室内气传微生物粒子浓度及粒度分布

研究中央空调室内气传微生物浓度及粒度分布的特点，以借于评价气传微生物的风险及为气传微生物采样与净化方法的改进提供参考。应用粒子计数器和Ａｎｄｅｒｓｅｎ６级微生物采样器比较了室内外总气传粒子及微生物粒子的浓度与粒度分布，并比较了不同大小粒子数量的相对比例。室外的粒子总数高于室内，但室内小粒度粒子数相对浓度高于室外。室内活微生物粒子数低于室外，但细菌粒子数高于室外。粒度小于３．３μｍ的可吸入细菌粒子数     

镇江市区气传真菌调查结果与哮喘关系的研究

目的 为了探明本地区空气中飘乳真菌种类、数量和季节消长,以及真菌与过敏性哮喘的关系。方法 采用曝皿法对气传真菌进行了全年调查,同时采用过敏原皮内试验对已筛选过的交链孢霉、枝孢芽枝菌等八种常邮真菌进行致敏性研究。结果 曝皿法收集到真菌菌落571个,18个种属。真菌菌落飘散的高峰期是4－11月。曝片法收集到各类真菌孢子7045个,共27个种属。5－11月是真菌孢子飘散的高峰。在376例支气管哮喘病人中,有150人至少对八种真菌中的一种皮试结果呈阳性反应,阳性率为39.9%。从150例皮试阳性的真菌过敏性哮喘病人的发病季节中可以发现：季节性发病的病人最多（101例）占67.3%,其中以秋季发病最多点50％,其闪为夏季发病者占27.2%;常年性发病伴季节性加剧的病人其病情加剧的月份大从在6月－11月间占87％。结论 镇江市城区大气中普遍存在真菌,一年四季均存在,但以秋季最高,优势真菌为交链孢霉、枝孢霉等,真菌过敏性哮喘的发病率为39.8%,其好发季节为秋季。     

室内常见气传真菌的分布及其培养提取物的免疫抑制作用研究

目的 了解室内常见气传真菌的分布及其影响因素,并分析其代谢提取物对呼吸道免疫功能的影响。方法 以平皿沉降法进行室内环境气传真菌的采样,并进行菌株鉴定及其分布影响因素的分析;同时以改良的混合淋巴细胞反应研究了室内常见气传真菌代谢提取物的非特异性免疫抑制作用。结果 室内环境中的主要真菌污染源为芽枝菌属、曲霉属、交链孢属、镰刀霉属、青霉属等,影响室内真菌分布的主要因素为温度、湿度及室外菌落数;青霉属、曲霉属的代谢提取物在无明显的细胞毒性浓度下,可抑制异型小鼠淋巴细胞混合刺激而产生的增生。结论 长期暴露于室内气传真菌对人体呼吸道防御功能构成了潜在的威胁。     

农村新旧居室空气细菌密度和粒谱分析

本文采用Andersen6级生物粒子采样器、离心式采样器、平皿沉降对60间农村新旧居室空气细菌密度进行测试,得出空气细菌旧室高于新室,旧室空气中≤5μm含菌粒子数高于新室和室外。并对新旧室内外空气含菌粒子的粒谱分布进行了分析比较。     

2004-2006年医院感染菌群及耐药性变化趋势分析

目的了解医院临床分离菌群及对各类抗菌药物的耐药状况。方法对医院2004-2006年临床分离菌群进行回顾性分析,采用K-B法进行药敏分析,并按CLSI标准判断病原菌耐药性。结果2004-2006年医院感染病原菌仍以革兰阴性菌为主;真菌增幅较大,从2004年的3.1%到2006年的18.0%;金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林株分别占32.7%（21.1%～43.8%）和80.5%（76.8%～83.1%）,未发现万古霉素的耐药株;大肠埃希菌ESBLs的检出率21.4%（21.0%～30.0%）,肺炎克雷伯菌21.5%（11.6%～40.0%）;鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率为0～3.0%,而铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南的耐药率〉15.0%;不同年份不同菌种对同一药物的耐药率差异亦有统计学意义。结论加强病原菌的感染监控,及时提供医院感染菌株流行情况及其耐药率变迁信息,为合理使用抗菌药物提供依据,加强与临床的联系。     

