盐诱导激酶2对放射损伤后细胞周期检查点中的调节作用

目的 了解盐诱导激酶2（SIK2）在电离辐射诱发G₂/M细胞周期阻滞中的作用,并探讨其作用机制。方法 ⁶⁰Coγ射线照射HeLa细胞,慢病毒载体（pSicoR）构建SIK2的小干扰RNA（shRNA）表达载体,Lipofectamine2000介导转染构建SIK2敲低表达细胞模型。Western blot检测SIK2的蛋白表达含量,流式细胞术检测细胞周期,磷酸化组蛋白3（pH3Ser10）作为流式细胞检测分子标记物分析G₂/M期检测点功能。结果 γ射线照射能诱发HeLa细胞SIK2蛋白表达增加。成功构建shRNA敲低HeLa细胞SIK2表达的细胞模型,并通过该细胞模型观察到在不同剂量照射后（1、2、4、6Gy）降低SIK2蛋白表达水平导致细胞的放射敏感性增高（t=-3.445、-2.581、-3.251、-2.553,P<0.05）,γ射线诱发的细胞周期G₂/M边界阻滞在照后5、6h被提前解除（t=4.341、6.500,P<0.05）。Western blot检测结果表明,SIK2敲低细胞与对照细胞相比,放射损伤诱发的磷酸化CHK2蛋白提前消退。结论 SIK2在细胞放射损伤反应中参与细胞的G₂/M检查点功能的调节,影响细胞的放射敏感性。     

6-溴异香兰素对HeLa细胞的增殖抑制及放射增敏作用

目的研究香兰素衍生物中的6-溴异香兰素（6-溴-5-羟基-4-甲氧基苯甲醛,BVAN08）对HeLa细胞增殖和放射敏感性的影响,为开发新的抗癌和放射增敏药物提供理论依据。方法利用MTT法检测细胞增殖,单细胞凝胶电泳检测细胞DNA损伤,流式细胞术检测细胞周期,克隆形成率法检测细胞放射敏感性,AnnexinⅤ/PI染色法检测细胞凋亡。结果研究表明BVAN08在10～20μmol/L以上浓度就显示出对HeLa细胞增殖的抑制作用,抑制程度具有剂量依赖性,抑制细胞存活的IC50值为19.07μmol/L。BVAN08能诱发细胞DNA双链断裂损伤,作用4h就开始诱发细胞周期G2/M阻滞,随时间延长阻滞更加明显。BVAN08明显降低DNA修复蛋白DNA-PKcs的表达水平,20μmol/LBVAN08与2Gyγ射线复合作用可以显著增加细胞对射线的敏感性,增加细胞凋亡率。结论 BVAN08抑制HeLa细胞增殖,提高细胞的放射敏感性,其放射增敏作用与降低DNA-PKcs蛋白表达水平和G2/M阻滞有关。     

DNA-PKcs单链抗体DPK3-scFv的原核表达纯化及生物学作用研究

目的原核表达和纯化DNA依赖性蛋白激酶催化亚单位（DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit,DNA-PKcs）单链抗体DPK3-scFv,观察其透入细胞及干扰辐射诱发DNA-PKcs磷酸化修饰的生物学作用。方法 PCR扩增DPK3-scFv基因,插入到带有His标签的原核表达载体pET28a,重组质粒转化工程菌BL21、优化表达。免疫荧光显微镜和蛋白免疫印迹观察DPK3-scFv透膜进入HeLa细胞及对电离辐射诱发靶分子DNA-PKcs的磷酸化修饰的影响。结果成功构建单链抗体表达载体pET28a-DPK3-scFv,在2xYT培养基（16 g胰蛋白胨、5 g酵母提取物和10 g NaCl溶于1 L双蒸水中,高压灭菌）、20℃温度、0.2 mmol/L异丙基-β-D-硫代吡喃半乳糖苷（isopropy1-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside,IPTG）条件下诱导可溶性表达,进一步获得了纯化单链抗体。DPK3-scFv能体外抑制DNA-PKcs激酶活性,纯化的DPK3-scFv可跨膜进入细胞内,并与DNA-PKcs共定位在细胞核。DPK3-scFv对γ射线照射HeLa细胞中DNA-PKcs及其S2056位点（pS2056）的自磷酸化具有显著抑制作用。结论通过优化条件获得了可溶性原核表达的DPK3-scFv单链抗体,具有抑制其靶分子DNA-PKcs的磷酸激酶活性。     

