共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Policy Points
- The United States finds itself in the middle of an unprecedented combination of crises: a global pandemic, economic crisis, and unprecedented civic responses to structural racism.
- While public sector responses to these crises have faced much justified criticism, the commercial determinants of these crises have not been sufficiently examined.
- In this commentary we examine the nature of the contributions of such actors to the conditions that underpin these crises in the United States through their market and nonmarket activities.
- On the basis of this analysis, we make recommendations on the role of governance and civil society in relation to such commercial actors in a post‐COVID‐19 world.
2.
ZACKARY BERGER VIVIAN ALTIERY DE JESUS SABRINA A. ASSOUMOU TRISHA GREENHALGH 《The Milbank quarterly》2021,99(2):519
Policy Points
Open in a separate windowThe natural history of long COVID appears to be gradual improvement over time in most cases, though recovery is typically measured in months. 6 , 8 Some patients require comprehensive assessment to exclude serious complications that might underlie their symptoms (notably, thrombo‐embolic disease of the lungs, heart, and brain), along with holistic clinical intervention and follow‐up. Patients without concerning symptoms should be supported but spared overinvestigation and overmedicalization. 6 , 16 , 17 Those who have survived admission to an intensive care unit and those with preexisting respiratory, cardiovascular, or cerebrovascular disease are likely to require more specialized and prolonged rehabilitation. 16 , 18 , 19 Given the paucity of evidence, it is currently unclear which of these issues related to long COVID are directly related to or caused by the disease itself and which are unrelated but may be made more difficult to treat owing to COVID‐19 and its after‐effects.Acute COVID‐19 is associated with significant racial disparities. 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 Black, Latinx, American Indian, Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander, and other non‐white racial groups in the United States are less likely to have access to testing; 24 , 25 more likely to be infected; 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 more likely to be hospitalized overall, 29 though less likely to be hospitalized for any given level of severity, 21 and more likely to have an adverse clinical outcome (including death). 21 , 27 , 30 , 31 In addition, these racial groups are overrepresented in high‐risk occupations, including those with a higher risk of mortality from COVID‐19 (e.g., health and care workers, hospital porters and cleaners, bus drivers, transport workers), 32 are less likely to have adequate health insurance, 33 and are less likely to receive compassionate end‐of‐life care. 34 They are also more likely to be severely affected economically with job losses or lack of access to welfare. 35 , 36 While they are also more likely to have comorbidities and poor prognostic features (e.g., obesity), 4 , 37 controlling for such factors reduces the differences in COVID‐19 mortality among ethnic groups and, in some cases, eradicates them altogether, 20 , 38 prompting calls to go beyond “biological” explanations. 3 , 39 Later we discuss structural explanations for racial disparities in the onset and outcome of acute COVID‐19, summarized schematically in Figure 1. 2 , 3 , 4 , 20 , 40 , 41 , 42 Open in a separate windowFigure 1Relationship Between Structural Inequalities and COVID‐19, Which Explains the “Confounders” in the High Mortality Rates for Some Ethnic GroupsAdapted from an original diagram by Bentley 2 under Creative Commons License.Whereas the association between race/ethnicity and health inequity in acute COVID‐19 is now well established, the association of inequities with long COVID is relatively unexplored. 4 , 22 , 43 To improve the care of vulnerable populations with long COVID, we need to (1) understand, acknowledge, and engage with the densely woven patterns of disadvantage that encumber those with postacute and chronic illness; 44 (2) strengthen existing services, especially in ambulatory primary care; (3) optimize data quality and use those data strategically for planning and monitoring; and (4) provide access to resources in acknowledgement of the multiple nested domains of inequity operating at global, national, community, and individual scales. We will consider these approaches in turn. 相似文献
- An estimated 700,000 people in the United States have “long COVID,” that is, symptoms of COVID‐19 persisting beyond three weeks.
- COVID‐19 and its long‐term sequelae are strongly influenced by social determinants such as poverty and by structural inequalities such as racism and discrimination.
- Primary care providers are in a unique position to provide and coordinate care for vulnerable patients with long COVID.
- Policy measures should include strengthening primary care, optimizing data quality, and addressing the multiple nested domains of inequity.
The Lived Experience Symptoms may be continuous or fluctuating
|
Clinical Examination and Tests May identify signs of past infection, active inflammatory disease or systemic complications, including
|
Comorbidities and Other Relevant Concerns Note: not all new symptoms in a patient after COVID‐19 are due to long COVID
|
3.
JON KINGSDALE 《The Milbank quarterly》2021,99(1):41-61
Policy Points
- Fixing the ACA requires real cost containment in addition to better subsidies.
