自体骨及重组人骨形态发生蛋白2复合骨在腰椎中融合的效果：与异体骨比较

BACKGROUND: Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP2) can effectively promote new  bone formation and fracture healing, but its specific application in the lumbar spinal fusion remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of autogenous bone, rhBMP2 composite bone or allogeneic bone on the lumbar spinal fusion of rabbits.  METHODS: Forty-five New Zealand white rabbits were enrolled to make intertransverse lumbar interbody fusion models and then randomly subjected to autogenous iliac bone, rhBMP2 composite bone or allogeneic iliac bone via L5-L6 intertransverse process, respectively. Then, the rats were sacrificed under anesthesia at 8 weeks after operation to observe the lumbar fusion. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the allogeneic iliac bone group, the fusion rates, tensile strength ratio of L5-6/L4-5, and percentage of new bone tissues were increased more significantly in the other two groups  (P < 0.05), and moreover, there was no difference between the autogenous iliac bone and rhBMP2 composite bone groups. These findings indicate that the autogenous iliac bone and rhBMP2 composite bone have similar fusion effects, both of which are superior to the allogeneic bone.   中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程     

植骨融合内固定修复连续双节段颈椎间盘突出症：钛网与椎间融合器的比较

BACKGROUND: Many studies have shown that different types of anterior cervical surgery in the treatment of two-level contiguous cervical disc herniation can obtain satisfactory results, but which method is the best has not yet reached a consensus. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy and safety of three types of anterior cervical surgery for treating two-level contiguous cervical disc herniation.  METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed clinical data of 62 patients with two-level contiguous cervical disc herniation who underwent anterior decompression and fusion. These patients were assigned to three groups. Bone graft group received anterior cervical discectomy with autogenous iliac bone graft fusion. Titanium mesh group received anterior cervical corpectomy with titanium mesh fusion. Cage group received anterior cervical discectomy with cage fusion. Fusion rate of bone graft and improvement of neurological function (Japanese Orthopaedic Association Scores) were evaluated and compared after treatment in the three groups. Cervical vertebra anteroposterior and lateral images were used to measure height of anterior and posterior margin of vertebral body and Cobb angle changes of fusion segment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: All 62 patients were followed up and the follow-up time was ranged from 8 to 30 months. Operation time was significantly longer in the bone graft group than in the titanium mesh and Cage groups (P < 0.05). Intraoperative blood loss was larger in the bone graft group than in the titanium mesh and Cage groups (P < 0.05). Japanese Orthopaedic Association Scores were significantly improved after treatment (P < 0.05). No significant difference was found at different time points (P > 0.05). The fusion rate of bone graft was higher in the bone graft group than in the titanium mesh and Cage groups (P < 0.05) at 3 months after treatment, and bone union was found in the final follow-up. Height of anterior and posterior margin of vertebral body was significantly increased after treatment (P < 0.05). No significant difference in the increase of the height of anterior margin was detected among the three groups (P > 0.05). The increase in the height of posterior margin was higher in the Cage group than in the bone graft group and titanium mesh group (P < 0.05). Vertebral height loss of the anterior margin was higher in the bone graft group than in the titanium mesh and Cage groups, but vertebral height loss of the posterior margin was highest in the bone graft group, followed by titanium mesh group and Cage group at 3 months after treatment (P < 0.05). The increase value of Cobb angle was higher in the titanium mesh group than in the bone graft group and Cage group (P < 0.05). At 3 months after treatment, the altered value of Cobb angle was highest in the bone graft group, followed by titanium mesh group and Cage group (P < 0.05). No significant difference in the height of anterior and posterior margins of the vertebral body and Cobb angle was detectable between final follow-up and 3 months post-treatment (P > 0.05). These findings indicated that the three kinds of fusion method for treating two-level contiguous cervical disc herniation could obviously lessen nervous systems and improve cervical vertebra functions. In the bone graft group, operation time was long. Intraoperative blood loss was more. Postoperative height loss of the posterior margin of the vertebral body was visible. Cervical lordosis could be easily induced. Compared with the bone graft group, titanium mesh and Cage groups could better maintain the height and curvature of the cervical vertebra, but the Cage group had apparent advantages.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程      