miR-101对宫颈癌HeLa细胞辐射敏感性的影响和机制研究

目的 研究microRNA101（miR-101）对体外培养的人宫颈癌HeLa细胞辐射敏感性的影响及其作用机制。方法 实验设为3组,分别为空白对照组、阴性对照组和实验组。采用160 kVp X射线照射细胞,吸收剂量率为1.15 Gy/min。实时定量PCR（qRT-PCR）法检测miR-101的过表达情况;克隆形成实验检测miR-101对HeLa细胞辐射敏感性的影响;γ-H2AX免疫荧光法检测细胞DNA双链断裂,Western blot实验观察ATM和DNA-PKcs蛋白表达量变化。结果 转染48 h后,实验组的细胞与空白对照组相比,miR-101的表达量明显增加（t=14.16,P<0.05）。过表达miR-101的HeLa细胞存活率明显降低（t=10.75,P<0.05）。miR-101能增加HeLa细胞的辐射敏感性（F=7.72,P<0.05）,辐射增敏比为1.29。γ-H2AX免疫荧光显示,miR-101能抑制辐照后细胞DNA损伤修复。过表达miR-101的HeLa细胞与对照组相比,ATM和DNA-PKcs蛋白表达量明显减少。结论 miR-101 mimic对HeLa细胞的生长有抑制作用。miR-101过表达能增加HeLa细胞的辐射敏感性,miR-101通过抑制辐照后DNA损伤修复提高辐射敏感性。     

DNA-PKcs单链抗体DPK3-scFv的原核表达纯化及生物学作用研究

目的原核表达和纯化DNA依赖性蛋白激酶催化亚单位(DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit,DNA-PKcs)单链抗体DPK3-scFv,观察其透入细胞及干扰辐射诱发DNA-PKcs磷酸化修饰的生物学作用。方法 PCR扩增DPK3-scFv基因,插入到带有His标签的原核表达载体pET28a,重组质粒转化工程菌BL21、优化表达。免疫荧光显微镜和蛋白免疫印迹观察DPK3-scFv透膜进入HeLa细胞及对电离辐射诱发靶分子DNA-PKcs的磷酸化修饰的影响。结果成功构建单链抗体表达载体pET28a-DPK3-scFv,在2xYT培养基(16 g胰蛋白胨、5 g酵母提取物和10 g NaCl溶于1 L双蒸水中,高压灭菌)、20℃温度、0.2 mmol/L异丙基-β-D-硫代吡喃半乳糖苷(isopropy1-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside,IPTG)条件下诱导可溶性表达,进一步获得了纯化单链抗体。DPK3-scFv能体外抑制DNA-PKcs激酶活性,纯化的DPK3-scFv可跨膜进入细胞内,并与DNA-PKcs共定位在细胞核。DPK3-scFv对γ射线照射HeLa细胞中DNA-PKcs及其S2056位点(pS2056)的自磷酸化具有显著抑制作用。结论通过优化条件获得了可溶性原核表达的DPK3-scFv单链抗体,具有抑制其靶分子DNA-PKcs的磷酸激酶活性。     

Erbin表达缺失诱导MDA-453人乳腺癌细胞对曲妥珠单抗耐药

目的：探索Erbin表达缺失导致Her2阳性的人乳腺癌细胞MDA-453对曲妥珠单抗敏感性的影响。方法设计、构建含人Erbin基因特异性的短发夹RNA（ shRNA）及对照shRNA的干扰载体,转染MDA-453人乳腺癌细胞。经G418加压筛选,获得稳定敲低Erbin的MDA-453细胞（ MDA-453-Erbin sh）和稳定表达对照shRNA的MDA-453细胞（ MDA-453-NC）,以后者作为对照细胞。应用Western印迹法检测MDA-453-NC和MDA-453-Erbin sh细胞中Erbin表达水平。分别通过细胞增殖活性实验及细胞集落形成实验,观察敲低Erbin的MDA-453细胞对曲妥珠单抗敏感性的变化。通过免疫组化染色法,分析Erbin在人乳腺癌及正常乳腺组织中的表达。结果建立了稳定敲低Erbin的MDA-453细胞株,发现敲低Erbin表达可诱导MDA-453细胞对曲妥珠单抗产生抗性。与正常乳腺上皮组织相比,人乳腺癌组织标本中Erbin表达水平降低。结论 Erbin表达缺失可能影响乳腺癌对曲妥珠单抗治疗的敏感性。     

