼠脑组织核因子-κB表达的影响

目的探讨碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)对脑组织缺血再灌注神经元NF-κB的调节作用及机制。方法30只Wista大鼠随机分为Sham组、缺血再灌注组(I/R组)和bFGF组。应用线栓法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,大脑中动脉阻塞2h再灌注损伤24h,采用TUNEL法、免疫组化检测海马及皮质内神经元凋亡和NF-κB的表达。结果sham组海马及皮质偶见凋亡细胞,NF-κBp65在细胞核内无表达,在胞浆内极少表达;I/R组海马及皮质神经元凋亡增加,NF-κBp65在细胞内有所表达,皮质及海马NF-κBp65的表达明显高于sham组。bFGF组大脑皮质及海马NF-κBp65的表达较I/R组明显增多。结论bFGF显著减少缺血神经元凋亡,上调脑缺血诱导的NF-κB表达,对脑缺血再灌注海马及皮质神经元的具有保护作用。     

CGRP和NGF对全脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑组织Erk表达的调节作用

目的 :检测大鼠脑缺血再灌注后细胞外调节蛋白激酶 (Erk)的表达 ,探讨降钙素基因相关肽 (CGRP)和神经生长因子 (NGF)对脑组织的保护作用及机制。方法 :采用颈动脉负压分流法制作大鼠脑缺血再灌注模型 ,采用免疫组织化学SABC法及显微图像分析检测海马及皮质内Erk的表达。结果 :大鼠缺血再灌注海马及皮质内Erk免疫反应阳性产物较正常组增多 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而注射CGRP或NGF后阳性产物明显高于缺血再灌注组 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,二者联合应用效果更加显著 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :CGRP及NGF参与缺血神经元Erk的调节 ,二者对缺血神经元有协同修复作用     

NGF对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马和顶叶皮质内CREB mRNA表达的影响

探讨外源性神经生长因子(nervegrowthfactor,NGF)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马和顶叶皮质内的cAMP反应元件结合蛋白(cyclicAMPresponseelementbindingprotein,CREB)mRNA表达的影响。用线栓法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,运用原位杂交和图像分析技术检测大鼠缺血侧海马CA1区和顶叶皮质内CREBmRNA的表达。结果显示:缺血再灌注组缺血侧海马CA1区和顶叶皮质CREBmRNA阳性反应产物平均光密度(OD)比假手术组减少(P<0.05),NGF组CA1区和顶叶皮质内的CREBmRNA阳性产物平均光密度高于缺血再灌注组(P<0.05)。本研究结果提示NGF可以上调局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马和顶叶皮质缺血神经元CREBmRNA的表达,NGF对缺血神经元的保护作用可能通过激活CREB的转录与翻译,从而启动一系列信号通路来实现。     

Cerebral heme oxygenase 1 and 2 spatial distribution is modulated following injury from hypoxia–ischemia and middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats

The regional and cellular distribution of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 and -2 following cerebral ischemia has not been ascertained. Employing the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and hypoxia–ischemia (HI) models of unilateral brain injury, the aim was to elucidate immunolocalization of HO-1 and HO-2. Animals were sacrificed 3 days post-ischemia and immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were utilized to determine HO-1 and HO-2 expression. In the ipsilateral hemisphere following HI, HO-1 immunoreactivity was significantly upregulated in many neuronal and glial populations (including the cortex, hippocampus and thalamus). HO-1 was also detected in macrophages/microglia within the infarct. In addition to widespread neuronal HO-2 labelling, HO-2 was also expressed in vascular endothelial cells. Inflammatory cells within the infarct of MCAO and HI animals were surprisingly immunoreactive for HO-2, but only HI animals had significantly elevated HO-2 protein expression in the ipsilateral hemisphere. This may be due to the presence of global hypoxia in the HI model which can upregulate vascular endothelial growth factor and subsequent proliferation of endothelial cells. This report of HO-2 protein expression upregulation following HI coupled with an increase in HO-1 immunoreactivity suggests that this response may be implicated in reducing cell death or repairing damage induced by cerebral ischemia.     

C57black/6小鼠全脑缺血模型的海马区Bcl-2和Bax的表达

使用 C5 7black/6小鼠制造的全脑缺血模型 ,观察全脑缺血后海马 Bcl-2和 Bax的表达 ,为这种新的模型在脑缺血研究中的应用提供实验依据。双侧颈总动脉夹闭 15 min诱发全脑缺血模型 ,2 4h后取脑组织进行 Bcl-2和 Bax免疫组织化学染色。缺血组海马 Bax阳性反应神经元数目增多 ,主要分布在 CA1 区 ,胞浆深染 ,假手术组 Bax阳性细胞数目少 ,染色浅。缺血组 CA3区和齿状回 Bcl-2阳性反应神经元数目增多 ,胞浆染色深 ,假手术组 Bcl-2阳性细胞数目少 ,染色浅。C5 7black/6小鼠全脑缺血模型的海马内 Bcl-2和 Bax表达发生改变 ,Bax表达增加在 CA1 区 ,Bcl-2表达增加在 CA3区和齿状回 ,提示二者在该模型的脑缺血后神经细胞死亡过程中发挥作用     