同种异体骨髓间充质干细胞在比格犬体内异位构建组织工程骨

BACKGROUND: Allogenic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells as seed cells for tissue engineering have become the future trend of development. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the osteogenic effects of allogenic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and the outcome in vivo. METHODS: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from beagle dogs were marked with chloromethylbenzoyl ammonia fluorescent dye (CM-Dil), and the proliferation of labeled cells was measured using MTT assay in vitro. Autologous or allogenic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were inoculated into coral and β-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds for 7 days osteogenic induction and then subcutaneously implanted into the back of beagle dogs. Dogs undergoing blank scaffold implantation served as negative controls. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe new bone formation at 3 days, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 weeks after surgery. Bone formation area was statistically analyzed using ipp software. In the CM-Dil group, frozen sections were made to trace the in vivo outcome of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells under a fluorescence microscope. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The osteogenesis speed in the allogenic bone tissue engineering group was faster than that in the autologous bone tissue engineering group at 4-8 weeks after implantation, but no significant difference between the two groups was found beginning at the 12th week. At 4 weeks after implantation, the expression of γ-carboxy glutamic acid protein in the autologous bone tissue engineering group was higher than that in the allogenic bone tissue engineering group, prompting the bone mineralization appeared earlier in the latter group than the former one. ELISA results showed that the expression of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin in the autologous bone tissue engineering group was higher than that in the allogenic bone tissue engineering group at 4 weeks after implantation, and then the expression showed no difference at 12 weeks. CM-Dil labeling results showed that the number of allogenic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells was reduced significantly compared with that of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. All these findings indicate that the ectopic osteogenesis of the allogenic tissue-engineered bone in large animals is found within 12 weeks after implantation, but the osteogenesis efficiency at early stage (within 8 weeks) is lower compared with the autologous tissue-engineered bone. This difference may be related to the post-implantation immunoreactions that lead to the reduction in cell number. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

妇科养坤丸与骨髓间充质干细胞移植修复薄型子宫内膜

BACKGROUND: Studies have found that endometrial cells from bone marrow donors can be detected in the endometrium of female patients after bone marrow suppression.OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of Fukeyangkun pills combined with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) transplantation in the treatment of thin endometrium.METHODS: Thirty female rats at rutting period were randomized into control, model, Fukeyangkun pills, cell transplantation and combined group (n=6 per group). Rat models of thin endometrium were made in the latter five groups. Rats in the six groups were respectively subjected to routine feeding, tail vein injection of normal saline, tail vein injection of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (1 mL) at 6 hours and 10 days after modeling, intragastric administration of 5 mL/kg Fukeyangkun pill solution for continuous 20 days, or tail vein injection of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (1 mL) at 6 hours and 10 days after modeling plus intragastric administration of 10 mL/kg Fukeyangkun pill solution for continuous 20 days. At 21 days after modeling, hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe the morphological changes of the endometrical tissues and measure the endometrium thickness. The expression of cytokeratin and vimentin was determined by western blot assay.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the model group, the endometrium thickness and the expression of cytokeratin and vimentin (P < 0.05) were increased successively in the Fukeyangkun pills group, cell transplantation group, and combined group to different extents. Of these groups, the endometrium thickness and the expression of cytokeratin and vimentin in the combined group were the most close to normal levels. Our data demonstrate that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation can induce regeneration of the endometrial cells and repair endometrial tissue. Furthermore, treatment of Fukeyangkun pills obviously augments the repair effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on thin endometrium.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程     

