糖尿病性下肢血管病变腔内治疗的策略与技术

糖尿病性下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的特点是多水平、长节段,更多累及膝下小动脉。经皮腔内血管成形术作为一种微创治疗方法,更适用于一般状况差、年龄大、合并多种并发症的糖尿病患者,尤其是糖尿病性下肢动脉硬化闭塞性病变导致重症肢体缺血时。在对糖尿病性下肢血管病变施行腔内治疗时,必须努力提高慢性完全闭塞病变的成功率,注意介入治疗入路的选择,严格血管内支架的使用适应证,重视膝下与踝下动脉病变的处理。     

下肢动脉硬化闭塞症治疗现状及展望

血管重建、恢复远端肢体灌注是下肢动脉硬化闭塞症治疗的关键点。血管重建的方法包括开放重建和腔内重建。腔内治疗作为高新技术的代表,已逐渐成为下肢动脉硬化闭塞症治疗的主力军,甚至复杂主髂动脉、股腘动脉、膝下动脉硬化闭塞症也越来越多地采用创伤相对小的腔内治疗,并取得了较好的临床疗效。本文就下肢动脉硬化闭塞症治疗的现状和展望进行阐述。     

糖尿病肢体动脉闭塞症诊断及疗效标准(草案)

糖尿病肢体动脉闭塞症是指糖尿病病人出现的以肢体动脉粥样硬化和微血管病变为主要病理改变,并出现缺血性表现的一种慢性病症.     

糖尿病肢体动脉闭塞症患者血管内皮功能和颈动脉内膜中膜厚度的变化

目的探讨糖尿病肢体动脉闭塞症患者血管内皮功能和颈动脉内膜中膜厚度的变化。方法60例糖尿病肢体动脉闭塞症患者为观察组,正常健康者20例为对照组。所有受检者均通过高频超声进行内皮依赖性舒张功能、非内皮依赖性舒张功能和颈动脉内膜中膜厚度检测,并测定内皮素1、血栓素B2、6-酮-前列腺素F1α和一氧化氮浓度。结果一、二及三期糖尿病肢体动脉闭塞症患者内皮依赖性舒张功能较健康对照者明显降低(8.39%±1.62%、6.22%±1.27%和4.02%±2.35%比10.58%±2.92%,P<0.01),三期糖尿病肢体动脉闭塞症患者非内皮依赖性舒张功能也明显下降(9.07%±6.36%比15.17±2.71%,P<0.01),二期和三期糖尿病肢体动脉闭塞症患者颈动脉内膜中膜厚度明显高于健康对照者(1.06±0.06mm和1.12±0.04mm比0.87±0.04mm,P<0.01)。糖尿病肢体动脉闭塞症患者内皮素1和血栓素B2水平明显高于健康对照者(P<0.01),一氧化氮、6-酮-前列腺素F1α水平明显低于健康对照者(P<0.01)。结论血管内皮功能障碍在糖尿病肢体动脉闭塞症的发病中起着重要作用,血管内皮功能和颈动脉内膜中膜厚度可作为监测和评估病情变化的指标。     

血管腔内旋切术治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞症

使用瑞士产Straub旋切仪对28例下肢动脉闭塞症（31支闭塞动脉）行血管腔内旋切术，术后对残留血管狭窄行支架置入术，共放置16枚血管内支架。结果完全开通者27支（87．1％），部分开通3支（9．7％），未开通1支；12枚支架因原有狭窄或旋切后残留狭窄放置，4枚因旋切后内膜损伤放置。1例胭动脉闭塞开通成功后造影发现闭塞段血管穿孔，经压迫止血后恢复。随访3～23个月，1例术后5h因心肌梗死死亡，4例症状复发。认为血管腔内旋切术治疗下肢动脉闭塞症是一种简便可行、安全、有效的介入治疗新方法。     

血管内超声消融治疗老年下肢动脉硬化闭塞症

目的评价血管内超声消融治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的疗效. 方法 20例下肢动脉硬化闭塞症患者在数字减影血管造影监测下行腔内超声消融治疗,术后抗凝. 结果消融闭塞血管长度10～20 cm,动脉管腔平均扩张约60%,术中造影证实闭塞动脉复通,术后2周测踝/肱指数提高0.20～0.45. 结论超声消融可以有效消融动脉硬化斑块,重建闭塞动脉血流,为动脉闭塞的患者提供治疗新方法.     

