磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶/蛋白激酶B/雷帕霉素靶蛋白信号转导研究进展及与自身免疫病的关系

磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶/蛋白激酶B/雷帕霉素靶蛋白(PI3K/Akt/mTOR)信号通路介导许多在肿瘤和自身免疫病发生中至关重要的细胞生物学过程,对于细胞增殖、细胞活化、血管生成起到重要作用.PI3 K/Akt/mTOR信号通路作为药物治疗靶点进行抗细胞增殖活化的研究近年来发展迅速.本文从PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路的上下游、信号通路抑制剂以及与信号通路相关的自身免疫病等方面作一综述.     

PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号传导通路与泌尿系统肿瘤

PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号传导通路在肿瘤细胞恶性增殖、转移和血管新生以及肿瘤对放、化疗的拮抗中起着重要作用。目前用于泌尿系统肿瘤治疗的方法主要有手术、放疗、化疗和激素疗法,这些方法虽然对早期肿瘤能有效治疗,但是常规治疗无效的病例越来越多,寻找新的治疗方法迫在眉睫。近年来研究发现PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号传导通路与泌尿系统肿瘤的关系密切。因此PI3K/Akt/mTOR途径中众多的受体及激酶都可能成为抗癌药物的潜在靶点。     

磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶/蛋白激酶B/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白信号通路在肝胆恶性肿瘤发生发展中的作用

磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶/蛋白激酶B/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(PI3K/Akt/m TOR)信号通路参与调节细胞代谢、生长、增殖、血管生成等多种重要生物过程,其高度激活的状态与多种恶性肿瘤的发生、发展相关。对PI3K/Akt/m TOR信号通路及m TOR蛋白进行了简单的介绍,并阐述了其在肝细胞癌、胆管细胞癌、胆管癌及胆囊癌发生发展中的作用机制,进一步简述了m TOR抑制剂在肝胆恶性肿瘤治疗中的作用。认为PI3K/Akt/m TOR信号通路为晚期肝胆恶性肿瘤提供了新的治疗靶点,新型m TOR抑制剂的不断研发将为晚期肝胆恶性肿瘤患者带来新的希望。     

PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路抑制剂在肾癌治疗中的应用进展

磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白（PI3K/Akt/mTOR）信号通路是细胞内重要的信号转导通路之一，可以调节细胞生长、分化、迁移、存活、血管生成和代谢，并参与多种恶性肿瘤的发生发展。肾癌（RCC）作为泌尿系统常见的恶性肿瘤，有较高的转移率，且对放化疗具有明显的耐受性，随着肿瘤分子生物学的发展，肾癌靶向生物治疗逐渐成为研究的热点。PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路抑制剂对RCC的疗效显著，以该信号通路为靶点的RCC药物主要为PI3K抑制剂，Akt抑制剂和mTOR抑制剂，这些药物可通过抑制信号通路的异常激活，阻断肿瘤细胞的增殖和生长，诱导细胞凋亡，并抑制肿瘤的侵袭和血管生成。而PI3K、mTOR双重抑制剂虽然处于临床试验阶段，但是其在RCC治疗的研究中表现出更可靠的前景性。     

异硫氰酸苯乙酯对结肠癌SW480细胞PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路的影响

目的探讨异硫氰酸苯乙酯(PEITC)对结肠癌SW480细胞PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路的影响。方法选择6~8周龄的SPF级BALB/c(nu/nu)雄性裸鼠24只,将其随机分为对照组、低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组,各6只。体外培养结肠癌细胞系SW480,对照组加入等体积的二甲基亚砜(DMSO),低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组分别给予10、30和50μmol/L PEITC作用24 h,Western blot检测PI3K和PTEN的表达和Akt、mTOR磷酸化情况。最后,建立裸鼠异种移植瘤动物模型,观察PEITC对异种移植瘤生长的抑制作用。结果 PEITC能抑制PI3K的表达以及Akt和mTOR磷酸化。肿瘤质量:高剂量组中剂量组低剂量组对照组,抑瘤率:高剂量组中剂量组低剂量组(P0.05)。结论 PEITC可能通过影响PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路发挥抗肿瘤作用。     

5-氮杂胞苷通过PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路介导人脂肪间充质干细胞向心肌细胞定向分化的研究

