几种矿物粉尘对肺内细胞的毒性作用及其致纤维化作用

测定染尘不同时间大鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液中细胞代谢活性、溶菌酶和总蛋白含量等细胞毒作用与全肺组织干重、全肺胶原蛋白含量及肺组织病理学改变等致纤维化作用。结果表明,多数矿物粉尘对肺内细胞的毒性作用及致肺纤维化作用与粉尘中所含游离SiO_2的量有密切的相关性;复合粉尘或混合性粉尘所致生物学危害作用并不是单一粉尘或组分作用的简单加合。     

颗粒状石棉粉尘的致纤维化作用

颗粒状石棉粉尘经气管注入大鼠肺内(分散度<5μm者占92%),以0.5、1、3、6、9月分期剖检。结果示染尘组大鼠的全肺干重及胶原蛋白含量均显著地高于同期正常对照组。病理形态改变以结节性病变及广泛的间质纤维化为其特点;肺门淋巴结见尘细胞灶聚集及网状内皮细胞增生。结论认为颗粒状石棉粉尘能致肺纤维化,提示时颗粒状或短纤维石棉的危害作用应引起高度重视。     

无定形二氧化硅粉尘对大白鼠肺脏致纤维化作用的实验研究

大白鼠经无定形二氧化硅粉尘25毫克气管内染尘两次,于染尘后1.6、12个月时作组织病理学检查、测定肺胶原含量、肺脏及气管旁淋巴结重量。见到染尘动物出现一系列尘肺的组织反应,肺及淋巴结内出现由细胞、网状纤维及胶原纤维形成的结节病灶,实验晚期出现肺间质纤维化,肺胶原含量等指标也有相应改变,证明无定形二氧化硅粉尘对肺脏有一定的致纤维化作用。文中对此类粉尘的致纤维化能力及致尘肺问题,作了初步探讨。     

纳米水镁石纤维的细胞毒性与致纤维化作用

目的　研究纳米水镁石纤维的细胞毒性与致纤维化作用。方法　收集Wistar大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞, 培养后分别加入纳米水镁石纤维、普通水镁石纤维、石英粉尘及生理盐水, 测定肺泡巨噬细胞存活率、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活力和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活力。对大鼠经气管内一次注入上述各组粉尘悬液(每鼠1 ml,含粉尘50 mg), 分别于染尘后2, 4, 6个月处死大鼠, 测定大鼠肺湿重、肺干重、肺体积、肺胶原蛋白含量等指标, 并观察肺组织的病理改变。结果　纳米水镁石纤维组的细胞存活率为(62 40±8 48)%, 明显低于阴性对照组和普通水镁石纤维组(P<0 01), 而明显高于石英组(P<0 01); 纳米水镁石纤维2, 4, 6 月组的肺胶原蛋白含量分别为(48 78±10 69), (69 53±15 36), (80 65±13 95)mg, 与阴性对照组和普通水镁石纤维组相比, 差异无显著性(P>0 05), 而明显低于石英组(P<0 01)。结论　纳米水镁石纤维具有明显的细胞毒性, 其细胞毒作用较普通水镁石纤维强, 但明显要弱于石英粉尘; 致纤维化能力较弱, 与普通水镁石纤维无明显差异, 也明显弱于石英粉尘。     

较低剂量石英粉尘所致大鼠肺脏的早期变化

目的研究较低剂量的石英对肺组织损伤的特点。方法对大鼠采用较低剂量的石英和石棉粉尘（每只１０ｍｇ）染尘后，测定两种粉尘在两个月内所致大鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液中细胞总数、蛋白含量、总脂含量和乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）活性等毒性指标以及全肺胶原含量的变化，并观察肺组织的病理改变。结果石英可引起灌洗液中细胞总数、蛋白质含量、总脂含量和ＬＤＨ活性持续升高，全肺胶原含量持续增加；而石棉只引起细胞总数和ＬＤＨ在染尘后１０天的一过性升高，全肺胶原含量虽也逐渐增加，但不如石英明显。结论较低剂量的石英具有很强的肺毒性和致纤维化能力。     

煤矿尘体内外细胞毒性和致纤维化作用的相关研究

研究粉尘对机体的危害作用，主要采用慢性动物实验，辅以体外细胞培养或支气管肺泡灌洗（ＢＡＬ）方法。有关粉尘体外细胞毒性与体内致肺纤维化作用相关性的报道不一［１～３］，而体内肺细胞毒性与致纤维化性的相关关系报道较少。为了探讨３项试验间的关系，我们通过对３...     