低氧预处理诱导骨髓间充质干细胞Pim-1激酶高表达抑制细胞凋亡

BACKGROUND: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells have a low survival rate after implanted into the ischemic myocardium. However, hypoxia preconditioning (HPC) may enhance bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and promote its survival rate. OBJECTIVE: To explore whether Pim-1 is involved in HPC protecting against apoptosis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and the relevant mechanism. METHODS: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were respectively subjected to HPC for 0, 6, 12, and 24 hours. The expression of Pim-1 and apoptosis-related genes were detected by RT-qPCR and western blot. Then, the best hypoxic preconditioning time was determined as 12 hours. Then, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were assigned to one of the following groups: control (without HPC), 12-hour HPC, 12-hour HPC+Pim-1 inhibitor groups. Flow cytometry analysis was used to detect the cell apoptosis, Transwell assay to analyze the cell migration ability in each group, and JC-1 kit to detect mitochondrial membrane potential. Animal models of myocardial infarction were established. One week after modeling, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were given via multi-point injection around the infarct zone of rats. Two weeks after modeling, heart tissues of rats were taken and sliced followed by DiI staining to calculate the survival rate of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Additionally, rat cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography prior to and after modeling as well as at 4 weeks after cell transplantation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 12 hours after HPC, the expression of Pim-1, p-Akt and Bcl-2 gene in the infarct region was significantly increased, but the expression of caspase-3 and Bax was significantly decreased. Compared with the control group, cell viability in the 12-hour HPC group was increased very significantly at 1 week after cell transplantation (P < 0.001), the migration and anti-apoptosis ability were enhanced significantly (P < 0.01) and the cardiac function of rats was significantly improved in the 12-hour HPC group (P < 0.05). All of these protective effects were blocked by the Pim-1 inhibitor. These findings indicate that HPC can protect bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from apoptosis through activating Akt and up-regulating Pim-1, and thereby improve the therapeutic effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation on ischemic heart diseases. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程      

骨髓间充质干细胞经尾静脉移植治疗肝纤维化

BACKGROUND: Liver fibrosis is the early stage of terminal liver diseases. Effective treatment for liver fibrosis can prevent the occurrence of terminal liver diseases. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation is a promising method to treat liver fibrosis. OBJECTIVE: To study the therapeutic effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on liver fibrosis in rats. METHODS: Eighteen Sprague-Dawely rats were randomized into three groups: control, model and cell transplantation groups. Animal models of carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis were made in the latter two groups. After modeling, 1 mL bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (5×105) or the same volume of normal saline was injected via the tail vein into the rats in the cell transplantation and model groups, respectively. Rats in the control group were given no treatment. Degree of liver fibrosis, liver function, histological changes of the liver were detected and observed in the three groups at 4 weeks after treatment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the control group, the liver tissues had normal structure with no fibrosis; in the model group, proliferation of fibrous tissues in the portal area of the liver, inflammatory cell infiltration, vacuolar degeneration and irregular arrangement of liver cells, and tissue structure damage were observed; in the transplantation group, liver tissue damage was severer than the control group but milder than the model group. Levels of serum hyaluronidase, type IV collagen and procollagen III were significantly lower in the cell transplantation group than the model group (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation can alleviate liver fibrosis and improve liver function in rats with carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程      

骨髓基质干细胞移植阿尔茨海默病模型大鼠：改善学习及记忆能力

BACKGROUND: Drug therapy can partly reduce and delay the progress of Alzheimer’s disease, but only 30% with the single drug treatment obtain clinical cure. OBJECTIVE: To study the therapeutic effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells transplantation for rats with Alzheimer’s disease. METHODS: Amyloid β-protein was injected into the hippocampus of Sprague-Dawley rats to construct the model of Alzheimer’s disease. And bone marrow stromal stem cells were transplanted into the hippocampus of the rat models. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 2 weeks after modeling, compared with the control group, the escape latency in the model and experimental groups was significantly longer (P < 0.05), which indicating that Alzheimer’s disease models were successfully established. At 4 weeks after cell transplantation, compared with the model group, the average escape latency in the experimental group was significantly decreased, but retention time on the platform quadrant was significantly prolonged (P < 0.05). Besides, at 4 weeks after cell transplantation, expression of choline acetyltransferase in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the model group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells cannot only differentiate and survive in the hippocampus of rats with Alzheimer’s disease, but also improve the learning and memory ability. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程     