目的:研究磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)及其下游分子丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶(Akt)和雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)所组成的信号通路在5-氮杂胞苷(5-aza)诱导人脂肪间充质干细胞(ADMSCs)向心肌细胞定向分化中的作用,探讨其信号转导机制。方法:利用胶原酶法分离、培养ADMSCs,并用10μmol/L的5-aza诱导其向心肌细胞定向分化,采用Western blot的方法分析5-aza诱导前后Akt通路相关蛋白的表达情况。结果:5-aza诱导前ADMSCs内Akt通路相关蛋白的表达水平较低,诱导后增强。PI3K抑制剂Ly294002处理后,Western blot结果显示,细胞内PI3K的磷酸化受到抑制和TnT的表达水平显著降低,具有统计学意义。结论:5-aza能诱导ADMSCs向心肌细胞分化,PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路在5-aza诱导ADMSCs向心肌细胞分化中发挥重要的调控作用。     

PI3K/AKt信号通路与肝细胞癌

PI3K/AKt信号通路与人类肿瘤的发生、发展密切相关。近年来研究表明,肝细胞癌(HCC)中存在PI3K/AKt信号通路异常。此文就PI3K/AKt信号通路的构成、转导途径及其在HCC中的作用作一综述。     

PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路与低氧性肺动脉高压研究进展

肺动脉高压是一种预后不良的疾病,在我国因各种肺部慢性疾病引起的低氧性肺动脉高压近年来呈上升发病趋势.磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphatidylionsitol-3-kinases,PI3K)/蛋白质丝氨酸苏氨酸激酶(protein-serine-threonine kinase,Akt)/哺乳动物雷帕霉素蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)信号通路作为细胞内重要信号转导通路之一,通过影响细胞的增殖、迁移、凋亡以及蛋白合成、细胞周期等活性参与肺动脉血管重塑以及低氧性肺动脉高压的形成.本文综述了PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路在低氧性肺动脉高压中的研究现状,以期为低氧性肺动脉高压的发病机制研究及治疗寻找新的思路.     

PI3K/Akt信号通路调节心脏功能的研究进展

PI3K/Akt是调节心脏功能的一条重要的信号转导通路,主要通过血管内皮生长因子介导血管生成、抑制心肌细胞凋亡、重构心室、促进细胞能量代谢等方面调节心脏功能。研究发现PI3K/Akt信号通路在内分泌疾病、肾病、肝纤维化、肿瘤及心血管疾病的发生、发展中起着重要作用。本文就PI3K/Akt信号通路调节心脏功能的分子机制作一阐述。     

PPIs抑制P13K/Akt／mTOR信号通路逆转胃癌细胞的化疗多药耐药

背景：前期实验显示质子泵抑制剂（PPIs）可抑制空泡型质子泵（V-H＋-ATPases）和多药耐药蛋白P—gP、MRP1表达,增强胃癌细胞的化疗敏感性。目的：探讨PPIs抑制空泡型质子泵逆转胃癌细胞化疗多药耐药与P13K／Akt／mTOR信号通路的关系。方法：应用不同浓度埃索美拉唑或泮托拉唑预处理人胃腺癌细胞敏感株SGC7901和多药耐药株SGC7901／MDR,或以V—H＋-ATPasessiRNA干扰SGC7901／MDR细胞内的V-H＋-ATPases表达,或以雷帕霉素阻断mTOR表达,以蛋白质印迹法检测经不同方式处理的细胞内V—H＋ATPases、P—SP、MRPl蛋白表达以及P13K／Akt/mT0R／HIF—1α信号通路及其信号旁路TSCl／2-Rheb中的相关蛋白表达;以免疫荧光法检测经埃索美拉唑预处理的SGC7901／MDR细胞内的V-H＋ATPases、P—gP蛋白表达和定位。结果：PPIs可呈浓度依赖性地抑制SGC7901／MDR细胞内的V—H＋ATPases、P13K、Akt、roTOR、HIF-1仅、TSCI、TSC2、Rheb、P—gP、MRP1表达以及Akt底物和TSC2磷酸化,改变V-H＋ATPases、P—gP的胞内定位,对SGC7901细胞则无上述影响。以V—H＋-ATPasessiRNA抑制SGC7901／MDR细胞内的V—H＋-ATPases表达,作用与PPIs预处理相似。以雷帕霉素阻断mTOR可呈浓度依赖性地抑制SGC7901／MDR细胞内的HIF-1α、P—gP表达。结论：PPIs抑制空泡型质子泵逆转胃癌细胞化疗多药耐药的机制与抑制P13K／Akt／mTOR信号通路有关。     