Microbial Diversity and Characteristics of Kombucha as Revealed by Metagenomic and Physicochemical Analysis

Kombucha is a fermented tea made from a Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast (SCOBY) with a long history of use as a health tonic. It is likely that most health benefits come from the tea and fermentation metabolites from specific microbial communities. Despite its growing importance as a functional health drink, the microbial ecosystem present in kombucha has not been fully documented. To characterize the microbial composition and biochemical properties of ‘The Good Brew’ original base kombucha, we used metagenomics amplicon (16S rRNA and ITS) sequencing to identify the microbial communities at the taxonomic level. We identified 34 genera with 200 microbial species yet described in kombucha. The dominance of organic acid producing microorganisms Acetobacter, Komagataeibacter and Starmerella are healthy for the human gut and their glucose metabolising activities have a putative role in preventing conditions such as diabetes and obesity. Kombucha contains high protein (3.31 µg/mL), high phenolic content (290.4 mg/100 mL) and low sugars (glucose: 1.87 g/L; sucrose 1.11 g/L; fructose: 0.05 g/L) as compared to green tea. The broad microbial diversity with proven health benefits for the human gut suggests kombucha is a powerful probiotic. These findings are important to improve the commercial value of kombucha and uncover the immense prospects for health benefits.     

宫颈分泌物支原体检测及耐药性分析

目的探讨女性生殖道支原体感染及药敏情况。方法应用培养法对女性生殖道炎症患者宫颈分泌物进行支原体检测，同时测定其对抗菌药物的耐药性。结果588例炎症患者中318例支原体阳性，感染率为54．1％；其中解脲脲支原体（Uu）感染312例（98．1％），人支原体（Mh）感染6例（1．9％），12种抗菌药物药敏结果显示：支原体对8种抗菌药物敏感率〉80％，敏感率最低的是螺旋霉素、四环素、红霉素。结论研究表明女性生殖道炎症患者中Uu感染率明显上升，且耐药株在不断增加。     

空气粒子计数器原理及手术室洁净度检测要求

本文介绍洁净手术室洁净度的检测规程和要求,同时着重介绍用于洁净度检测的空气粒子计数器的结构原理。     

利用YG菌株对大气颗粒物中硝基多环芳烃致突变作用的研究

应用鼠伤寒沙门氏菌／微粒体酶试验，选用ＴＡ９８及两个新的对ＮＯ２－ＰＡＨｓ敏感的衍生菌株：富含硝基还原酶（ＮＲ）的ＹＧ１０２１和富含Ｏ－乙酰基转移酶（ＯＡＴ）的ＹＧ１０２４，对沈阳市不同功能分区１９９０年冬季大气悬浮颗粒物二氯甲烷提取物（简称提取物）进行直接致突变研究。结果表明商业区、工业区、居民区和风景区提取物对三个菌株均有直接致突变作用，呈剂量－反应关系。提示颗粒物中富含ＮＯ２－ＰＡＨｓ，而且     

携qnrA基因肠杆菌科细菌的耐药性及其分子机制研究

目的了解质粒定位的喹诺酮类耐药基因qnrA在肠杆菌科细菌中的发生率、耐药表型特征及其分子机制。方法收集2003-2004年深圳地区临床分离的肠杆菌科细菌332株,采用引物特异性PCR结合测序识别qnrA阳性株、gyrA和parC基因耐药变异及超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）或AmpC酶基因;K-B法、琼脂倍比稀释法和E-test法进行qnrA阳性株的药敏检测,表型确认实验识别产ESBLs细菌。结果qnrA阳性株的总检出率为3.9%,以阴沟肠杆菌（15.6%）为高;qnrA阳性株具有多重耐药的特征,多数伴产ESBLs并存在gyrA及parC基因的耐药变异;qnrA基因定位在Sul1型Ⅰ类整合子In37或InX上。结论质粒定位的qnrA基因,是导致肠杆菌科细菌对喹诺酮类抗菌药物产生耐药的重要原因,其潜在的水平传播能力及多重耐药的遗传学背景,是临床抗感染治疗的严峻挑战。     