白炭黑粉尘对肺脏的作用

大鼠气管注入(剂量50mg)或自然吸入白炭黑粉尘,引起肺组织以细胞性结节为主的病理改变。注入组的肺重、肺胶原蛋白及类脂的含量均显著地高于正常对照组,但比石英对照组低得多。说明白炭黑粉尘对肺脏的作用表现为非特异性反应性改变。应重视它的远期作用,做好白炭黑生产和使用部门的劳动保护工作。     

褐煤尘细胞毒性和致纤维化作用

为了评价褐煤尘的细胞毒性及致纤维化作用，对２个褐煤矿的煤尘成分、体外细胞毒性、体内致肺损伤作用进行了研究。甲矿煤尘游离ＳｉＯ２含量为３．４％，乙矿煤尘为１．５％。培养液中加入褐煤尘后肺巨噬细胞存活率明显降低，乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）和酸性磷酸酶（ＡＣＰ）活力明显增高。乙矿煤尘组细胞存活率明显低于甲矿煤尘组，ＬＤＨ明显高于甲矿煤尘组。染褐煤尘大鼠肺体积、湿重、干重和胶原蛋白含量增加，病理检查可见到煤尘灶、肺气肿、网状纤维和胶原纤维轻度增生。结果表明：褐煤尘具有细胞毒性和轻度致纤维化作用，乙矿煤尘细胞毒性和致纤维化作用均高于甲矿煤尘，用煤尘中元素含量解释煤尘毒性与以往的研究结果不尽相同。     

沸石粉尘致肺纤维化作用实验研究

本实验将５０ｍｇ和１００ｍｇ沸石粉尘分别进行大鼠气管内染尘。分别于染尘后３、６、１２、１８个月分批处死，进行肺脏及肺淋巴结的病理学形态观察及肺胶原含量测定。结果表明，沸石粉尘具有致肺纤维化作用，但较石英尘的致肺纤维化作用为弱。     

煤尘体外细胞毒性和体内致纤维化作用的关系

目前一些研究表明,矿物粉尘对巨噬细胞的体外毒性与其对整体动物的致纤维化作用有一定关系。本文采用肺巨噬细胞试验,对八个煤矿煤尘的体外细胞毒性进行了研究,并与其对大鼠肺脏致纤维化作用之间的相互关系进行了比较分析。     

Substantiation of the mean working day maximum allowable concentrations of dusts with differing degrees of fibrogenesis

On the basis of developed by the author mathematical models of pneumoconiosis morbidity and of methodological techniques of dusts dividing according to the degree of fibrogenesis under exposure to various concentrations of dusts differing in fibrogenesis. In the author's opinion, working conditions can be considered safe if the probability of pneumoconiosis does not exceed 0.1% for the 40 years length of working. On this basis mean working day concentrations, at which the probability of the development of the mentioned disease does not exceed 0.1%, are proposed as mean working day MACs. Average working day MACs for the whole range of dusts fibrogenesis have been calculated. The obtained in this way average working day MACs for the least fibrogenic dusts equal 6 mg/m3, and for the most fibrogenic dusts - 0.2 mg/m3.     

陶瓷矿山粉尘细胞毒性研究与评价

本文应用体外细胞培养方法,研究了景德镇所属九个陶瓷矿山粉尘对细胞的毒性作用,采用细胞存活率、乳酸脱氢酶和细胞内钾含量三项指标进行观察。结果表明,各种粉尘对肺泡巨噬细胞均有不同程度的毒性。用定量的方法综合三项指标危害指数比较了不同陶瓷矿山粉尘的毒性作用。本研究对陶瓷矿山粉尘危害分级管理提供了理论及实际应用依据。     

煤矿工煤肺患病率、煤尘实验研究及其影响因素的分析

本文选择了均属烟煤的大同煤矿和汾西煤矿为研究对象。比较了两矿煤肺的患病率,并取煤尘进行溶血试验,细胞毒性实验及大鼠染尘实验,均表明大同煤较汾西煤的致纤维化作用强。大同媒中多种金属元素(Ni、Pb、Cu、Co)及挥发份均非常显著地高于汾西煤。为此将两种煤去掉挥发份后,再进行实验,结果表明,处理后的两种煤均较未处理的煤对细胞的毒性减低。认为挥发份在煤尘致纤维化作用中有一定影响,但并不是唯一的因素。     

碳纤维及其复合材料粉尘对大鼠肺灌洗液的影响

本文采用毒性和致纤维化作用弱的TiO_2和SAFFIL纤维粉尘以及生理盐水为阴性对照,采用石英和温石棉粉尘为阳性对照,探讨了碳纤维和碳纤维复合材料粉尘对大鼠肺灌洗液的影响。结果表明,这两种粉尘的毒性均明显低于石英和温石棉尘,而接近于TiO_2和SAFFIL纤维粉尘。本研究为制订这两种粉尘的卫生标准提供了实验室依据。     