敲低SET7慢病毒载体的构建及对乳腺癌细胞生长的影响

目的：为了探讨组蛋白甲基转移酶SET7在乳腺癌发生发展中的功能,构建SET7基因的RNA干扰（ RNAi）慢病毒表达载体,研究其对乳腺癌细胞ZR75－1生长的影响。方法根据人SET7的cDNA序列,设计SET7基因短发夹RNA（shRNA）引物,并克隆到pSIH－H1－Puro载体上,包装成慢病毒,感染人乳腺癌细胞ZR75－1,通过实时定量（ real－time） PCR以及Western印迹检测干扰效果,并通过生长曲线研究敲低SET7对ZR75－1细胞生长的影响。结果 DNA测序结果表明,SET7 shRNA慢病毒表达载体构建成功。实时定量PCR和Western印迹结果显示, SET7 shRNA能有效抑制SET7基因的表达。生长曲线实验表明,敲低SET7可抑制人乳腺癌细胞ZR75－1的生长。结论成功构建了SET7 shRNA慢病毒表达载体,感染人乳腺癌细胞ZR75－1后,有效抑制了内源SET7基因的表达,敲低SET7能抑制ZR75－1细胞的生长,为进一步研究SET7在乳腺癌中的功能奠定了基础。     

xCT调节乳腺癌细胞转移的作用机制研究

目的：探讨xCT调节人类乳腺癌细胞株MDA－MB－231转移的作用及其机制。方法采用细胞划痕实验和Transwell实验分析xCT受到抑制和敲低后,人类高转移乳腺癌细胞株MDA－MB－231迁移及侵袭能力的改变。用Western印迹法和RT－PCR检测其自噬相关标志物LC3,上皮细胞间充质化（ EMT）过程相关标志物钙黏蛋白E （E－cadherin）、波形蛋白（vimentin）以及Snail表达水平的改变。结果抑制和敲低MDA－MB－231细胞株中xCT的表达后,钙黏蛋白E表达升高,波形蛋白表达降低,转录因子Snail的蛋白水平降低,但其 mRNA水平无明显变化,自噬相关蛋白LC3－Ⅱ／LC3－Ⅰ的比值升高。结论抑制和敲低xCT的表达可使MDA－MB－231细胞株发生自噬,降解转录因子Snail,从而抑制EMT,降低MDA－MB－231细胞株的转移能力。     

Tip60基因沉默对细胞DNA双链断裂修复和辐射敏感性的影响

目的 探讨Tip60对细胞辐射敏感性的影响及相关机制。方法 采用siRNA和Tip60乙酰转移酶抑制剂漆树酸,抑制U2OS细胞中Tip60的表达或乙酰转移酶活性;用克隆形成率分析细胞对⁶⁰Co γ射线的敏感性;采用γ-H2AX原位免疫荧光集簇点法,检测DNA双链断裂损伤修复;用免疫共沉淀检测蛋白质的相互作用。结果 siRNA沉默Tip60表达明显提高了U2OS细胞对1、2 Gy中、低剂量γ射线的敏感性(t=3.364、3.979,P＜0.05),但对4 Gy大剂量照射的细胞存活率无明显影响。γ-H2AX集簇点检测结果表明,照射后1、4和8 h,Tip60失活导致细胞DNA双链断裂修复能力降低(t=3.875、3.183和3.175, P<0.05)。细胞在受到电离辐射损伤后,Tip60与DNA修复蛋白DNA-PKcs发生相互作用,漆树酸能抑制DNA-PKcs的T2609位点的磷酸化。结论 Tip60通过与DNA-PKcs相互作用,调控细胞DNA双链断裂修复机制,对细胞辐射敏感性产生影响。     

shRNA干扰沉默Net1基因对电离辐射损伤反应的影响

目的 研究神经上皮细胞转化基因1（NET1）在电离辐射损伤反应中的生物学功能。 方法 运用RNA干扰技术,在细胞中特异性沉默Net1基因,然后通过集落存活实验和免疫印迹法研究抑制Net1表达对细胞的电离辐射损伤反应的影响。 结果 Net1敲低表达的细胞对电离辐射的敏感性增强,表现为更多细胞发生了凋亡,并且在γ射线照射后,毛细血管扩张性共济失调症突变蛋白（ATM）和细胞周期检查点激酶2（Chk2）的磷酸化水平也比对照细胞增强。 结论 Net1对于受到电离辐射的细胞有一定的保护作用,很可能在电离辐射损伤修复中具有重要作用。     

回转器模拟微重力对神经细胞自噬的影响(英文)

