Evaluation of the Accuracy of Preoperative MRI in Measuring Myometrial Infiltration in Endometrial Carcinoma

The aim of our study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the pretreatment evaluation of myometrium invasion in endometrial cancer. Our retrospective study concerns 89 patients with endometrial cancer, who had preoperative MR evaluation of myometrium invasion and we compared it with histological results. Considering histological type and grade, we had excluded patients with poor prognosis, and separately evaluated those cases where the depth of myometrium invasion is the main prognostic factor determining the choice treatment. Of the 89 cases MRI had accurately evaluated the depth of myometrial invasion in 75 patients. Based on data from all cases, we found the sensitivity of detection of deep myometrial infiltration by MRI (Sv) 71 %, specificity (Sp) 92 %, accuracy (Acc) 84 %, positive predictive value (PPV) 86 % and negative predictive value (NPV) 83 %. Excluding patients with poor prognosis according to histology and grade, these data were Sv 71 %, Sp 95 %, Acc 87 %, PPV 90 %, NPV 84 %. In conclusion, MRI is an efficient diagnostic tool in assessing myometrial infiltration, which is necessary for proper preoperative staging and therapy planning, including evaluation of the necessity of lymphadenectomy. Certain factors may interfere with evaluation of MRI results, thus hindering the precise determination of the level of myometrial infiltration.     

Preoperative assessment of myometrial and cervical invasion in endometrial carcinoma: Comparison of multi-section dynamic MR imaging using a three dimensional FLASH technique and T2-weighted MR imaging

Introduction: We aimed to show the diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance imaging by comparing T2-weighted images and dynamic 3D MR images in the assessment of myometrial and cervical invasion by endometrial carcinoma. Methods: This prospective study included 53 women consecutively diagnosed with endometrial carcinoma. The subjects were evaluated by TSE T2-weighted images and 3D FLASH-VIBE dynamic MR images by two radiologists with a special training in gynecology. Sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values were calculated for each imaging modality with regard to assessment of myometrial and cervical invasion. Results: The diagnostic accuracy of TSE T2-weighted and dynamic 3D FLASH-VIBE MR imaging for the identification of any myometrial invasion were estimated as 64% and 84%, respectively. In the differentiation of deep myometrial invasion from the superficial invasion, the diagnostic accuracy of TSE T2-weighted and dynamic 3D FLASH-VIBE MR images were 75.5%, and 88.7%, respectively. Additionally, in the determining of deep myometrial invasion the sensitivity, the specifity, PPV, and NPV were 76%, 75%, 50%, and 90.9% on T2-weighted images, respectively; 100%, 85%, 68.4%, and 100% on dynamic 3D MR images, respectively. The diagnostic accuracy of TSE T2-weighted and dynamic 3D FLASH-VIBE MR images for cervical invasion by endometrial carcinoma were 86%, and 92%, respectively. Conclusion: The multiplanar capabilities of MRI are invaluable to evaluate spreading and margins of an endometrial mass, and the 3D dynamic MR techniques offer the advantages of increased coverage and high spatial resolution. Three dimensional dynamic MR imaging may be recommended in the especially postmenouposal cases before performing potentially curative treatments.     

Efficacy of Transvaginal Ultrasound Versus Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Preoperative Assessment of Myometrial Invasion in Patients with Endometrioid Endometrial Cancer: a Prospective Comparative Study