急性大脑中动脉闭塞的血管内治疗

目的:探讨急性大脑中动脉闭塞血管内溶栓和支架置入术的可行性、安全性和应用价值.方法:回顾性分析21例急诊行血管内治疗的大脑中动脉闭塞患者资料,其中17例单纯采用局部超选择性动脉内溶栓,4例同时采用支架置入术.结果:溶栓后大脑中动脉心肌梗死溶栓疗法分级(TIMI)3级13例(包括4例同时行支架置入术的重度狭窄患者),TIMI2级7例,TIMI 1级1例.住院期间因心肌梗死死亡1例,其余患者3个月随访改良Rankin量表评分0分8例,1分6例,2分3例,3、4和5分各1例.结论:血管内治疗是治疗急性大脑中动脉闭塞的一种安全、有效的方法,支架置入术结合超选择性局部动脉内溶栓可有效减少开通血管的再次闭塞.     

糖尿病性下肢动脉病变的腔内介入与外科治疗

糖尿病性下肢动脉病变是糖尿病性动脉硬化闭塞症（DAO）最常见的表现形式。严重的糖尿病性下肢动脉病变可导致患者出现重症肢体缺血（CLI）,是糖尿病足溃疡与大截肢手术的主要原因心。当患者出现CLI而严重威胁肢体安全时,单纯内科药物治疗常难以奏效,此时应积极进行血管腔内介入与外科手术干预,以重建下肢血运,从而达到保肢的目的。     

杂交手术治疗多平面动脉硬化闭塞症36例

多节段、多平面的动脉硬化闭塞症的治疗一直是血管外科治疗的难点及重点.外科手术和腔内介入技术是治疗下肢缺血的两种主要手段,但对于复杂的动脉病变,单纯应用外科手术或腔内治疗均不能达到满意效果,且因开放手术创伤大、风险高,一些高龄患者失去了手术的机会.对于病变广泛的动脉疾病,如果同时行外科手术及血管腔内治疗相比单一方法能取得更好的效果,此即杂交(hybrid)手术[1].本文观察分析杂交手术治疗复杂下肢动脉硬化闭塞症患者的疗效.     

动脉硬化闭塞症膝下动脉血管腔内治疗的近远期疗效观察

目的:观察动脉硬化闭塞症膝下动脉病变经皮血管腔内治疗的疗效。方法:选取我科2006年10月至2009年10月期间,动脉硬化闭塞症膝下动脉病变经皮血管腔内治疗的117例患者,回顾性分析腔内治疗开通血管的成功率及术后随访资料。结果:117例患者(132条患肢)初次腔内治疗成功率为90.15%(119/132)。术后平均随访18个月(4～36个月)。血管再狭窄发生率分别为:6个月8.5%(10/117),12个月19.0%(22/116),18个月25.9%(30/116)。21例临床症状复发,再次腔内治疗成功率85.7%(18/21)。患者手术后间歇性跛行、静息痛、缺血性溃疡等临床症状均明显改善。结论:动脉硬化闭塞症膝下动脉腔内治疗手术成功率较高,临床效果满意,远期有一定的复发率,但可再次治疗。     