金属研磨尘染毒大鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液的变化

目的　观察金属研磨的混合粉尘对大鼠呼吸系统的损伤作用。方法　大鼠经支气管注入磨工粉尘染尘后饲养 2周 ,采用大鼠支气管肺灌洗技术 ,分析灌洗液中细胞含量、分类、存活率及乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH)、碱性磷酸酶 (ALP)活力的变化。结果　染尘大鼠肺泡灌洗液中细胞含量随磨工粉尘染尘剂量的加大而增大 ,且均高于SiO2 尘组。大鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液中性粒细胞比例 [SiO2 粉尘组为 (33 .83± 4 .54) % ,1 0、2 5、50mg/ml磨工粉尘组分别为 (2 6 .50± 3 .99) %、(36 .0 0± 3 .58) %和 (38.0 0±2 .1 0 ) % ]均较对照组 [(2 .83± 0 .75) % ]明显增加 ;巨噬细胞比例 [SiO2 粉尘组为 (62 .1 7± 4 .54) % ,1 0、2 5、50mg/ml磨工粉尘组分别为 (70 .83± 3 .66) %、(60 .83± 2 .1 4 ) %和 (58.1 7± 2 .48) % ]比对照组[(95 .67± 1 .2 1 ) % ]相应降低 ,差异均有显著性 (P <0 .0 1 )。对照组大鼠肺泡灌洗液细胞存活率达80 %以上 ,与磨工粉尘组、TiO2 组的差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1 )。各染尘组大鼠肺灌洗上清液中LDH、ALP活力明显增加 ,与对照组的差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1或P <0 .0 5) ,随磨工粉尘染尘剂量加大 ,LDH、ALP活力逐渐升高。结论　磨工粉尘对大鼠肺细胞有损害作用 ,进一步证实磨工粉尘可能对肺脏有致纤     

瓷厂和钨矿生产性粉尘生物学效应的研究

目的 通过体外细胞实验测定瓷厂和钨矿作业点生产性粉尘的毒性等生物学效应,为评价粉尘的危害作用提供依据.方法 以豚鼠的肺泡巨噬细胞(AM)为作用细胞,以标准石英作为对照,应用肺泡灌洗的方法获得AM后,加入15、30、60、120μg/106个细胞浓度标准石英、瓷厂及钨矿作业点的呼吸性粉尘颗粒培养,测定细胞的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活力、细胞活力(MTT)、活性氧释放量和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的释放量.结果 瓷厂和钨矿的生产性粉尘均能诱导豚鼠AM培养液中LDH活力升高,诱导豚鼠AM释放活性氧和TNF-α量升高,并随粉尘浓度升高呈现明显的剂量一反应关系.瓷厂和钨矿粉尘与豚鼠AM共培养后导致AM活力下降,随着生产性粉尘的浓度增加而降低.钨矿粉尘引起LDH活力升高以及诱导豚鼠AM释放TNF-α能力强于瓷厂粉尘,在120μg/106个细胞浓度组,赣州钨矿粉尘诱导的TNF-α水平为(5.2±2.0)ng/ml,景德镇瓷厂粉尘诱导的TNF-α水平为(3.3±1.6)ng/ml,均高于标准石英(2.8±0.5)ng/ml.与钨矿尘肺患病和死亡率均高于瓷厂相印证.结论 不同来源的生产性粉尘具有不同的生物学效应结果,实验测定粉尘的生物学效应为区分生产性粉尘危害作用提供了基础数据.     

More on the dynamics of dust generation: the effects of mixing and sanding chrysotile, calcium carbonate, and other components on the characteristics of joint-compound dusts

An ongoing research effort designed to reconstruct the character of historical exposures associated with use of chrysotile-containing joint compounds naturally raised questions concerning how the character (e.g. particle size distributions) of dusts generated from use of recreated materials compares to dusts from similar materials manufactured historically. This also provided an opportunity to further explore the relative degree that the characteristics of dusts generated from a bulk material are mediated by the properties of the bulk material versus the mechanical processes applied to the bulk material by which the dust is generated. In the current study, the characteristics of dusts generated from a recreated ready mix and recreated dry mix were compared to each other, to dusts from a historical dry mix, and to dusts from the commercial chrysotile fiber (JM 7RF3) used in the recreated materials. The effect of sanding on the character of dusts generated from these materials was also explored. Dusts from the dry materials studied were generated and captured for analysis in a dust generator-elutriator. The recreated and historical joint compounds were also prepared, applied to drywall, and sanded inside sealed bags so that the particles produced from sanding could be introduced into the elutriator and captured for analysis. Comparisons of fiber size distributions in dusts from these materials suggest that dust from commercial fiber is different from dusts generated from the joint compounds, which are mixtures, and the differences persist whether the materials are sanded or not. Differences were also observed between sanded recreated ready mix and either the recreated dry mix or a historical dry mix, again whether sanded or not. In all cases, however, such differences disappeared when variances obtained from surrogate data were used to better represent the 'irreducible variation' of these materials. Even using the smaller study-specific variances, no differences were observed between the recreated dry mix and the historical dry mix, indicating that chrysotile-containing joint compounds can be recreated using historical formulations such that the characteristics of the modern material reasonably mimic those of a corresponding historical material. Similarly, no significant differences were observed between dusts from sanded and unsanded versions of similar materials, suggesting (as in previous studies) that the characteristics of asbestos-containing dusts are mediated primarily by the properties of the bulk material from which they are derived.