- Private Medicare (Medicare Advantage) plans are uniquely empowered to control costs and deliver good care.
- Medicare Advantage plans should serve as the public option on the ACA Marketplace.
- Medicare Advantage plans can also be deployed to voluntarily raise minimum employer‐sponsored benefits and contain their costs.
4.
5.
Policy Points
- Equitable access to a COVID‐19 vaccine in all countries remains a key policy objective, but experience of previous pandemics suggests access will be limited in developing countries, despite the rapid development of three successful vaccine candidates.
- The COVAX Facility seeks to address this important issue, but the prevalence of vaccine nationalism threatens to limit the ability of the facility to meet both its funding targets and its ambitious goals for vaccine procurement.
- A failure to adequately address the underlying lack of infrastructure in developing countries threatens to further limit the success of the COVAX Facility.
6.
JI E. CHANG ALDEN YUANHONG LAI AVNI GUPTA ANN M. NGUYEN CAROLYN A. BERRY DONNA R. SHELLEY 《The Milbank quarterly》2021,99(2):340
Policy Points
- Telehealth has many potential advantages during an infectious disease outbreak such as the COVID‐19 pandemic, and the COVID‐19 pandemic has accelerated the shift to telehealth as a prominent care delivery mode.
- Not all health care providers and patients are equally ready to take part in the telehealth revolution, which raises concerns for health equity during and after the COVID‐19 pandemic.
- Without proactive efforts to address both patient‐ and provider‐related digital barriers associated with socioeconomic status, the wide‐scale implementation of telehealth amid COVID‐19 may reinforce disparities in health access in already marginalized and underserved communities.
- To ensure greater telehealth equity, policy changes should address barriers faced overwhelmingly by marginalized patient populations and those who serve them.
7.
Policy Points
- In this paper we propose a middle‐ground policy for the distribution of an effective COVID‐19 vaccine, between a cosmopolitan approach that rejects entirely nation‐state priority and unbridled vaccine nationalism that disregards obligations to promote an equitable global allocation of an effective vaccine over time.
- Features of the COVAX partnership, a collaboration among the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunizations (GAVI), the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), and the World Health Organization (WHO) to develop and distribute COVID‐19 vaccines make it an appropriate framework for a middle‐ground policy.
We are gravely concerned with the serious risks posed to all countries, particularly developing and least developed countries, and notably in Africa and small island states, where health systems and economies may be less able to cope with the challenge, as well as the particular risk faced by refugees and displaced persons. We consider that consolidating Africa''s health defense is a key for the resilience of global health. We will strengthen capacity building and technical assistance, especially to at‐risk communities. We stand ready to mobilize development and humanitarian financing. 1In the race to develop an effective vaccine, many experts have called for a more coordinated global approach, in which individual countries agree to abandon their national interest in securing vaccines for their own populations and hand over the responsibility to distribute the vaccine globally based on need. A group of bioethicists proposed what they term the “Fair Priority Model,” advocating vaccine distribution in three phases. 2 The first phase would be devoted to reducing premature deaths and irreversible direct and indirect health impacts; the second to reducing serious economic and social deprivations; and the third to reducing community transmission. They argue that all countries should go through the three phases “approximately simultaneously.” In this model, the distribution principles are based strictly on medical and economic criteria that identify the effects of the vaccine and wealthy countries would not receive the vaccine earlier just because they have the resources to buy it.Another influential approach, proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO), similarly envisages a distribution scheme in which the vaccines are distributed to countries based on the number of high‐risk groups in each country. A country should first obtain enough vaccine to cover frontline health care workers, covering 3% of the highest‐risk individuals first and then continue with other high‐risk groups such as the elderly and people with comorbidities, until 20% of each country''s population has been covered.Both the Fair Priority Model and the WHO proposal seem to disregard the relevance of national borders; that is, all countries should receive a supply of vaccines simultaneously in accordance with country‐independent criteria. Here we argue that both these approaches are untenable and that national governments have both a right and a duty to secure access to a COVID‐19 vaccine for their citizens first. Accordingly, we propose a middle‐ground policy perspective based on two premises: (1) a “cosmopolitan” approach that rejects entirely nation‐state priority is not only unrealistic but also fails to recognize that countries have a legitimate responsibility to give priority to their own citizens and residents; and (2) unbridled vaccine nationalism, without an adequately funded effort to ensure the equitable global allocation of an effective vaccine over time, is unethical and likely to be counterproductive.We present three interdependent arguments for our position. First, we believe that a prioritization framework should include a distribution scheme that can be implemented, rather than one that simply proposes general principles of distribution. Second, any viable prioritization scheme needs to start with nation‐states’ responsibility to secure the health of their populations. Third, appropriate weight needs to be given to national obligations of international assistance for low‐income countries to mobilize resources for health. We argue that the COVAX partnership provides a framework that approximates the right balance between national responsibilities for health and international commitments to global justice. 相似文献
8.