自体骨髓间充质干细胞复合富血小板纤维蛋白促进拔牙窝骨愈合

BACKGROUND: Alveolar bone deficiency will not meet aesthetic and functional requirements for dental implants.OBJECTIVE: To observe the repair effect of passage 3 autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) on alveolar bone defects in rabbits.METHODS: Twenty-seven New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into BMSCs/PRF group, PRF group and model group (n=9 per group). The left mandible incisors were extracted in all the rabbits under general anesthesia. BMSCs/PRF group was immediately implanted BMSCs/PRF composite into the alveolar socket, PRF group only implanted PRF, and model group implanted nothing.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the model group, the alveolar crest and alveolar mucosa become sunken notably and narrowed. In the BMSCs/PRF and PRF groups, the thickness of alveolar bone wall, alveolar bone width, alveolar bone height difference, and bone mineral density were all increased, especially in the former group. In addition, the trabecular arrangement was better in the BMSCs/PRF groups than the model and PRF group. Our findings indicate that alveolar socket filling with composite of BMSCs and PRF can achieve preservation of alveolar bone width and height after tooth extraction in rabbits.   中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程     

分区式脊髓导管联合骨髓基质干细胞修复脊髓横断损伤模型大鼠

BACKGROUND: There is a high morbidity after spinal cord injury, and the therapeutic strategy is limited to early surgical intervention, medication and post-treatment exercise that only can improve the motor function slightly. However, there is no effective cure method.OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of partition-type spinal cord catheter combined with bone marrow stromal stem cells on T₈ spinal cord transection damage in rats.METHODS: Fifty rats were randomized into five groups (n=10 per group): group I, T₈ spinal cord transection    (5 mm) was made in rats with no treatment; group II, the partition-type tube was inserted into the injured site after modeling; group III, partition-type tube combined with bone marrow stromal stem cells was implanted into the injured site after modeling; group IV, partition-type tube combined with polyglycolic acid fibers was implanted into the injured site after modeling; group V, partition-type tube combined with bone marrow stromal stem cells and polyglycolic acid fibers was implanted into the injured site after modeling. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: At 2 and 12 weeks postoperatively, Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan scores were significantly higher in the groups III and IV than the groups I, II, IV (P < 0.05). At 12 weeks postoperatively, the latency of motor evoked potential below the injury plane was significantly decreased in group V compared with groups I, II, III, IV (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical results displayed that in the groups III and V, regenerated nerve fibers grew positively and arranged orderly among the tubes, and there was no obvious winding phenomenon. Under transmission electron microscopy, a certain number of myelinated nerve fibers were found as bridges among groups. These findings indicate that the partition-type chitosan tube combined with bone marrow stromal stem cells has a good connection with the injured spinal cord a good connection to restore part of electrophysiological properties, accelerate the axon regeneration, recover the motor function, thereby providing a new direction for the treatment of spinal cord injury.  中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程     

胰岛素干预对糖尿病大鼠骨折愈合及骨痂内细胞因子的影响

BACKGROUND: Fracture healing in diabetic patients is usually unsatisfactory because of hormones and metabolic disorder, and an eventual multiple organ dysfunction resulting from high blood glucose. OBJECTIVE: To dynamically observe the changes of cytokines during the fracture healing process in diabetic rats before and after insulin treatment. METHODS:A total of 120 Sprague-Dawley rats were included in this study. Of them, 90 rats intravenously injected with 5% tetraoxypyrimidine to induce rat models of diabetes were randomized into insulin treatment and diabetes groups, respectively. The remaining 30 rats were intravenously injected with equal volume of saline and selected as control group. The next day, blood glucose was determined. Healing at 1, 4, and 8 weeks after fracture were observed by the X-ray film. Biomechanical strength of the injured right tibia was measured at 4, 6, and 8 weeks after modeling. Cytokines in the osteotylus were determined by immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization technique. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The X-ray films showed that the speed of fracture healing in the diabetes group was slower than insulin treatment and control groups. Biomechanical strength of the osteotylus in the diabetes group was significantly decreased compared with the insulin treatment and control groups. However, there were no significant differences in above-mentioned parameters between the control and insulin treatment groups. Bone morphogenetic protein 2, basic fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta, and vascular endothelial growth factor were widely expressed in the osteotylus and their expressions in diabetes group were significantly lower and slower than those in the control and insulin treatment groups. There was no statistical difference between control and insulin treatment groups. These results indicate that osteotylus formation speed, biomechanical strength, and growth factor expressions at the fracture site in diabetes rats were decreased compared with normal rats. Insulin treatment can enhance cytokine levels at the fracture site, thereby promoting the osteoblast proliferation and fracture healing. 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