土壤中硝化细菌的筛选及初步鉴定

目的 为治理水环境氮污染提供科学方法。方法 通过富集、培养,在土壤中筛选出自氧型氨氧化菌,在进行形态鉴定后,又对其硝化速率进行测定。结果 所筛选出的12种菌株革兰染色均阴性,短杆状为主。28℃培养7d后形成菌落,以直径小、圆形、淡黄色、光滑型为主。硝化速率为0.40mg/（L·d）～1.15mg/（L·d）。结论 所筛选的12种菌株均具有硝化功能,其中部分菌株可用于水环境氮污染的治理。     

腹泻病原菌的分离与鉴定

目的 为了提高腹泻病原菌实验室诊断水平.方法 利用SS琼脂、山梨醇-麦康凯琼脂(SMAC)、TCBS琼脂、血琼脂之间的功能瓦补作用,把腹泻粪便同时接种上述4种培养基分离病原菌.结果 近3年医院腹泻病原菌检出率达48.2%,分离到的菌种范围不只局限于沙门菌属和志贺菌属,而且致泻性大肠埃希菌、弧菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色假丝酵母菌及在平板上呈优势生长的克雷伯菌、变形菌属、柠檬酸杆菌属、铜绿假单胞菌等被陆续检出.结论 选择合适的培养基,扩大肠道病原菌的检测范围,在临床微生物检验中非常重要.     

TEM and SHV Genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Cockroaches and Their Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern

Objectives

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a gram-negative rod bacterium, a known cause of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia and is an important hospital-acquired pathogen that causes severe morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to identify the TEM and SHV genes in K. pneumoniae isolated from cockroaches obtained from hospitals.

Methods

In this study, 250 cockroaches were collected from different hospitals in the province of Chaharmahal Va Bakhtiari, which is located in southwest Iran. The samples were examined for the presence of K. pneumoniae by plating onto a combination of culture media, and the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of isolated K. pneumoniae from samples were evaluated using the disk diffusion test. In addition, from the culture, genomic bacterial DNA was extracted, and sequence-specific targets (TEM and SHV genes) were amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.

Results

Out of 250 cockroach samples collected from various hospitals, 179 samples (71.60%) were positive for K. pneumoniae. PCR reaction was performed using specific oligonucleotide primers (TEM-F, TEM-R and SHV-F, SHV-R) for the amplification of each gene, and amplified products were visualized on 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. Of all the specimens amplified by PCR in this research, 32 samples (17.87%) were positive for TEM and 15 samples (8.37%) were positive for SHV.

Conclusion

Detection of TEM and SHV genes using molecular methods and their pattern of antimicrobial resistance can provide useful information about the epidemiology of and risk factors associated with K. pneumoniae infection.     

Assessment of airborne microorganism contamination in an industrial area characterized by an open composting facility and a wastewater treatment plant

In order to assess the potential exposure hazard to workers and people living in the immediate surroundings of an area characterized by an open composting facility and a wastewater treatment plant, a quantitative and a qualitative analysis of airborne microorganisms were carried out. Air sampling was performed once a week for four consecutive weeks in summer and winter. Six sites were selected as air sampling sites: one was upwind at approximately 40 m from the facilities; the other five were downwind at increasing distances from the facilities, with the furthest at 100 m away. Monitoring permitted us to verify the influence that the composting activities and wastewater treatment had on the bacterial and fungal contamination of the air. The results obtained have been expressed by means of contamination indexes that have already been used in previous works: a major microbiological contamination near the plants was evidenced. Near the facilities, mesophilic bacteria, psychrophilic bacteria and microfungi showed the highest median concentrations, respectively, of 307.5, 327.5 and 257.5 CFU/m³. Moreover, the season generally influenced the concentration of the bacteria as well as of the fungi; higher in summer than in winter. The contamination index global index of microbial contamination (GIMC/m³) showed mean values of 4058.9 in summer and 439.7 in winter and the contamination index—amplification index (AI) showed values of 4.5 and 1.1 in the same seasons, respectively. Controlling the seasonal effect, mesophilic bacteria, Pseudomonas spp. and Enterobacteriaceae showed a significant decline in concentration with respect to upwind air samples and with increasing distance. Both GIMC and AI showed a significant decline with respect to upwind air samples by increasing the distance from facilities after adjusting for the seasonal effect. In conclusion, even if these plants do not represent a potential risk for nearby populations, they may pose a potential health risk for workers.     