BackgroundWe compared the accuracy of preoperative transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) versus magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the assessment of myometrial invasion (MI) in patients with endometrial cancer (EC), while definitive histopathological diagnosis served as a reference method.Patients and methodsStudy performed at a single tertiary centre from 2019 to 2021, included women with a histopathological proven EC, hospitalized for scheduled surgery. TVUS and MRI were performed prior to surgical staging for assessment MI, which was estimated using two objective TVUS methods (Gordon’s and Karlsson’s) and MRI. Patients were divided into two groups, after surgery and histopathological assessment of MI: superficial (≤ 50%) and deep (> 50%).ResultsSixty patients were eligible for the study. According to the reference method, there were 34 (56.7%) cases in the study with MI < 50%, and 26 (43.3%) with MI > 50%. Both objective TVUS methods and MRI showed no statistical significant differences in overall diagnostic performance for the preoperative assessment of MI. The concordance coefficient between both TVUS methods, MRI and histopathology was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Gordon’s method calculating MI reached a positive predictive value (PPV) of 83%, negative predictive value (NPV) of 83%, 77% sensitivity, 88% specificity, and 83% overall accuracy. Karlsson’s method reached PPV of 82%, NPV of 79%, 69% sensitivity, 88% specificity, and 80% overall accuracy. Accordingly, MRI calculating MI reached PPV of 83%, NPV of 97%, 97% sensitivity, 85% specificity, and 90% overall accuracy.ConclusionsWe found that objective TVUS assessment of myometrial invasion was performed with a diagnostic accuracy comparable to that of MRI in women with endometrial cancer.Key words: endometrial neoplasms, radiology, oncology, cancer staging     

Risk Factors of Lymph Node Metastases with Endometrial Carcinoma

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate and evaluate risk factors for lymph node metastases (LNM) in cases of endometrial cancer (EC). Materials and Methods: A retrospective single institution analysis of patients surgically staged for EC at Ankara Oncology Education and Research Hospital from 1996 to 2010 was performed. Roles of prognostic factors, such as age, histological type, grade, depth of myometrial invasion, cervical involvement, peritoneal cytology, and tumor size, in the prediction of LNM were evaluated. Fisher’s exact test and logistic regression analysis were used to assess the effects of various factors on LNM. Results: LNM was observed in 22 out of 247 patients (8.9%) and was significantly more common in the presence of tumors ofhigher grade, deep myometrial invasion (DMI), cervical involvement, size >2cm, and with positive peritoneal cytology. Logistic regression analysis revealed that DMI remained the only independent risk factor for LNM. NPV, PPV, sensitivity, and specificity for satisfying LNM risk were 98.0, 19.5, 86.3, and 65.3%, respectively for DMI. Conclusions: The incidence of LNM is influenced independently by DMI. If data support a conclusion of DMI, LND should be seriously considered.     

磁共振成像在子宫内膜癌术前分期及肌层浸润深度判定中的作用（依照新修订的FIGO分期系统）

目的：评价在新修订的FIGO分期系统下,磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI）在子宫内膜癌术前分期及肌层浸润深度判定中的作用。方法：对36例子宫内膜癌进行术前MRI分期和肌层浸润深度判定,并与手术病理分期对照。结果：MRI术前分期诊断准确率为91.7%（33/36）。MRI诊断无肌层侵犯、浅肌层侵犯和深肌层侵犯的敏感性、特异性、准确率分别为50%、85.7%、77.8%;84.4%、76.5%、80.6%;80.0%、100%、94.4%。MRI区分Ⅰa期（无肌层侵犯和浅肌层侵犯）和Ⅰb期（深肌层浸润）的诊断准确率为94.4%（34/36）。结论：MRI对子宫内膜癌术前分期及肌层浸润深度的判断准确率较高,具有很高的应用价值。     

MR T2WI结合DWI对子宫内膜癌术前分期的诊断价值

目的:根据FIGO2009分期系统,评价MR T2WI结合DWI在子宫内膜癌（endometrial carcinoma,EC）术前分期中的准确性。方法:收集2012年09月至2017年11月经完整手术病理分期的EC患者138例。所有患者术前均接受MR扫描,包括MRI平扫及扩散加权成像（diffusion weighted imaging,DWI）。根据术后病理,计算MR分期的敏感性、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值（positive predictive value,PPV）及阴性预测值（negative predictive value,NPV）。结果:138例EC中,FIGO2009 I-IV期的患者分别为94例、20例、16例和8例,I-IV期MR分期的准确性分别为75.4%、89.9%、92.8%和98.6%。30例患者MR分期与术后病理不符,其中17例分期不足,13例过度分期。子宫结合带模糊、消失,EC合并子宫肌瘤,EC位于子宫角是MR肌层浸润深度误判的主要原因。宫颈间质浸润诊断方面,MR的NPV较高（96.4%）。在淋巴结转移诊断方面,MR具有较高的特异性（99.2%）。结论:基于FIGO2009分期系统,MR T2WI结合DWI诊断EC分期具有较高准确性。     