彩色多普勒超声对2型糖尿病患者下肢动脉病变的诊断价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声对2型糖尿病患者下肢动脉病变的诊断价值。方法对临床诊断为2型糖尿病并进行下肢动脉多普勒超声检查的患者236例的超声诊断及其图像进行回顾性分析,与对照组203例进行比较,统计其动脉硬化的发生率,了解2型糖尿病组下肢动脉的斑块分布情况。结果 2型糖尿病组的管腔内膜光滑率低于对照组（P〈0.01）,而下肢动脉硬化发生率高于对照组（P〈0.01）。粥样硬化斑块的发生并引起狭窄、闭塞主要位于肢体远端中小动脉血管。结论彩色多普勒超声是2型糖尿病患者下肢动脉病变检查的有效手段,能准确直观地判断病变部位和严重程度,对2型糖尿病患者下肢动脉病变的早期诊断、预防及治疗具有重要的临床应用价值。     

Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome

Opinion statement Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome is a condition caused by direct compression of the popliteal artery as it passes within or exits the popliteal fossa. It is surprisingly uncommon and usually affects young patients, typically men, and often presenting with symptoms of claudication, or more rarely acute limb ischemia, calf cramps, or a picture of compartment syndrome. The diagnosis should be considered early within the differential diagnosis of all patients presenting with these problems in this age group. The key to management of this condition lies in a high index of suspicion. The treatment of popliteal artery entrapment syndrome is surgical. When the condition is detected at an early stage surgery may be limited to release of the artery alone. However, if the artery has been compressed for some time the resulting intimal damage necessitates bypass of the affected segment. There are numerous reports of thrombectomy with simple vein patching, but the results are inferior to interpositional vein grafting. Reports have also been published of attempts made at endovascular treatment. At present, this mode of management adds little to the definitive treatment of affected limbs and appears limited to use as a bridging procedure in cases presenting with limb ischemia. Unfortunately, an effective clinical screening test does not exist and imaging remains the mainstay in the diagnosis of symptomatic limbs and the screening of asymptomatic limbs. The exact modality of imaging remains unclear, but for the moment duplex scanning, angiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging all appear to have their place.     

Prevention of limb amputation in patients with limbs ulcers by autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cell implantation

There are many cases of amputation of ischemic limbs of dialysis patients due to diabetes, despite the availability of medicine therapy and vascular by-pass operations. As there is extensive ruin of the vascular bed due to diabetes, vascular regeneration therapy by stem cell implantation is effective. Thirty patients with ischemic limbs due to diabetes (not including type-I) and on dialysis for chronic renal failure (19 cases), diabetes (5 cases), dialysis patients without diabetes (4 cases), and arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO, 2 cases) were treated by autologous peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) implantation where imminent amputation was under consideration. Granulocyte Colony Stimulate Factor (G-CSF: 5 microg/kg/day) was administered subcutaneously for 4 days before PBSC collection, that was carried out using a centrifuge (Spectra and/or CS3000) via the vein. The collected PBSC, containing 4.2 x 10(7) of CD 34 positive cells, was divided into units of 0.5-1.0 mL and implanted, without any purification, to the ischemic area of the limbs in about 65 points. In 21 cases, normalization of limb temperature was observed by thermograph, and symptoms also improved. The result of this first attempt of PBSC implantation is that we were able to save 22 ischemic limbs. This is the first large report of the application of regenerative medicine to peripheral ischemic limbs.     

Percutaneous laser-assisted balloon angioplasty of lower-extremity arterial disease in a free-standing laboratory: clinical experience with 100 cases

From September 1987 through May 1988, 86 patients (62 men and 24 women) underwent percutaneous laser-assisted balloon angioplasty, and 2 patients (1 man and 1 woman) underwent laser-assisted balloon angioplasty via cutdowns, in our free-standing catheterization laboratory. The patients' ages ranged from 36 to 81 years. One hundred limbs were treated; each had at least 1 total occlusion, and many had multiple significant occlusions (greater than 50%). Vascular access was attained via the common femoral artery in 62 limbs, via the popliteal artery in 34 limbs, and via a posterior tibial artery cutdown in 4 limbs. In all, 232 lesions were treated either by percutaneous laser-assisted balloon angioplasty (172 lesions) or by balloon angioplasty alone (60 lesions). Technical success was defined as "recanalization and dilation of the occluded arterial segment, resulting in a recognizable improvement in pulse that persisted until hospital discharge." The technical success/attempt ratios for the 172 laser-assisted treatments were as follows: iliac artery, 11/17 (64.7%); common femoral artery, 8/9 (88.9%); superficial femoral artery, 62/80 (77.5%); popliteal artery, 25/30 (83.3%); peroneal artery, 14/16 (87.5%); anterior tibial artery, 6/7 (85.7%); and posterior tibial artery, 9/13 (69.2%). Technical failure occurred in 25 limbs. Failure was not related to sex, age, approach artery, or diabetes, but it was related to the indication of impending limb loss (p < 0.01), previous vascular surgery (p < 0.01), amputation (p < 0.01), and lesion length of 20 cm or greater. Clinical success was defined as "clinical improvement in symptoms, with persistence of an improved pulse at follow-up." Recurrence was observed in 10 limbs. Recurrence was not related to sex, age, approach artery, diabetes, or lesion length, but it was related to the indication of impending limb loss (p < 0.05); to the fact that the patient was a cigarette smoker at the time of the procedure (p < 0.02); and (inversely) to the number of tibial vessels that remained patent post-intervention. Five patients required emergency surgery after laser-assisted angioplasty, but no limb amputation has been necessary. Minor complications included perforation (16 cases), hematoma formation (6 cases), dissection (3 cases), hemorrhage (1 case), hives (1 case), and fracture of the laser probe (1 case). We conclude that percutaneous laser-assisted balloon angioplasty can be safely accomplished in a free-standing laboratory and that the procedure is reasonably successful in patients with totally occluded lower-extremity arteries.     

四肢创伤合并重要动脉损伤103例诊治体会

目的 :分析我科自 1995年 1月至 2 0 0 1年 1月共收治四肢创伤合并重要动脉损伤患者 10 3例的经验。方法 :早期诊断血管损伤 ,简捷有效的骨科固定 ,应用Fogarty导管取栓 ,正确地处理损伤血管是取得治疗成功的有效措施。采用放射介入技术使用球囊扩张导管阻塞动脉 ,可以明显减少锁骨下动脉等复杂部位探查手术时的出血。结果 :术后肢体血供正常 ,功能良好者 91例 ;肢体部份肌肉缺血性痉挛 ,功能受损者 8例 ;肢体坏死截肢者 3例 ;继发感染休克死亡 1例。结论 :在处理四肢创伤的同时高度警惕重要动脉的损伤 ,及时进行血管探查 ,正确处理损伤血管 ,才可以获得满意的疗效。     

应用彩色多普勒超声对糖尿病足病人下肢动脉血管病变的研究

目的观察糖尿病足（DF）病人下肢动脉形态学和血流动力学的改变。方法正常受试者（NS）25例，糖尿病（DM）病人26例，非肢端坏疽糖尿病足病人（NGDF）30例和肢端坏疽糖尿病足（GDF）病人26例。应用Acusonl28xP／10彩色电脑声像仪，线阵探头，频率7．0MHz，观察下肢动脉管径和血流的变化。结果DF两组病人下肢动脉血管病变，主要从胴动脉部位开始动脉硬化，尤其以胫后和足背动脉最为显著，动脉狭窄和闭塞是肢端缺血、坏疽的主要病因。观察发现，DM病人已有下肢胭动脉血流速度增高的血流动力学改变，GDF组病人胫后和足背动脉血流速度明显低于其他各组。结论彩色多普勒超声检测能帮助临床对糖尿病足下肢血管病变严重程度的判断、糖尿病足的诊断和治疗方案的制定有实用价值。     

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in 226 iliac artery stenoses: role of the superficial femoral artery for clinical success.

We reviewed the results of 174 consecutive percutaneous transluminal angioplasties (PTA) for 226 iliac artery stenoses (mean length 1.6 cm, range 0.2-9.6 cm) in 150 patients with lower limb ischaemia. Vascular intervention was indicated by intermittent claudication in 123 and critical ischaemia in 51 (29%) limbs. There were 12 (7%) failed guide-wire recanalizations. Four (2%) serious complications from puncture site haemorrhages or peripheral embolizations were handed surgically and caused one major amputation. Five-year patency in 162 successful dilatations was 68% primarily and 81% secondary to vascular surgical reconstructions during an average 28 (range 1-60) months of observation. One hundred and thirteen (70%) limbs improved clinically. In 95 limbs treated exclusively by iliac PTA, clinical improvement was achieved in 38/47 (81%) limbs with patency and 24/48 (50%) limbs with occlusion of the superficial femoral artery (SFA) (p < 0.003), whereas vascular patency of iliac PTA was unaffected by status of the SFA. Five-year limb salvage rate was 50% in limbs with critical ischaemia. We conclude that PTA for iliac artery stenoses is a low-risk procedure offering acceptable clinical results provided the SFA is patent. As an adjunct to distal bypass surgery, iliac PTA improves inflow without the requirement for major aorto-iliac surgery and may extend indications for vascular intervention in patients with lower limb ischaemia.     

冠心病合并2型糖尿病病人中医证型与冠状动脉病变的关系探讨

目的探讨冠心病合并2型糖尿病病人中医证型与冠状动脉病变支数、狭窄程度及Gensini积分的关系。方法选取2012年1月—2016年12月在安徽中医药大学第一附属医院心内科行冠状动脉造影检查确诊为冠心病,同时经临床证实合并有2型糖尿病的病人共300例,分析冠状动脉病变程度(包括病变支数、狭窄程度分级、Gensini积分)与中医证型的关系。结果冠心病合并2型糖尿病病人同一冠状动脉狭窄程度的中医证型分布差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。冠状动脉轻度狭窄病人以气阴两虚证(55.3%)为主;冠状动脉病变程度较重病人以气虚痰瘀证(中度狭窄占50.5%,重度狭窄占37.2%,完全闭塞占56.1%)及阳虚血瘀证(重度狭窄占35.9%)为主,且与气阴两虚证比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。冠状动脉单支病变病人以气阴两虚证为主,双支及多支病变病人以气虚痰瘀证为主,并且不同冠状动脉病变支数的气阴两虚证、气虚痰瘀证、阳虚血瘀证分布差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。阳虚血瘀证的Gensini积分最高,与气阴两虚证、阳虚血瘀证比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论冠心病合并2型糖尿病病人的冠状动脉病变特点与中医证型之间具有一定的关联性。     

Holt-Oram syndrome: A case report

Holt-Oram syndrome is clinically characterized by morphological abnormalities of the upper limbs and congenital cardiac defects. Although the disease is congenital, the diagnosis may only be made later in life. It is a rare autosomal dominant disorder, caused by a mutation in the TBX5 gene located on chromosome 12, but sporadic cases have also been reported. We describe the case of a 75-year-old man with known morphological alterations of the upper limbs since birth and congenital cardiac defect (atrial septal defect), who later in life also manifested with advanced atrioventricular block.     

Popliteal compression syndrome: an overproportional incidence

From 1985 to 1990 33 patients (43 lower limbs) with politeal entrapment were diagnosed by clinical findings and Doppler-ultrasound. The described syndrome is caused by transverse fibrous bands extending between both heads of the gastrocnemius muscle, or between the lateral head of the muscle and the medial femoral condylus. Chiefly during flexion of the knee and tiptoeing, the politeal artery and vein and/or popliteal nerves, mainly the common tibial nerve, are compressed on the fibrous bands. Of 43 lower limbs, the tibial nerve was mainly involved in 21 (high proportion) of them, the politeal artery in 19 of them and the politeal vein in the remaining 3 limbs. The ratio female: male was 2.93:1, without preference of a certain age-group. The follow-up is up to 4 years. The described condition is possibly more common than thought.