CGRP和NGF对全脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑组织Erk mRNA表达的调节作用

目的　检测大鼠脑缺血再灌注后细胞外信号调节蛋白激酶信使RNA(ErkmRNA)的表达,探讨降钙素 基因相关肽(CGRP)和神经生长因子(NGF)对脑组织的保护作用。　方法　采用颈动脉负压分流法制作大鼠脑缺 血再灌注模型,采用原位杂交及显微图像分析方法检测海马及皮质内Erk的表达。　结果　大鼠缺血再灌注海马 及皮质内ErkmRNA较正常组增多(P<0.05),而注射CGRP或NGF后ErkmRNA明显高于缺血再灌注组(P< 0.01),两者联合应用效果更加显著(P<0.05)。　结论　CGRP及NGF可能参与缺血神经元ErkmRNA的调节,两 者对缺血神经元有协同修复作用。     

Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (KDR/Flk-1) in ischemic skeletal muscle and its regeneration

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a hypoxia-inducible endothelial cell mitogen and survival factor. Its receptor VEGFR-2 (KDR/Flk-1) mediates these effects. We studied the expression of VEGF and VEGFR-2 in ischemic human and rabbit skeletal muscle by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Human samples were obtained from eight lower limb amputations because of acute or chronic critical ischemia. In chronically ischemic human skeletal muscle VEGF and VEGFR-2 expression was restricted to atrophic and regenerating skeletal myocytes, whereas in acutely ischemic limbs VEGF and VEGFR-2 were expressed diffusely in the affected muscle. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha was associated with VEGF and VEGFR-2 expression both in acute and chronic ischemia but not in regeneration. Hindlimb ischemia was induced in 20 New Zealand White rabbits by excising the femoral artery. Magnetic resonance imaging and histological sections revealed extensive ischemic damage in the thigh and leg muscles of ischemic rabbit hindlimbs with VEGF expression similar to acute human lower limb ischemia. After 1 and 3 weeks of ischemia VEGF expression was restricted to regenerating myotubes and by 6 weeks regeneration and expression of VEGF was diminished. VEGFR-2 expression was co-localized with VEGF expression in regenerating myotubes. Macrophages and an increased number of capillaries were associated with areas of ischemic muscle expressing VEGF and VEGFR-2. In conclusion, two patterns of VEGF and VEGFR-2 expression in human and rabbit ischemic skeletal muscle are demonstrated. In acute skeletal muscle ischemia VEGF and VEGFR-2 are expressed diffusely in the affected muscle. In chronic skeletal muscle ischemia and in skeletal muscle recovering from ischemia VEGF and VEGFR-2 expression are restricted to atrophic and regenerating muscle cells suggesting the operation of an autocrine pathway that may promote survival and regeneration of myocytes.     

黄芩茎叶黄酮对慢性脑缺血大鼠脑内NMDA受体和VEGF表达的影响

目的: 探讨黄芩茎叶黄酮(SSF)对慢性永久性脑缺血大鼠脑内N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体(NMDAR)和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)表达的影响。方法: 雌性Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠双侧颈总动脉结扎2个月制备慢性脑缺血记忆障碍模型,通过RT-PCR测定海马细胞中NMDAR mRNA和皮层细胞中VEGF mRNA的含量。结果: 与假手术组相比,模型组大鼠海马细胞中NMDAR1 mRNA、NMDAR2A mRNA和NMDAR2B mRNA 的含量显著增加(P<0.01),皮层细胞中VEGF mRNA的含量明显增加(P<0.01);而 SSF 17.5 mg·kg^-1·d^-1、35 mg·kg^-1·d^-1和70 mg·kg^-1·d^-1灌胃给药38 d,能明显降低海马细胞中NMDAR1 mRNA、NMDAR2A mRNA和NMDAR2B mRNA 的含量,显著增加皮层细胞中VEGF mRNA的含量。结论: SSF 能够明显降低脑缺血大鼠海马细胞中NMDAR 的表达,明显增加皮层细胞中VEGF 的表达,提示SSF可能通过影响NMDAR和VEGF的生成发挥神经保护作用。     

NGF对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马CREB表达的上调作用

目的探讨外源性神经生长因子(NGF)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马CREB和磷酸化的CREB(p-CREB)表达的影响。方法用线栓法阻塞大鼠大脑中动脉制作局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,应用免疫组织化学、W estern B loting和图像分析方法检测大鼠海马CA1区CREB和磷酸化CREB表达。结果假手术组海马CA1区CREB有明显表达,缺血再灌注组CA1区表达较假手术组减少,NGF组CA1区的CREB表达多于缺血再灌注组(P<0.05)。假手术组海马CA1区p-CREB表达很少,缺血再灌注组p-CREB表达多于假手术组,NGF组p-CREB表达多于缺血再灌注组(P<0.05)。结论NGF上调海马CREB和p-CREB的表达,对缺血神经元起保护作用,CREB和p-CREB参与NGF对缺血神经元的保护作用机制。     