Study on Preoperative Neutrophil/Lymphocyte (NLR) and Platelet/Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR) as a Predictive Factor in Endometrial Cancer

Objective: To evaluate predictive factors between serum inflammatory markers and malignancy potential of endometrium. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at the gynecological oncology unit, department of obstetrics and gynecology, at the faculty of medicine of Thammasat University. The study period was from 2017 to 2020. Endometrial cancer and benign gynecologic disease cases who underwent hysterectomy (with or without adnexectomy) during the study period were recruited. Demographic characteristics, histopathology reports and serum markers were also collected. Results: The study included a study group of 49 participants with endometrial cancer and a control group consisting of 119 cases of benign uterine disease. The study group had statistically significantly higher mean ages, proportional menopausal status and instances of underlying diseases when compared with the control group. Neutrophil/Lymphocyte ratios (NLR) and Platelet/Lymphocyte ratios (PLR) could not meaningfully predict the malignant potential of endometrium in hysterectomy specimens. NLR and PLR were statistically associated with depth of myometrial invasion (MI) in endometrial cancer cases. NLR equal to or greater than 1.93 predicted MI more than half thickness with sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) at a percentage of 83.3, 52.8, 37.0, 90.5 and 60.4, respectively. PLR equal to or greater than 134.95 predicted MI of greater than fifty percent thickness with sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, PPV and NPV at 75.0, 55.6, 36.0, 87.0 and 60.4 percent, respectively. Conclusion: NLR and PLR have positive associations with myometrial invasion of endometrial cancer.     

Roles of Sonography and Hysteroscopy in the Detection of Premalignant and Malignant Polyps in Women Presenting with Postmenopausal Bleeding and Thickened Endometrium

Background: To assess the role of sonographic endometrial thickness and hysteroscopic polyp size in predicting premalignant and malignant polyps in postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: A total of 328 postmenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding and thickened endometrium underwent operative hysteroscopy due to detection of endometrial polyps were included in this retrospective study. Preoperative endometrial thickness measured by transvaginal ultrasonography and polyp size on hysteroscopy were noted. Hysteroscopic resection with histology was performed for endometrial polyps. Endometrial thickness and polyp size were evaluated on the basis of final diagnosis established by histologic examination. Receiver operator characteristic curves were calculated to assess the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of endometrial thickness and polyp size for detecting pemalignant and malignant polyps. Results: Premalignant and malignant polyps were identified in 26 (7.9%) of cases. Sonographic measurement showed a greater endometrial thickness in cases of premalignant and malignant polyps when compared to benign polyps. On surgical hysteroscopy, premalignant and malignant polyps were also larger. Endometrial thickness demonstrated a sensitivity of 53.8%, specificity of 85.8%, PPV of 24.6% and NPV of 95.6% at a cut-off limit of 11.5 mm with diagnostic accuracy of 83.2%. Polyp size has a diagnostic accuracy of 94.8% with a sensitivity of 92.3%, specificity of 95.0%, PPV of 61.5% and NPV of 99.3% at a cut-off point of 19.5mm. Conclusions: Endometrial thickness measured by transvaginal ultrasonography is not sufficient in predicting premalignant and malignant endometrial polyps in postmenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding and thickened endometrium. Polyp size on hysteroscopy is a more accurate parameter, because of better sensitivity and specificity. However, while polyp size ≥19.5mm seems to have a great accuracy for predicting premalignancy and malignancy, histologic evaluation is still necessary to exclude premalignant and malignantpolyps.     