Advances in bone biology and new treatments for bone loss

Recent advances in bone biology have led to a more detailed understanding of bone remodeling which is a process that leads to resorption of old bone and replacement by formation of new bone. The most important discoveries in this process of bone remodeling were those of the RANK Ligand/RANK/OPG system which is now recognized the dominant pathway regulating bone resorption. RANK Ligand (RANKL) is a cytokine belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family and is expressed by osteoblasts; it binds to membrane bound receptor RANK on osteoclasts and promotes differentiation of marrow cells through various stages to multinucleated osteoclasts which resorb bone. Several hormones such as parathyroid hormone, calcitriol and prostaglandins stimulate RANK Ligand expression by osteoblasts. Osteoblasts also secrete osteoprotegerin (OPG) which is a soluble receptor that is a potent antagonist of osteoclast formation by binding and inactivating RANKL and OPG is therefore an important regulator of bone resorption. OPG is stimulated by estrogen. OPG has been genetically engineered and in human subjects is a potent inhibitor of bone resorption. Another method for preventing bone resorption is to develope antibodies against RANKL and this has been shown to be a successful strategy. A single subcutaneous injection of this antibody (Denosumab) every 6 months proved to be a potent inhibitor of bone resorption and clinical fracture trials using this agent are now underway. These are novel developments that have risen from basic research in bone biology and other discoveries in the bone remodeling process can be expected to lead to further treatment options for various bone diseases.     

硫酸钙人工骨在良性骨肿瘤刮除术后骨缺损填充中的愈合情况及其重建作用研究

目的观察硫酸钙人工骨在良性骨肿瘤刮除术后骨缺损填充中的愈合情况,探讨其在骨肿瘤患者中的重建作用。方法回顾性分析在2010年1月~2013年9月期间,我院骨外科收治的临床随访资料完整的良性骨肿瘤患者,根据植骨材料的不同,分别采用硫酸钙人工骨、同种异体骨以及自体骨修复肿瘤刮除术后骨缺损。每组各选择随机样本40例。根据术后随访的X线结果和相关临床资料。评估不同移植骨在良性骨肿瘤缺损填充中的降解、吸收和愈合情况。结果 120例患者获得3~48个月随访,平均随访时间14.7个月。随访期自体骨组、硫酸钙人工骨组和同种异体骨组均未发生深部感染、植骨不愈合、伤口不愈合、植骨部位骨折及肿瘤复发等相应的并发症,临床获益率达100%。三组病例在骨愈合时间无统计学意义,愈合率也无显著性差异(0.05)。结论用硫酸钙人工骨材料填充良性骨肿瘤刮除后的骨缺损,愈合效果与自体骨和同种异体骨相近。且硫酸钙人工骨生物相容性好,并发症少,值得在临床上推广。     

重组合异种骨修复良性骨肿瘤及瘤样病变骨缺损

目的研究重组合异种骨(RBX)修复良性骨肿瘤及瘤样病变刮除术后遗留的骨缺损的临床应用价值。方法应用 RBX 修复64例良性骨肿瘤及瘤样病变刮除术后遗留的83处骨缺损。患者平均年龄26.5 岁,肿瘤类型依次为骨囊肿、骨纤维结构不良、内生软骨瘤、骨样骨瘤、动脉瘤样骨囊肿、非骨化性纤维瘤等,观察患者术后全身及切口局部反应,相关免疫学检测,X 线片检查,平均随访时间14个月。结果全部患者未见明显全身反应,相关免疫学检测无明显异常,随访见所有患者术后3～6个月均有 RBX 降解和骨替代现象发生。结论良性骨肿瘤及瘤样病变刮除后利用 RBX 填充修复骨缺损,无明显不良反应,并发症少,经骨替代后可真正完成骨修复。     