目的探讨回转模拟微重力对人神经母细胞瘤细胞(SH-SY5Y)自噬的影响。方法利用回转模拟微重力的细胞学效应,回转条件下培养细胞12 h、24 h,相同条件下静置培养细胞作为对照。WesternBlot方法检测LC3蛋白表达变化水平。荧光显微镜观察GFP-LC3点状聚集物,计数含有大于5个GFP-LC3点状聚集物的细胞数量。结果回转组SH-SY5Y细胞LC3-II蛋白表达高于对照组,荧光显微镜检测到GFP-LC3点状聚集物也随之增多。结论回转可以引起SH-SY5Y细胞自噬增多。     

Clinical studies of immunohistochemical staining of DNA-dependent protein kinase in oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinomas

PURPOSE: DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), a serine/threonine kinase composed of p470 catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) and p85/p70 heterodimer (Ku antigen), is considered a critical enzyme in the repair of the DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) that are the major lethal lesions induced by ionizing radiation. We investigated the expression of DNA-PK subunits in human tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined immunohistochemically the biopsy specimens of 44 patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma and 32 patients with hypopharyngeal carcinoma who had been treated with radiotherapy. RESULTS: Immunopositivity to Ku85 and DNA-PKcs was found in all patients. The staining of Ku85 and DNA-PKcs was nuclear, with none of the normal epithelial cells or malignant cells exhibiting cytoplasmic or membrane immunoreactivity. Normal epithelial cells were all stained intensely. In tumors, intense nuclear staining of DNA-PKcs was seen in 75 of 76 tumors, while that of Ku85 was seen in all 76 patients. The radiation responses of a primary tumor that was stained weakly with DNA-PKcs were excellent. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest the possibility of predicting the intrinsic radiosensitivity of human tumors in clinics able to perform immunohistochemical analysis of DNA-PK.     

New rationales for using TGFbeta inhibitors in radiotherapy

PURPOSE: The first reports that ionizing radiation (IR) induces rapid and persistent activation of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta) were nearly two decades ago. Subsequent studies have shown that TGFbeta is a major mediator of cellular and tissue responses to IR and have revealed novel facets of its complex biology. RESULTS: We and others have recently shown that inhibition of production or signaling of TGFbeta in epithelial cells modulates radiosensitivity and impedes activation of the DNA damage response program. The primary transducer of cellular response to DNA damage caused by ionizing radiation is the nuclear protein kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated, whose activity is severely compromised when TGFbeta is inhibited. Thus, in conjunction, with its well-recognized contribution to normal tissue fibrosis, the role of TGFbeta in the genotoxic stress program provides a previously unsuspected avenue to modulate radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: We hypothesize that identification of the circumstances and tumors in which TGFbeta manipulation enhances tumor cell radiosensitivity, while protecting normal tissues, could significantly increase therapeutic index.     

榄香烯乳对人肺腺癌A549细胞放射敏感性影响及其机制的研究

目的 探讨榄香烯乳对人肺腺癌A549细胞放射敏感性的影响及其分子机制。方法 克隆形成实验检测10、20 μg/ml榄香烯乳对人肺腺癌A549细胞的放射敏感性影响。细胞分为空白对照组、单纯照射组(4 Gy X射线照射)、单纯药物组(给予10、20 μg/ml榄香烯乳);联合照射组(给予10、20 μg/ml 榄香烯乳24 h后4 Gy X射线照射)。Western blot检测DNA-PKcs、Bcl-2及P53蛋白的表达变化,并分析DNA-PKcs与Bcl-2、P53表达之间的相关性。结果 10 μg/ml榄香烯乳的放射增敏比SER_D0、SER_Dq 为1.54±0.20和1.43±0.15;20 μg/ml榄香烯乳SER_D0、SER_Dq 为1.63±0.32及1.75±0.19。与单纯照射组相比,10、20 μg/ml榄香烯乳联合照射组细胞的DNA-PKcs蛋白表达明显减少(t=7.52、8.33, P<0.05),Bcl-2蛋白表达明显减少(t=10.74、11.33, P<0.05),P53蛋白表达明显增加(t=-9.25、-7.66P<0.05)。DNA-PKcs与P53蛋白表达显著负相关(r=-0.569,P<0.05),与 Bcl-2蛋白表达显著正相关(r=0.755, P<0.05)。结论 榄香烯乳可增加人肺腺癌A549细胞的放射敏感性,其机制与下调DNA-PKcs表达抑制DNA双链损伤修复和上调p53,下调Bcl-2表达促进细胞凋亡有关。     

Indomethacin lowers the threshold thermal exposure for hyperthermic radiosensitization and heat-shock inhibition of ionizing radiation-induced activation of NF-kappaB