Ⅰ、Ⅱ期子宫内膜癌MRI表现与病理对照研究

Objective： To analyze MRI features of FIGO stage Ⅰ and Ⅱ endometrial carcinoma and to study the value of MRI in assessing myometrial and cervical invasion of endometrial carcinoma. Methods： Thirty patients with surgicopathologically proven endometrial carcinoma were included in this retrospective study. All patients underwent Tl-weighted spin-echo, T2-weighted fast spin-echo and dynamic contrastenhanced fast multiplanar spoiled gradient echo sequences before surgery. The type, signal intensity and enhancement features of the tumors and the appearance of junctional zone or subendometrial enhancement were analyzed. The MRI diagnosis of myometrial and cervical invasion was correlated with pathologic findings.Results： Endometrial carcinoma demonstrated diffuse widening of endometrial stripe （n=14） or polypoid or large mass in the endometrial cavity （n=16）. The tumors were usually isointense relative to the myometrium on TlWI and hyperintensity on T2WI. In the first phase of dynamic contrast-enhanced sequences, diffuse endometrial carcinoma usually showed mild （n=8） or moderate （n=5） enhancement, while focal endometrial carcinoma tended to enhance markedly （n=6） or moderately （n=9）. On T2WI junctional zone was seen in 18 cases. On dynamic contrast-enhanced images subendometrial enhancement was seen in 17 cases. The sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of dynamic contrast-enhanced images in combination with T2WI were 87.5%, 95.5% and 93.3% for assessing deep myometrial invasion, and 75%, 95.5% and 90% for assessing cervical invasion. Conclusion： MRI is accurate and reliable in the evaluation of myometrial and cervical invasion of endometrial carcinoma, and should be performed as preoperative routine examination.     

磁共振成像在子宫内膜癌术前分期及肌层浸润深度判定中的作用(依照新修订的FIGO分期系统)

目的:评价在新修订的FIGO分期系统下,磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)在子宫内膜癌术前分期及肌层浸润深度判定中的作用。方法:对36例子宫内膜癌进行术前MRI分期和肌层浸润深度判定,并与手术病理分期对照。结果:MRI术前分期诊断准确率为91.7%(33/36)。MRI诊断无肌层侵犯、浅肌层侵犯和深肌层侵犯的敏感性、特异性、准确率分别为50%、85.7%、77.8%;84.4%、76.5%、80.6%;80.0%、100%、94.4%。MRI区分Ⅰa期(无肌层侵犯和浅肌层侵犯)和Ⅰb期(深肌层浸润)的诊断准确率为94.4%(34/36)。结论:MRI对子宫内膜癌术前分期及肌层浸润深度的判断准确率较高,具有很高的应用价值。     

Indications for endoscopy according to the revised FIGO staging for cervical cancer after MRI and CT scanning

Objective

A recent revision of the FIGO staging system does not recommend the mandatory use of cystoscopy and sigmoidoscopy. The objective of this study was to assess the clinical utility of CT or MRI scans for ruling out bladder or rectal invasion and determine the indication for endoscopy in patients with cervical cancer.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 769 patients with cervical cancer, who underwent imaging and endoscopic work-up between January 1997 and December 2010. Using endoscopy as the standard reference for comparison, we calculated the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy of the imaging modality for bladder or rectal invasion.

Results

The CT scan showed 68.2% and 85.7% for sensitivity and 96.4% and 98.9% for specificity in detecting bladder and rectal invasion, respectively. CT scan provided a low PPV (51.7%, 54.5%) and a high NPV (98.2%, 99.8%). MRI scan showed 88.0% and 75.0% for sensitivity and 93.1% and 98.9% for specificity in detecting bladder and rectal invasion, respectively. MRI scan provided a low PPV (35.6%, 42.9%) and a high NPV (99.4%, 99.7%). The accuracies of CT and MRI scans in identifying bladder invasion were 94.9% and 92.8%, respectively. The accuracies of CT and MRI in identifying rectal invasion were 98.7% and 98.6%, respectively.

Conclusion

The results of this study demonstrate that additional invasive endoscopy is not necessary for patients who present with no invasion on imaging work-up, and therefore, endoscopy should be considered a tool for confirming cases that are positive for invasion based on imaging work-up.     