WALTER D. DAWSON NATHAN A. BOUCHER ROBYN STONE COURTNEY H. VAN HOUTVEN 《The Milbank quarterly》2021,99(2):565
Policy Points
- To address systemic problems amplified by COVID‐19, we need to restructure US long‐term services and supports (LTSS) as they relate to both the health care systems and public health systems. We present both near‐term and long‐term policy solutions.
- Seven near‐term policy recommendations include requiring the uniform public reporting of COVID‐19 cases in all LTSS settings; identifying and supporting unpaid caregivers; bolstering protections for the direct care workforce; increasing coordination between public health departments and LTSS agencies and providers; enhancing collaboration and communication across health, LTSS, and public health systems; further reducing barriers to telehealth in LTSS; and providing incentives to care for vulnerable populations.
- Long‐term reform should focus on comprehensive workforce development, comprehensive LTSS financing reform, and the creation of an age‐friendly public health system.
9.
FREDERICK J. ZIMMERMAN 《The Milbank quarterly》2021,99(1):9-23
Policy Points
- The historical mission of public health is to ensure the conditions in which people can be healthy, and yet the field of public health has been distracted from this mission by an excessive reliance on randomized‐control trials, a lack of formal theoretical models, and a fear of politics.
- The field of population health science has emerged to rigorously address all of these constraints. It deserves ongoing and formal institutional support.
10.
GUENDALINA GRAFFIGNA LORENZO PALAMENGHI MARIAROSARIA SAVARESE GRETA CASTELLINI SERENA BARELLO 《The Milbank quarterly》2021,99(2):369
Policy Points
- Preventive measures such as the national lockdown in Italy have been effective in slowing the spread of COVID‐19. However, they also had psychological and economic impacts on people’s lives, which should not be neglected as they may reduce citizens’ trust and compliance with future health mandates.
- Engaging citizens in their own health management and in the collaboration with health care professionals and authorities via the adoption of a collaborative approach to health policy development is fundamental to fostering such measures’ effectiveness.
- Psychosocial analysis of citizens’ concerns and emotional reactions to preventive policies is important in order to plan personalized health communication campaigns.
11.
DANIEL M. WALKER VALERIE A. YEAGER JOHN LAWRENCE ANN SCHECK MCALEARNEY 《The Milbank quarterly》2021,99(2):393
Policy Points
- Even though most hospitals have the technological ability to exchange data with public health agencies, the majority continue to experience challenges.
- Most challenges are attributable to the general resources of public health agencies, although workforce limitations, technology issues such as a lack of data standards, and policy uncertainty around reporting requirements also remain prominent issues.
- Ongoing funding to support the adoption of technology and strengthen the development of the health informatics workforce, combined with revising the promotion of the interoperability scoring approach, will likely help improve the exchange of electronic data between hospitals and public health agencies.
12.
AMANDA L. BREWSTER TARESSA K. FRAZE LAURA M. GOTTLIEB JENNIFER FREHN GENEVRA F. MURRAY VALERIE A. LEWIS 《The Milbank quarterly》2020,98(4):1114-1133
Policy Points
- One of the most important possibilities of value‐based payment is its potential to spur innovation in upstream prevention, such as attention to social needs that lead to poor health. Screening patients for social risks such as housing instability and food insecurity represents an early step physician practices can take to address social needs.
- At present, adoption of social risk screening by physician practices is linked with having high innovation capacity and focusing on low‐income populations, but not exposure to value‐based payment.
- Expanding social risk screening by physician practices may require standardization and technical assistance for practices that have less innovative capacity.
13.