PURPOSE: It is well established that salicylate and several other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAID), including indomethacin, can activate the heat-shock response, albeit at high concentrations. This is significant since heat shock significantly alters the cellular cytotoxic response to ionizing radiation (IR). It was previously shown that heat shock, as well as NSAIDs, inhibits IR-induced activation of NF-kappaB and that NF-kappaB protects against IR-induced cytotoxicity. Hence, it is hypothesized that pretreatment with indomethacin before heating will lower the temperature and heating times required to inhibit the activation of NF-kappaB and induce significant hyperthermic radiosensitization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Experiments were performed in HeLa cell lines and the DNA-binding activity was determined by EMSA. Cellular radiosensitivity was determined by clonogenic assay. RESULTS: HeLa cells pretreated with indomethacin showed a decrease in the temperature-time combination necessary to inhibit IR-induction of NF-kappaB DNA binding. In addition, clonogenic cell survival assays using identical conditions showed an indomethacin dose-dependent enhancement of hyperthermic radiosensitization. Thus, similar concentrations of indomethacin both lowered the threshold thermal exposure to inhibit activation of NF-kappaB DNA-binding and increased the sensitivity of tumour cells to hyperthermic radiosensitization-induced cytotoxicity. In HeLa cells treated with N-alpha-tosylphenylalanyl-chloromethyl ketone (TPCK), a serine protease inhibitor that blocks activation of NF-kappaB, an increase in radiosensitivity was observed. Interestingly, no additional cell killing was observed when heat shock was added to cells treated with TPCK before IR, suggesting a possible common cytotoxic pathway. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that indomethacin lowers the temperature-time conbination necessary to induce several physiological processes associated with the heat-shock response. Furthermore, NSAID may be potential adjuvants in improving the clinical effectiveness of hyperthermia in radiation therapy.     

New rationales for using TGFbeta inhibitors in radiotherapy

Purpose: The first reports that ionizing radiation (IR) induces rapid and persistent activation of transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ) were nearly two decades ago. Subsequent studies have shown that TGFβ is a major mediator of cellular and tissue responses to IR and have revealed novel facets of its complex biology.

Results: We and others have recently shown that inhibition of production or signaling of TGFβ in epithelial cells modulates radiosensitivity and impedes activation of the DNA damage response program. The primary transducer of cellular response to DNA damage caused by ionizing radiation is the nuclear protein kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated, whose activity is severely compromised when TGFβ is inhibited. Thus, in conjunction, with its well-recognized contribution to normal tissue fibrosis, the role of TGFβ in the genotoxic stress program provides a previously unsuspected avenue to modulate radiotherapy.

Conclusions: We hypothesize that identification of the circumstances and tumors in which TGFβ manipulation enhances tumor cell radiosensitivity, while protecting normal tissues, could significantly increase therapeutic index.     

Indomethacin lowers the threshold thermal exposure for hyperthermic radiosensitization and heat-shock inhibition of ionizing radiation-induced activation of NF-κB

Purpose : It is well established that salicylate and several other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAID), including indomethacin, can activate the heat-shock response, albeit at high concentrations. This is significant since heat shock significantly alters the cellular cytotoxic response to ionizing radiation (IR). It was previously shown that heat shock, as well as NSAIDs, inhibits IR-induced activation of NF- κB and that NF- κB protects against IR-induced cytotoxicity. Hence, it is hypothesized that pretreatment with indomethacin before heating will lower the temperature and heating times required to inhibit the activation of NF- κB and induce significant hyperthermic radiosensitization. Materials and methods : Experiments were performed in HeLa cell lines and the DNA-binding activity was determined by EMSA. Cellular radiosensitivity was determined by clonogenic assay. Results : HeLa cells pretreated with indomethacin showed a decrease in the temperature-time combination necessary to inhibit IR-induction of NF- κB DNA binding. In addition, clonogenic cell survival assays using identical conditions showed an indomethacin dose-dependent enhancement of hyperthermic radiosensitization. Thus, similar concentrations of indomethacin both lowered the threshold thermal exposure to inhibit activation of NF- κB DNA-binding and increased the sensitivity of tumour cells to hyperthermic radiosensitization-induced cytotoxicity. In HeLa cells treated with N - α -tosylphenylalanyl-chloromethyl ketone (TPCK), a serine protease inhibitor that blocks activation of NF- κB, an increase in radiosensitivity was observed. Interestingly, no additional cell killing was observed when heat shock was added to cells treated with TPCK before IR, suggesting a possible common cytotoxic pathway. Conclusions : The results demonstrate that indomethacin lowers the temperature-time conbination necessary to induce several physiological processes associated with the heat-shock response. Furthermore, NSAID may be potential adjuvants in improving the clinical effectiveness of hyperthermia in radiation therapy.