肝癌细胞转移与PI3K-Akt-PAK1通路的相关性研究

目的 研究肝细胞癌（HCC）组织PI3K/Akt/ p21活化蛋白激酶1（PAK1）信号通路的表达对于HCC发生及转移的重要性,以期为HCC的预防和预后提供一个有效的分子标志,并为HCC的治疗提供一定的理论基础。方法 自NCBI中GEO数据库中的GES364数据集提取数据,对PI3K/Akt/PAK1信号通路基因的表达量进行分析。结果 将数据库中HCC组织分为肝内扩散组（PS）、肝外转移组（PM）、无转移组（PN）和正常肝对照组（H）。分析发现PS组和PM组PAK1和MMP-9表达量明显高于H组和PN组（P<0.0001）;PS组、PM组和PN组AKT（1/2）和Girdin表达量明显高于H组（P<0.05）,PS组和PM组AKT2和Girdin表达量也明显高于PN组（P<0.05）;在PM组,AKT2与PAK1表达呈正相关（r=0.5679,P=0.0013）。结论 PAK1和MMP-9高表达可以促进HCC的扩散和转移,而AKT的表达和活性对于HCC的转移也是至关重要的,提示PI3K/AKT/PAK1信号通路与HCC转移密切相关。     

mTOR inhibitor for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a central role in the regulation of cellular growth, proliferation, and survival via a cytoplasmic serine/threonine kinase. mTOR also works as a nutrition sensor to monitor cellular metabolism. mTOR is located downstream in the PI3K/Akt pathway, in which Akt and the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) 1/2 are involved, to form a signal transduction pathway. New anticancer agents that target mTOR in the PI3K/Akt pathway of the signal transduction pathways involved in cell proliferation control have recently been developed and are already commercially available. A phase III clinical trial of mTOR inhibitor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is now ongoing worldwide to expand indications. RAD001 is a signal-transduction inhibitor (STI) that targets mTOR (more specifically, mTORC1). mTORC1 signaling is intricately regulated by mitogens, growth factors, energy, and nutrients. mTORC1 is a regulator essential for general protein synthesis, located downstream of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, which is dysregulated in most human cancers. Inhibiting mTOR with molecules, such as RAD001, generates additive effects that accompany upstream and downstream target inhibition; alternatively, upstream receptor inhibition is compensated for by inhibiting the downstream pathway, even if some resistance develops against receptor inhibition regardless of initial or acquired resistance. In conclusion, RAD001 is a potential targeted agent for HCC and therefore final results of a phase III study are awaited.     

MicroRNA-7 inhibits tumor growth and metastasis by targeting the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to be involved in carcinogenesis and tumor progression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Recently, microRNA-7 (miR-7) has been proven to play a substantial role in glioblastoma and breast cancer, but its functions in the context of HCC remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that miR-7 inhibits HCC cell growth and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. We first screened and identified a novel miR-7 target, phosphoinositide 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta (PIK3CD). Overexpression of miR-7 would specifically and markedly down-regulate its expression. miR-7-overexpressing subclones showed significant cell growth inhibition by G(0) /G(1) -phase cell-cycle arrest and significant impairment of cell migration in vitro. To identify the mechanisms, we investigated the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway and found that Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and p70S6K were down-regulated, whereas 4EBP1 was up-regulated in miR-7-overexpressing subclones. We also identified two novel, putative miR-7 target genes, mTOR and p70S6K, which further suggests that miR-7 may be a key regulator of the PI3K/Akt pathway. In xenograft animal experiments, we found that overexpressed miR-7 effectively repressed tumor growth (3.5-fold decrease in mean tumor volume; n = 5) and abolished extrahepatic migration from liver to lung in a nude mouse model of metastasis (n = 5). The number of visible nodules on the lung surface was reduced by 32-fold. A correlation between miR-7 and PIK3CD expression was also confirmed in clinical samples of HCC. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that miR-7 functions as a tumor suppressor and plays a substantial role in inhibiting the tumorigenesis and reversing the metastasis of HCC through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR-signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. By targeting PIK3CD, mTOR, and p70S6K, miR-7 efficiently regulates the PI3K/Akt pathway. Given these results, miR-7 may be a potential therapeutic or diagnostic/prognostic target for treating HCC.     

PI3K/Akt信号通路与肝纤维化

PI3K/AKT信号通路可以通过调控基因表达,从而在细胞的存活、分化、生长、运动和凋亡等多种生理和病理过程中起到重要作用。尤其在肝纤维化的进展中,此信号通路发挥了重要的调节作用。本文将对目前有关PI3K/AKT信号通路在参与肝纤维化形成中,如何调控细胞外基质的降解、影响HSC的活化及调节肝窦毛细血管化等作用机制作一综述。这些资料不仅可以揭示相关疾病条件下,多个细胞与信号因子之间复杂的相互作用机制,而且能够突出通过阻断PI3K/AKT信号通路可以保护和治疗肝纤维化这一潜在的临床意义。     

Dueling for dual inhibition: Means to enhance effectiveness of PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors in AML

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (Akt)/mechanistic target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) pathway is amplified in 60–80% of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Since this complex pathway is crucial to cell functions such as growth, proliferation, and survival, inhibition of this pathway would be postulated to inhibit leukemia initiation and propagation. Inhibition of the mTORC1 pathway has met with limited success in AML due to multiple resistance mechanisms including direct insensitivity of the mTORC1 complex, feedback activation of the PI3k/Akt signaling network, insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) activation of PI3K, and others. This review explores the role of mTOR inhibition in AML, mechanisms of resistance, and means to improve outcomes through use of dual mTORC1/2 inhibitors or dual TORC/PI3K inhibitors. How these inhibitors interface with currently available therapies in AML will require additional preclinical experiments and conduct of well-designed clinical trials.     