同种异体骨移植治疗青少年骨囊肿

目的探讨同种异体骨移植治疗青少年骨囊肿的临床治疗效果。方法自2008年5月~2012年7月我院19例青少年骨囊肿患者,其中男14例,女5例,年龄5~16岁,平均13岁。病变部位为股骨近端5例,股骨干2例,胫骨近端10例,胫骨远端2例,均采用病灶刮除加同种异体骨移植治疗。结果 19例病人均获得随访,随访时间16~38个月,囊肿均消失,骨缺损腔逐渐被新生骨填充愈合,无患肢疼痛及功能障碍,无复发病例。结论彻底清除病灶、充分移植同种异体骨消灭囊腔是青少年骨囊肿有效的治疗方法。     

含BMP的骨填充材料在骨肿瘤与瘤样病变手术中的应用

目的 探讨含骨形态发生蛋白(BMP)的骨填充材料在骨肿瘤及瘤样病变手术中的临床应用价值。方法本组骨肿瘤及瘤样病变患者34例，男20例，女14例。骨填充材料(金骨威、金世植骨灵)应用方法：病灶刮除术骨缺损填充：灭活术后骨缺损填充；病灶切除后在骨干一假体结合部或骨干一同种异体1／4关节结合部植入骨填充材料。肿瘤及瘤样病变类型包括骨纤维结构不良、骨巨细胞瘤、骨肉瘤、骨囊肿、动脉瘤样骨囊肿、内生软骨瘤、软骨粘液样纤维瘤、非骨化性纤维瘤、骨母细胞瘤。观察患者术后全身及局部反应和影像学变化。结果平均随访时间13．5个月。全部患者均无全身不良反应，除1例创口二期愈合外，余病例未见明显局部反应。X线片显示术后3～6个月即有填充材料降解和骨替代现象发生。结论在骨肿瘤与瘤样病变手术中应用含BMP的骨填充材料代替自体或异体骨移植，不增加创伤，并发症少，术后基本无不良反应，且骨缺损修复效果满意，是理想的骨缺损填充材料。     

Structural differences between bone formed intramuscularly following the transplantation of isolated calvarial bone cells or chondrocytes

Summary Bone formed in intramuscular transplants of isolated syngeneic calvarial bone cells in mice, was compared with endochondral bone induced by cartilage produced by analogous transplants of isolated epiphyseal chondrocytes, as well as with parietal bones forming the bulk of the calvaria. Transplanted calvarial cells produced islands of bone, some of which contained intraosseous cavities. Osteoclasts inside these cavities were observed only in 14-day-old transplants and bone marrow cells in 28-day and older transplants. On the contrary, bone marrow appeared soon after formation of bone trabeculae in endochondral bone. The percentage area occupied by bone marrow in these specimens was about twentyfold larger than in the bone formed by transplanted bone cells. On the other hand, the bone marrow area in the latter type of bone was somewhat smaller but of similar order as in parietal bones. Moreover, both in parietal bones and in bone formed by isolated bone cells, the bone marrow was devoid of fat cells which were numerous in bone arising by endochondral ossification. It appears, therefore, that the ratio of bone marrow to the bone tissue area in parietal bones depends more on the intrinsic properties of osteoblasts than on the local factors in the environment of the developing bone. In the case of bone induced by cartilage, the bone marrow/bone tissue area could be determined both by the extent of cartilage resorption by vascularized tissue and by the properties of osteoblasts.     

The ultrastructure of bone cells and bone matrix in human primary hyperparathyroidism

Summary An electron microscope investigation has been carried out on needle biopsies of the iliac crest of 8 patients suffering from primary hyperparathyroidism.A marked increase in bone resorption was the most conspicuous finding. It was due both to increased osteoclastic activity and to periosteocytic osteolysis. The osteoclasts had a more strongly developed brush border and contained more cytoplasmic vacuoles than those in controls. Many osteocytes were found within enlarged, irregular lacunae, and were surrounded by a space containing amorphous, granular and filamentous material. Their mitochondria were sometimes calcified. Osteoblasts were more active than in controls as shown by the developed rough ergastoplasmic cysternae and thick osteoid borders found near some of them. The osteoid tissue, however, was uncalcified; ultrastructurally, lack of the calcification front and incomplete matrix calcification were demonstrable. Mast cells, and osteoclast- and macrophage-like giant cells were often found in the fibrotic marrow spaces.These results confirm that both the resorption and the formation of bone are stimulated in hyperparathyroidism. The calcification process is delayed and often remains incomplete.     

骨的显微损伤及其对骨力学性能的影响

骨的显微损伤是由于反复受载所致的仅能在显微镜下观察到的骨基质的损伤,往往表现为各种形态的显微裂纹或弥散性损伤。通过特殊染色和标记可对显微损伤进行组织学观察和定量分析,并根据其形态和与骨单位的位置关系进行分类。显微损伤往往伴有骨强度的降低和骨脆性的增加,裂纹的长度及其位置是影响骨力学性能的决定因素。显微损伤的积累最终会导致骨的疲劳骨折。     

Biodegradable composite scaffolds incorporating an intramedullary rod and delivering bone morphogenetic protein-2 for stabilization and bone regeneration in segmental long bone defects

In this study, a two-part bone tissue engineering scaffold was investigated. The scaffold consists of a solid poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) intramedullary rod for mechanical support surrounded by a porous PPF sleeve for osseointegration and delivery of poly(dl-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres with adsorbed recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2). Scaffolds were implanted into critical size rat segmental femoral defects with internal fixation for 12 weeks. Bone formation was assessed throughout the study via radiography, and following euthanasia, via microcomputed tomography and histology. Mechanical stabilization was evaluated further via torsional testing. Experimental implant groups included the PPF rod alone and the rod with a porous PPF sleeve containing PLGA microspheres with 0, 2 or 8 μg of rhBMP-2 adsorbed onto their surface. Results showed that presence of the scaffold increased mechanical stabilization of the defect, as evidenced by the increased torsional stiffness of the femurs by the presence of a rod compared to the empty defect. Although the presence of a rod decreased bone formation, the presence of a sleeve combined with a low or high dose of rhBMP-2 increased the torsional stiffness to 2.06 ± 0.63 and 1.68 ± 0.56 N·mm, respectively, from 0.56 ± 0.24 N·mm for the rod alone. The results indicate that, while scaffolds may provide structural support to regenerating tissues and increase their mechanical properties, the presence of scaffolds within defects may hinder overall bone formation if they interfere with cellular processes.     

正畸牙移动对牙槽骨形态及骨密度的影响

背景：在正畸治疗过程中部分患者出现了牙齿松动、牙槽骨形态异常情况,甚至在一定程度上牙周疾病的概率有所增加。 目的：分析正畸牙移动对牙槽骨形态及骨密度的影响。 方法：纳入62例正畸治疗患者,其中男34例,女28例,年龄18-30岁,正畸治疗6个月后,利用三维锥形束CT机扫描患者上、下颌骨前牙区、后牙区、中切牙牙槽区,以及两侧中切牙与侧切牙牙槽间隔的骨密度。 结果与结论：正畸治疗6个月后,所有患者牙齿坚固,未见异常动度,牙龈颜色呈现健康的粉红色,质地坚韧而不活动,探诊时无出血情况。正畸治疗前,上颌不同牙槽间隔牙槽骨密度比较差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05),治疗6个月后比较差异也无显著性意义(P > 0.05),但同一牙槽间隔正畸治疗6个月后的骨密度低于治疗前(P < 0.05);下颌牙槽骨密度变化与上颌一致;上颌牙槽骨正畸治疗前后的骨密度均高于下颌牙槽骨  (P < 0.05)。表明正畸治疗修复后可能出现下颌牙槽骨密度降低高于上颌牙槽骨的情况,但对整体正畸效果无明显影响,不影响牙槽骨形态和健康状况。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程