Utility of Frozen Section Pathology with Endometrial Pre-Malignant Lesions

Aim: To determine utility of the frozen section (FS) in the operative management of endometrial pre-malignant lesions. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed patients who underwent abdominal hysterectomy with preoperative diagnosis of complex atypical endometrial hyperplasia (CAEH) and simple endometrial hyperplasia (SEH) between May 2007 and December 2013. Frozen and paraffin section (PS) results were compared. Sensitivity, specificity, the positive predictive value (PPV), the negative predictive value (NPV) and the accuracy in predicting EC on FS were evaluated with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each parameter. The correlation between FS and PS was calculated as an κ coefficient. Results: Among 143 preoperatively diagnosed CAEH cases, 60 (42%) were malignant and 83 (58%) were benign in PS; and among 60 malignantcases diagnosed in PS, 43 (71%) were “malignant” in FS. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV for FS were 76%, 100%, 100% and 87.5%, respectively. Conclusions: We found that FS is reliable and applicable in the management of endometrial hyperplasias. It is important that the pathologist should be experienced becauseFS for endometrial pre-malignant lesions has significant inter-observer variability. The other conclusion is that patients with the diagnosis of EH, especially those who are postmenopausal, should undergo surgery where FS investigation is available.     

磁共振成像在子宫内膜癌分期中的价值

 目的　与手术及病理结果对照研究磁共振成像（MRI）评价子宫内膜癌肌层浸润深度、子宫颈受累及淋巴结转移情况的价值。方法　选择进行MRI检查的38例病理证实的子宫内膜癌患者,在MRI图像上判断肿瘤侵犯子宫肌层深度、子宫颈受累以及局部淋巴结转移的情况,38例患者中有35例进行手术治疗,MRI和手术病理均按照FIGO标准进行分期,与手术病理分期对照分析MRI对子宫内膜癌分期的价值。结果　术前MRI分期的总的准确度为77.1 %（27／35）,Kappa分析表明病理分期与MRI分期一致性较好（κ＝0.677）。MRI判断子宫内膜癌浸润深肌层（>1／2厚度）的准确度、敏感度、特异度、阴性预测值和阳性预测值分别为91.4 ％（32／35）、83.3 %（10／12）、95.6 %（22／23）、91.7 %（23／24）和90.9 %（10／11）;评价子宫颈浸润分别为94.2 %（33／35）、87.5 %（7／8）、96.3 %（26／27）、96.3 %（26／27）和87.5 %（7／8）;评价淋巴结转移分别为96.2 %（25／26）、66.7 %（2／3）、100 %（23／23）、95.8 %（23／24）和100 %（2／2）。结论　MRI在评价子宫内膜癌肌层浸润深度、子宫颈受累及淋巴结转移和术前分期方面具有较高的价值。     

磁共振扩散加权成像在判断子宫内膜癌肌层浸润中的应用

目的：探讨MR／扩散加权成像在判断子宫内膜癌肌层浸润中的应用价值。方法：回顾性分析40例经手术病理证实的子宫内膜癌MR扩散加权成像表现,判断其肌层浸润程度,并与术后病理结果进行对照分析。结果：MRI扩散加权成像示子宫内膜癌局限于内膜5例,侵及浅肌层21例,侵及深肌层14例。以手术病理为准,MRI扩散加权成像判断肿瘤局限于内膜的敏感性、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为60．0％、94．3％、90．0％、60．0％、94．3％;浅肌层浸润分别为85．0％、80．0％、82．5％、81．0％、84．2％;深肌层浸润分别为86．7％、96．0％、92．5％、92．9％、92．3％。结论：MRI扩散加权成像对判断子宫内膜癌肌层浸润有较高价值,有助于选择合适的治疗方案。     

Diagnostic Performance of Gray-scale versus Combined Gray-scale with Colour Doppler Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Malignancy in Thyroid Nodules

Objective: To compare diagnostic performance of gray-scale ultrasound and combined gray-scale ultrasoundwith color Doppler ultrasound in predicting malignancy of thyroid nodules by using tissue diagnosis as thereference standard. Design: Diagnostic test with prospective data collection. Materials and Methods: BetweenNovember 2007 and October 2008, 31 patients (16 with solitary thyroid nodules and 15 with multiple thyroidnodules) were preoperatively evaluated with gray-scale ultrasound and color Doppler ultrasound. The noduleswere classified as benign or malignant according to the established ultrasound criteria and were later comparedwith histologic findings obtained from surgical specimens. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value(PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of gray-scale US and combined gray-scale with color Doppler USwere evaluated using histology as the reference. Results: The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of gray-scaleultrasonography were 80.0%, 84.6%, 50.0% and 95.7%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPVof preoperative combined gray-scale US with color Doppler ultrasonography were 40.0%, 96.2%, 66.7% and89.3%, respectively. Conclusion: Combination of gray-scale US with color Doppler US findings improvesspecificity and PPV in the diagnosis of malignancy in thyroid nodules.     