An inhibitor of mTOR reduces neoplasia and normalizes p70/S6 kinase activity in Pten+/- mice

PTEN phosphatase acts as a tumor suppressor by negatively regulating the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway. It is unclear which downstream components of this pathway are necessary for oncogenic transformation. In this report we show that transformed cells of PTEN^+/− mice have elevated levels of phosphorylated Akt and activated p70/S6 kinase associated with an increase in proliferation. Pharmacological inactivation of mTOR/RAFT/FRAP reduced neoplastic proliferation, tumor size, and p70/S6 kinase activity, but did not affect the status of Akt. These data suggest that p70/S6K and possibly other targets of mTOR contribute significantly to tumor development and that inhibition of these proteins may be therapeutic for cancer patients with deranged PI3K signaling.     

Y-box binding protein 1 augments sorafenib resistance via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUNDSorafenib is the first-line treatment for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Y-box binding protein 1 (YB-1) is closely correlated with tumors and drug resistance. However, the relationship between YB-1 and sorafenib resistance and the underlying mechanism in HCC remain unknown.AIMTo explore the role and related mechanisms of YB-1 in mediating sorafenib resistance in HCC.METHODSThe protein expression levels of YB-1 were assessed in human HCC tissues and adjacent nontumor tissues. Next, we constructed YB-1 overexpression and knockdown hepatocarcinoma cell lines with lentiviruses and stimulated these cell lines with different concentrations of sorafenib. Then, we detected the proliferation and apoptosis in these cells by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling, flow cytometry and Western blotting assays. We also constructed a xenograft tumor model to explore the effect of YB-1 on the efficacy of sorafenib in vivo. Moreover, we studied and verified the specific molecular mechanism of YB-1 mediating sorafenib resistance in hepatoma cells by digital gene expression sequencing (DGE-seq).RESULTSYB-1 protein levels were found to be higher in HCC tissues than in corresponding nontumor tissues. YB-1 suppressed the effect of sorafenib on cell proliferation and apoptosis. Consistently, the efficacy of sorafenib in vivo was enhanced after YB-1 was knocked down. Furthermore, KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of DGE-seq demonstrated that the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway was essential for the sorafenib resistance induced by YB-1. Subsequently, YB-1 interacted with two key proteins of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway (Akt1 and PIK3R1) as shown by searching the BioGRID and HitPredict websites. Finally, YB-1 suppressed the inactivation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway induced by sorafenib, and the blockade of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway by LY294002 mitigated YB-1-induced sorafenib resistance.CONCLUSIONOverall, we concluded that YB-1 augments sorafenib resistance through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in HCC and suggest that YB-1 is a key drug resistance-related gene, which is of great significance for the application of sorafenib in advanced-stage HCC.     

黄连温胆汤调控PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路干预ApoE-/-小鼠动脉粥样硬化的作用机制

目的观察黄连温胆汤对载脂蛋白E(ApoE)^-/-小鼠动脉粥样硬化的干预效应,从磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(Akt)/哺乳动物西罗莫司靶蛋白(mTOR)信号通路探讨其机制。方法采用高脂饲料饲养ApoE^-/-小鼠4周构建动脉粥样硬化模型。采用全自动生化分析仪检测小鼠血脂水平;采用苏木精-伊红(HE)染色、油红O染色、Masson染色观察主动脉斑块情况;采用免疫组化法检测小鼠主动脉根部PI3K、Akt、mTOR蛋白表达水平。结果与模型组比较,黄连温胆汤高剂量组总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)均降低(P<0.05)。HE染色显示:模型组主动脉根部斑块明显,呈易损斑块特征,各给药组斑块有不同程度减轻;油红O和Masson染色显示:与模型组比较,雷帕霉素组、黄连温胆汤高剂量组主动脉根部斑块面积减小,胶原纤维含量升高(P<0.05),易损斑块趋于稳定。蛋白免疫组化结果显示:黄连温胆汤中剂量组、黄连温胆汤高剂量组小鼠主动脉PI3K、Akt、mTOR蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05)。结论黄连温胆汤具有降脂和抗动脉粥样硬化的作用,其机制可能与抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路,诱导巨噬细胞自噬有关。