动脉粥样硬化并肢体缺血模型兔接受低频电磁场刺激促进新生血管形成

背景：磁场治疗肢体缺血性疾病的基础研究报道不多,原因是受试动物的依从性差及所受磁场作用强度的稳定性难以掌控,由此造成实验误差大,结果可信度下降。作者针对此类问题,采用磁性饲养笼进行低频电磁治疗缺血肢体的实验研究,由此克服了受试动物依从性差及磁场强度的稳定性难以掌控的两大难题。 目的：探讨自制磁性饲养笼低频电磁场对家兔缺血肢体新生血管生长促进因子表达的影响。 方法：构建动脉粥样硬化模型兔96只,编号随机分入缺血组和无缺血组(每组12个处理组合),按析因设计要求每组重复实验4次。因素A电磁场作用强度(0,3,6,12 mT)和因素B电磁场作用时间(3,5,7 d)。 结果与结论：低频磁场能够明显促进家兔缺血肢体缺氧诱导因子1α、血管内皮生长因子及CD34表达,磁场作用强度(因素A)是促进缺氧诱导因子1α、血管内皮生长因子及CD34表达的主要因素,作用时间(因素B)为次要因素。低频磁场也促进无缺血肢体缺氧诱导因子1α的表达,但对无缺血肢体血管内皮生长因子及CD34表达无明显促进作用,揭示在肢体缺血状态下血管内皮生长因子及CD34表达除了受缺氧诱导因子1α的调控作用外可能还受其他因素的调控。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植;肝移植;移植;心脏移植;组织移植;皮肤移植;皮瓣移植;血管移植;器官移植;组织工程全文链接：     

电针干预脊髓损伤大鼠受损节段缺氧诱导因子1α、血管内皮生长因子的表达

背景:作者发现,中医“痿病”从气血论治理论与脊髓损伤神经修复的关键环节在于改善组织血氧微环境有着惊人的相似,提出假设:电针刺激可通过干预缺氧诱导因子1α、血管内皮生长因子信号转导,改善脊髓血氧微环境从而促进神经再生。目的:探讨电针干预对脊髓损伤大鼠受损节段缺氧诱导因子1α、血管内皮生长因子表达的影响。方法:120只SD雌性大鼠以微型血管夹夹闭脊髓,保持夹闭状态20 s制作脊髓夹伤模型,随机分为3组:即阿是穴电针组、足阳明胃经电针组和空白对照组,每组40只。电针组造模后第3天开始接受每日1次的电针治疗,阿是穴电针组选择2个阿是穴、足阳明胃经电针组选择双侧伏兔、足三里穴,每周5次。于干预后1,2,3,4,5周对大鼠进行BBB评分之后分别取出损伤的脊髓组织标本,行病理组织观察,并采用免疫组织化学染色、实时荧光定量PCR技术及Western blot检测损伤脊髓缺氧诱导因子1α、血管内皮生长因子的基因和蛋白表达。实验方案经广西中医药大学第一附属医院动物实验伦理委员会批准(批准号201712001)。结果与结论:①阿是穴电针组及足阳明胃经电针组大鼠的下肢功能评分、缺氧诱导因子1α及血管内皮生长因子基因及蛋白表达明显高于未经电针干预的对照组;②随着干预时间的推移阿是穴电针组及足阳明胃经电针组的神经元数量均明显高于空白对照组;③结果说明,电针干预可以有效改善脊髓损伤大鼠的下肢功能评分、增加神经元的数量、上调缺氧诱导因子1α及血管内皮生长因子的mRNA及蛋白表达,从而有效促进脊髓神经功能的修复。     

Inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase attenuates cellular proliferation and differentiation to mature neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus after transient forebrain ischemia in the adult rat

Neurogenesis in the adult hippocampal dentate gyrus is promoted by transient forebrain ischemia. The mechanism responsible for this ischemia-induced neurogenesis, however, remains to be determined. It has been suggested that there may be a close relationship between neurogenesis and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, an angiogenic factor. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between vascular endothelial growth factor and cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus after transient forebrain ischemia. The mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor was increased in the dentate gyrus on day 1 after ischemia. Immunohistochemical analysis on day 9 after ischemia, when a significant increase in cell proliferation was seen, showed that the cerebral vessel space in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus had not been affected by the ischemia. Neither were the vascular densities on days 1 and 3 after ischemia altered compared with those of non-operated naïve control rats. Furthermore, the distance from the center of the proliferative cells to the nearest cerebral vessel of ischemic rats was comparable to that of the sham-operated rats. We demonstrated that transient forebrain ischemia-induced cell proliferation and differentiation to mature neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus was attenuated by the i.c.v. administration of a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. These results suggest that vascular endothelial growth factor receptor at the early period of reperfusion may contribute to neurogenesis rather than to angiogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus.