某民营木制家具制造企业职业病危害因素检测结果分析

目的 了解民营木制家具行业作业现场职业病危害情况，探讨今后职业卫生技术服务工作模式。方法 对某民营木制家具企业作业场所产生的粉尘、毒物及噪声进行检测，结果 粉尘作业点的合格率为12．5％，毒物作业点合格率为86．8％，噪声作业点合格率为33．3％。结论 该企业车间内职业病危害较严重，今后应严格执行《中华人民共和国职业病防治法》，加强职业卫生技术服务工作，尽快改善劳动条件。     

四川省23家石英砂企业职业危害因素检测结果

目的调查、检测、评价四川省23家石英砂企业职业危害因素及防护效果,为企业职业危害防护措施改进提供依据。方法依据相关法律法规进行现场卫生学调查,按照国家职业卫生标准和规范进行采样和分析。结果①现场卫生学调查结果:23家石英砂企业绝大多数属于微小型企业,80%企业生产工艺采用了湿法生产,存在的主要职业病危害因素有粉尘(矽尘)和噪声。②职业危害因素检测结果:总粉尘共检测53个作业点,范围在0.50～27.4 mg/m3,平均3.84 mg/m3;18个作业点在职业卫生标准限值内,合格率为34.0%。呼吸性粉尘共检测53个作业点,范围在0.40～10.84 mg/m3;平均2.35 mg/m3,21个作业点在职业卫生标准限值内,合格率为39.6%。分析48个作业点粉尘中的游离二氧化硅(SiO2)含量只有13个点(27.1%)在10%以下。噪声共测量102个作业点,强度范围在72.2～104.0 dB(A),平均86.3 dB(A);66个作业点在职业卫生标准限值内,合格率为66.7%。结论四川省23家洗选、加工石英砂为主的生产企业中职业危害因素粉尘浓度超标严重,72.9%的作业场所中游离SiO2含量大于10%,属于高度危害作业场所,个别噪声岗位超限严重。因此,必须加强防护措施的设置与防护用品使用监督,才能有效预防职业病的发生。     

30家木质家具企业职业卫生现状调查

采用职业卫生现况调查与职业病危害因素检测方法对30家木质家具企业的职业卫生现状进行调查。30家木质家具企业木粉尘检测点合格率为81.1%,毒物检测点合格率为88.7%,噪声检测点合格率为75.8%;木粉尘超标倍数最高为14.6倍,毒物中二异氰酸甲苯酯超标倍数最高为10倍;大中小型木质家具企业木粉尘、毒物检测点合格率之间差异均有统计学意义(P0.005),噪声检测点合格率在不同规模类型的企业间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。大型企业职业病防护措施均好于中小型企业,而中小型家具企业职业病危害防护设施防护效果差,企业应加强职业卫生管理,提高工人防护意识。     

河南省4家煤矿企业的职业卫生现状调查

目的了解煤矿企业职业卫生现状及存在的问题,评价职业病危害防护措施及其效果。方法对河南省4家煤矿企业进行职业卫生调查,包括职业卫生管理现状、生产方式、防护设施、职业健康监护等,对存在职业病危害因素的现场进行识别和现场检测。结果 4家煤矿的职业卫生管理、职业病防护措施、职业卫生健康监护等较完善。检测粉尘作业点121个,合格率62%;检测有害化学毒物作业点99个,合格率100%;噪声检测点112个,合格率87%。职业健康检查受检率达95%以上。结论河南省4家煤矿企业存在的主要职业病危害因素是粉尘,应加强治理,预防职业病发生。     

临沂市职业病防治工作现状调查研究

目的调查了解临沂市职业病防治工作现况，以制定职业病防治规划。方法随机抽取国有企业30家、集体企业77家、私有企业132家，采用全国职业卫生监督检查表进行逐项调查。结果职业卫生管理指标合格率、职业病防护设施配备率、有害作业点检测率、检测点合格率、有害作业工人职业性体检率国有企业均高于私有企业；工作场所粉尘、毒物、噪声超标率私有企业均高于国有企业。结论集体企业和私有企业应作为今后职业病防治工作重点。     

临沂市职业病防治工作现状调查研究

目的调查了解临沂市职业病防治工作现况,以制定职业病防治规划。方法随机抽取国有企业30家、集体企业77家、私有企业132家,采用全国职业卫生监督检查表进行逐项调查。结果职业卫生管理指标合格率、职业病防护设施配备率、有害作业点检测率、检测点合格率、有害作业工人职业性体检率国有企业均高于私有企业;工作场所粉尘、毒物、噪声超标率私有企业均高于国有企业。结论集体企业和私有企业应作为今后职业病防治工作重点。     

唐山市市属企业粉尘危害及管理状况分析

目的 了解某市市属企业粉尘作业场所危害现状及职业卫生管理现状,为粉尘危害的监督和管理提供科学依据.方法 以某市市属所有工业企业为研究对象,采用自行设计的<工作场所粉尘危害情况调查表>,对企业粉尘作业场所和职业卫生管理情况进行调查.结果 该市共有市属企业90家,62家企业存在粉尘危害,占65.9%,有粉尘作业点834个,粉尘监测率为69.2%,监测合格率为88.9%,以个体企业的监测率(33.3%)和合格率(66.7%)最低;接尘人员健康体检率为55.8%,其中合资企业体检率最低(36.3%).62家企业中有防护设施的企业共有34家占54.8%,按时发放个人防护用品的企业占45.2%,无论是国有、集体、个人、外企,还是合资企业大部分都未能按时、按规定发放防护用品.结论 唐山市市属企业粉尘危害情况较重,粉尘作业点监测率、接尘工人体检率较低,个人防护用品发放和使用情况较差,需加强对上述企业的监督管理.     

鞍山市乡镇滑石开采企业职业病危害因素调查

目的 通过对鞍山市乡镇滑石开采企业的职业卫生学调查和检测,了解其作业场所职业病危害情况,预防滑石尘肺的发生.方法 采用“滑石开采企业职业病危害因素调查表“,对48家乡镇滑石开采企业进行调查和卫生学检测,共监测148个作业点,采集444个样品. 结果 凿岩和装车岗位有部分作业点粉尘浓度超过国家卫生标准,选矿工艺的筛选和手选岗位粉尘浓度均符合国家卫生标准;噪声强度检测,除空压机岗位外,凿岩(合格率为0)、卷扬机(合格率为60%)和翻斗车(合格率为0)岗位噪声均超标.结论 乡镇滑石开采企业粉尘和噪声危害均较严重,职业卫生管理和卫生防护工作尚有欠缺.在操作中应文明生产,选用先进的开采技术,采用湿式凿岩,并为工人配备适合于矿山作业的个人防护用品,加强企业管理和职业卫生安全生产教育,做好健康促进工作,防止职业病发生.     

某地区矿山开采作业场所职业病危害因素调查

目的了解鞍山市某地区矿产开发企业在生产过程中的职业病危害情况，并提出相应的卫生防护措施。方法采用矿山开采企业职业病危害因素调查表，对某地区5个乡镇的131家矿山开采企业进行职业卫生现场调查、检测和分析。结果粉尘浓度检测结果，作业点TWA浓度合格率为88．7％，主要以凿岩岗位超标比较严重；噪声强度检测结果，作业点合格率为36．4％，仍以凿岩岗位超标为主，其次为卷扬机和翻斗车岗位。结论矿山开采企业作业场所应建立切实可行的规章制度，严格企业管理，同时采用相应的职业卫生防护设施和个人防护用品，以保护从业人员的身体健康。     

某汽车制造企业职业病危害现状调查

目的 调查职业病危害因素，确定重点治理目标，使搬迁后的企业职业卫生防护设施符合职业卫生要求，降低职业病发病率。方法对生产工艺、已采取的职业卫生防护措施等进行职业卫生学现场调查，粉尘、毒物，噪声、高频等采用检验检测法，并进行作业岗位危害分级。结果噪声测试岗位47．6％存在不同程度的噪声危害。检测22种毒物在作业岗位中的空气浓度，不合格毒物是苯和溶剂汽油。80个毒物作业点中2个不合格。1个粉尘作业岗位粉尘浓度不合格。高频都合格。结论 搬迁后的企业噪声危害仍然十分严重，其次是毒物，排气罩不符合卫生要求比例高。     

"产业化"与"市场化"的错位

医疗改革之弊,也许在于过度的“市场化”而非产业化。如果不对这两个概念加以区别,将棒子打在“产业化”上,其结果有可能贻害相关领域的改革深化     

The use of "impotence" and "frigidity": why has "impotence" survived

The negative connotations and decreased utility of the terms "impotence" and "frigidity" prompted an investigation of their use in the literature. Psychological Abstracts were reviewed from 1940 to 1983 for titles containing these terms. It was found that both impotence and frigidity titles fluctuated at low levels from 1940 to 1969. Frigidity titles then increased slightly, but dropped to zero after 1979. Impotence titles, however, have continued to increase at a significant rate. Classic sexual behavior and therapy works are reviewed to explain this discrepancy since both terms are equally inappropriate.     

耐多药结核病患者"知""信""行"护理干预模式研究

目的评价耐多药结核病患者“知、信、行”护理干预模式的效果。方法将60例耐多药结核病患者随机分成研究组和对照组各30例,对照组采用规则抗结核治疗和常规护理,研究组实施“知、信、行”护理干预。结果研究组知识、信念、行为明显高于对照组;12个月痰菌阴转率为83．3％、患者病灶吸收率81．3％、空洞闭合率55．6％,明显高于对照组;二者与对照组比较差异有显著意义。结论采用“知、信、行”护理干预模式,能有效地提高耐多药结核病患者的治疗疗效,改善其生活质量。     

The "lessons" of the Australian "heroin shortage"

Heroin use causes considerable harm to individual users including dependence, fatal and nonfatal overdose, mental health problems, and blood borne virus transmission. It also adversely affects the community through drug dealing, property crime and reduced public amenity. During the mid to late 1990s in Australia the prevalence of heroin use increased as reflected in steeply rising overdose deaths. In January 2001, there were reports of an unpredicted and unprecedented reduction in heroin supply with an abrupt onset in all Australian jurisdictions. The shortage was most marked in New South Wales, the State with the largest heroin market, which saw increases in price, dramatic decreases in purity at the street level, and reductions in the ease with which injecting drug users reported being able to obtain the drug. The abrupt onset of the shortage and a subsequent dramatic reduction in overdose deaths prompted national debate about the causes of the shortage and later international debate about the policy significance of what has come to be called the "Australian heroin shortage". In this paper we summarise insights from four years' research into the causes, consequences and policy implications of the "heroin shortage".     

Diagnosing "dayans" and "demons"

The new ?Witch Craft Prevention Bill? prohibiting witch hunting was passed in Bihar, India, in reaction to the branding and subsequent killing of more than 500 helpless women as "dayans" (witches) in the past 7 years. Most of them were single, widows, or deserted women victimized by the pathological greed of some of the male members of their families or by some powerful persons in the village community interested in claiming their property. Even with the passage of the bill, though, most of these crimes will remain unpunished because the community is an accomplice in them, and they tend not to be reported. What is needed overall is socioeconomic and political development that will lead to the empowerment of women to ensure that there will be an end to the cruel and inhuman activities (such as witch hunting) instigated by traditional healers or "Ojhas".     

Cultural characteristics of "high" and "low" performing hospitals

PURPOSE: To compare and contrast the cultural characteristics of "high" and "low" performing hospitals in the UK National Health Service (NHS). DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: A multiple case study design incorporating a purposeful sample of "low" and "high" performing acute hospital Trusts, as assessed by the star performance rating system. FINDINGS: These case studies suggest that "high" and "low" performing acute hospital organisations may be very different environments in which to work. Although each case possessed its own unique character, significant patternings were observed within cases grouped by performance to suggest considerable cultural divergence. The key points of divergence can be grouped under four main headings: leadership and management orientation; accountability and information systems; human resources policies; and relationships within the local health economy. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: As with any study, interpretation of findings should be tempered with a degree of caution because of methodological considerations. First, there are the limitations of case study which proceeds on the basis of theoretical rather than quantitative generalisation. Second, organisational culture was assessed by exploring the views of middle and senior managers. While one should in no way suggest that such an approach can capture all important cultural characteristics of organisations, it is believed that it may be at least partially justified, given the agenda-setting powers and influence of the senior management team. Finally "star" performance measures are far from a perfect measure of organisational performance. Despite such reservations, the findings indicate that organisational culture is associated in a variety of non-trivial ways with the measured performance of hospital organisations. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: Highlights considerable cultural divergence within UK NHS hospitals.     

“国家”与“个人”之间——略论晚清中国对“自由”的阐述

从近代中国思想演进的脉络进入对“自由”的讨论，源于“自由”是帮助我们解决“国家”与“个人”的冲突的重要概念之一。“自由”浮现于中国思想界，之所以在解读上颇为“沉重”，就在于其触动了较为敏感的问题，即“自由”是基于“国家’’还是“个人”展开。因中文世界对“自由”的阐述较为突出其负面的涵义，在晚清中国各种“主义”大行其道之际，“自由’’却难以成为“主义”。实际情形是，在规划中国未来前景时，“自由主义”让位于“民族主义”与“国家主义”等诉求。最基本的原由是，中国思想界对“主义”是有高度选择性的，而如何选择则决定于中国适时的需要。