Anne Parkinson Janet Drew Sally Hall Dykgraaf Vanessa Fanning Katrina Chisholm Mark Elisha Christian Lueck Christine Phillips Jane Desborough 《Health expectations》2021,24(5):1607
BackgroundPeople with multiple sclerosis (MS), who are often immunocompromised, require complex care and engage with a variety of health‐care providers to manage their health.ObjectiveTo elucidate people with MS'' experiences of accessing health care during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Australia.DesignA qualitative study involving semi‐structured interviews and thematic analysis.Settings and participantsEight adults with a clinical diagnosis of MS participated in telephone or video call interviews between June and July 2020.ResultsParticipants were aware that having MS made them more vulnerable to contracting COVID‐19. In some cases, usual care was postponed or not sought. Some circumstances warranted the risk of a face‐to‐face consultation. Benefits of telehealth consultations included improved access, convenience and being contact‐free. In comparison with video consultations, those via telephone were considered less personal and limited capacity to read body language, and for physical examination. Most participants hoped to incorporate telehealth into their future health‐care routines.Discussion and conclusionPersonal risk assessment and trust in health‐care professionals are determinants of the mode through which people with MS accessed health care during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Telehealth has been a valuable tool to mitigate COVID‐19 transmission through enabling contact‐free consultations. People with MS may find specific value in video consultations, which enable visualization of physical function. There is a need for training and support for all clinicians to conduct remote consultations.Patient or public contributionThis study was conducted by a team comprised of four people with MS, a neurologist and four health services researchers. 相似文献
14.
Policy Points
- Persistent communication inequalities limit racial/ethnic minority access to life‐saving health information and make them more vulnerable to the effects of misinformation.
- Establishing data collection systems that detect and track acute gaps in the supply and/or access of racial/ethnic minority groups to credible health information is long overdue.
- Public investments and support for minority‐serving media and community outlets are needed to close persistent gaps in access to credible health information.
15.
ROBERT HANDFIELD DANIEL JOSEPH FINKENSTADT EUGENE S. SCHNELLER A. BLANTON GODFREY PETER GUINTO 《The Milbank quarterly》2020,98(4):1058-1090
Policy Points
- Reflecting on current response deficiencies, we offer a model for a national contingency supply chain cell (NCSCC) construct to manage the medical materials supply chain in support of emergencies, such as COVID‐19. We develop the following:
- a framework for governance and response to enable a globally independent supply chain;
- a flexible structure to accommodate the requirements of state and county health systems for receiving and distributing materials; and
- a national material “control tower” to improve transparency and real‐time access to material status and location.
16.
Policy Points
- Systems based on primary care have better population health, health equity, and health care quality, and lower health care expenditure.
- Primary care can be a boundary-spanning force to integrate and personalize the many factors from which population health emerges.
- Equitably advancing population health requires understanding and supporting the complexly interacting mechanisms by which primary care influences health, equity, and health costs.
17.
FRANK A. SLOAN 《The Milbank quarterly》2021,99(1):273-327
Policy Points
- In two respects, quality of care tends to be higher at major teaching hospitals: process of care and long‐term survival of cancer patients following initial diagnosis. There is also evidence that short‐term (30‐day) mortality is lower on average at such hospitals, although the quality of evidence is somewhat lower.
- Quality of care is mulitdimensional. Empirical evidence by teaching status on dimensions other than survival is mixed.
- Higher Medicare payments for care provided by major teaching hospitals are partially offset by lower payments to nonhospital providers. Nevertheless, the payment differences between major teaching and nonteaching hospitals for hospital stays, especially for complex cases, potentially increase prices other insurers pay for hospital care.
18.
19.
Puren Aktas 《Health expectations》2021,24(5):1812
ObjectiveThe restructuring of healthcare provision for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic caused disruptions in access for patients with chronic or rare diseases. This study explores the experiences of patients with chronic or rare diseases in access to healthcare services in Turkey during the COVID‐19 pandemic.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews were conducted with representatives (n = 10) of patient organisations (n = 9) based in Istanbul. Thematic analysis with an inductive approach was conducted to analyse the responses obtained through the interviews.ResultsThe lack of clinical information at the beginning of the pandemic caused fear among patients with chronic or rare diseases. Patients experienced obstacles in access to healthcare services because of the overcrowding of hospitals with COVID‐19 patients. Some treatment procedures were cancelled or postponed by physicians. Of these procedures, some were medically vital for those patients, leading to or exacerbating further health problems. The most positive measures that patients identified were where the Social Security Institution introduced regulations to facilitate access to prescribed medicine for chronic patients. Information exchange between the doctors and their patients was important to alleviate the uncertainty and reduce the anxiety among patients.DiscussionAccess problems experienced by patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic were a complex mix of factors including shortages and physical barriers, but also perceptions of barriers. The findings of this study show that patient organisations can provide insights on disease‐specific experiences and problems that are very valuable to improve access to healthcare services to achieve the universal health coverage target. Hence, this study emphasises the inclusion of patient organisations in decision‐making processes during times of health crises.Public ContributionRepresentatives of patient organisations participated in the interviews. 相似文献