杭州市区4所医院鲍氏不动杆菌耐药性及耐药基因研究

目的研究杭州市区4所医院鲍氏不动杆菌耐药性及主要β-内酰胺酶分布,为临床治疗鲍氏不动杆菌感染提供依据。方法采用全自动微生物分析系统VITEK-AMS 60对36株耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌进行鉴定;用琼脂稀释法和E-test法测定14种抗菌药物最低抑菌浓度(MIC),脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分析亚胺培南耐药株的同源性;采用PCR对36株耐亚胺培南β-内酰胺酶基因进行扩增,并通过序列分析明确基因型。结果36株耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌均产OXA-23型碳青酶烯酶;其中5株同时产PER-1型酶,2株同时产TEM-1型酶;2-巯基丙酸抑制试验未检测到金属酶;多次质粒提取均未成功;脉冲场凝胶电泳发现4所医院均存在耐药株的克隆传播,大多感染者为重症监护病房(ICU)患者。结论杭州市区4所医院均有耐亚胺培南鲍氏不动杆菌克隆传播,36株耐亚胺培南均产OXA-23型碳青酶烯酶,5株菌株同时产PER-1型超广谱β-内酰胺酶,2株同时产TEM-1型酶。     

Identification of airborne pollen allergens from two avenue trees of India

An attempt has been made to detect airborne pollen of Lagerstroemia speciosa (LS) and Spathodea campanulata (SC) – two common avenue trees of India as potential sources of aeroallergens and also to identify the major IgE-reactive components present in them. The airborne pollen concentration was assessed using a Burkard sampler. A detailed questionnaire on clinical data of 1490 patients was recorded based on hospital data. We assessed the allergenicity of pollen by in vivo and in vitro tests. The correlation among meteorological factors, pollen seasons and allergenic potency of patients was assessed by multiple regression analysis. The sensitivity of patients to pollen antigens was highly correlated with pollen seasons. In SDS–PAGE, 15 protein bands were detected from LS pollen, while 14 bands from SC. The IgE-specific immunoblotting with patients’ sera allergic to LS displayed five major allergens, while four major allergens were detected from SC. This would be the first report from India to prove the allergenic potentiality of airborne pollen of these two common avenue trees of India.     

Asbestos Exposure among Construction Workers During Demolition of Old Houses in Tehran,Iran

Air quality in demolition practices has seldom been evaluated in Iran. Accordingly, we evaluated asbestos exposure among Tehran construction workers during the demolition of old houses. To identify possible sources of asbestos exposure, including thermal insulations, chimney pipes and cement sheets, were all sampled. This study also were taken the personal air samples to evaluate any asbestos exposure during the demolition. The asbestos fibers found in the samples were analyzed by phase-contrast optical microscopy (PCM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and polarized light microscopy (PLM) methods. Personal monitoring of asbestos fiber levels indicated a range from 0.01 to 0.15 PCM f/ml (0.02–0.42 SEM f/ml). The geometric mean concentrations were 0.07 PCM f/ml (0.20 SEM f/ml), which is considerably higher than the threshold limit value (TLV) proposed by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist (ACGIH), which is 0.1 f/ml. The analysis showed a presence in the bulk samples only chrysotile asbestos and an absence of the other type asbestos. Therefore, it might be expected that workers who worked in the demolition of old houses will suffer from negative effects of exposing to the asbestos fibers.