Can preoperative MRI accurately evaluate nodal and parametrial invasion in early stage cervical cancer?

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the pretreatment evaluation of invasive cervical cancer especially for the parametrial invasion and lymph node (LN) involvement. METHODS: We retrospectively recruited consecutive patients with biopsy-confirmed cervical cancer who had undergone preoperative MRI and were scheduled for surgery based on clinical assessment between January 2004 and May 2006. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of MRI for the parametrial invasion and LN involvement using surgicopathologic findings as the reference standard. RESULTS: A total of 119 eligible patients completed preoperative and intra-operative survey, of whom 34 (28.6%) had pelvic LN metastasis and four (3.4%) had para-aortic LN metastasis histologically. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of MRI in detecting LN involvement by region-specific analysis were 40.5, 91.3 and 86.8% respectively. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of MRI in detecting parametrial invasion were 44.4, 89.1 and 88.3% respectively. The positive predictive value (PPV) of preoperative MRI for detecting region-specific LN involvement and parametrial invasion was 31.3 and 61.2%, respectively. Imaging findings of suspected parametrial invasion were not to influence the treatment decision in the study. CONCLUSION: Preoperative MRI showed low PPV for detecting LN involvement and parametrial invasion in cervical cancer. Further studies are necessary to determine the cost-effectiveness of using MRI in place of conventional clinical staging tests according to clinical indication and also its use in comparison with that of integrated positron emission tomography/computed tomography.     

The Value of Preoperative CA 125 Levels in Prediction of Myometrial Invasion in Patients with Early-stage Endometrioidtype Endometrial Cancer

Aim: To evaluate the relationship between pre-operative CA-125 levels and myometrial invasion in patients with early-stage endometrioid-type endometrial cancer. Materials and Methods: Two-hundred and sixty patients were diagnosed with endometrial cancer between January 2007 and December 2012. Of these, 136 patients with stage 1 endometrioid histologic-type and documented pre-operative serum CA-125 levels were included in the study. Age, preoperative CA-125 level, histologic grade, surgical grade, and presence of deep myometrial invasion were recorded. Additionally, 16, 20, and 35 IU/ml cutoff values were used and compared to evaluate the relationship between pre-operative CA-125 levels and myometrial invasion. Results: The average serum CA-125 level was 35.4±36.7 in patients with deep myometrial invasion, and 21.5±35.8 in cases without deep myometrial invasion. The relationship between the presence of deep myometrial invasion and CA-125 cut-off values (16, 20, 35 IU/ml) was statistically significant, although the correlation was weak (p<0.05). When the relationship between 16, 20 and 35 IU/ml CA-125 cut-off values and the presence of deep myometrial invasion was studied, specifity and sensitivity values were identified as: 0.60-0.68 for 16 IU/ml; 0.73-0.48 for 20 IU/ml; and 0.89-0.33 for 35 IU/ml. The sensitivity of 16 IU/ml cut-off value was higher when compared to other values. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that preoperative serum CA-125 values maybe used as a predictive test in patients with early stage endometrioid-type endometrium cancer, and as a prognostic factor alone. Further studies should be conducted to identify different CA-125 cut-off values in patients with low risk endometrial cancer.     

高分辨3.0T磁共振评估直肠癌术前环周切缘有无累及的前瞻性研究

目的:探讨高分辨3.0T磁共振(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)对直肠癌术前环周切缘(circumferential resection margin,CRM)有无累及的前瞻性评估,以指导直肠癌的多学科诊断和个体化治疗方式。方法:2012年2月至2017年7月利用GE 3.0T磁共振对46例经结肠镜证实的直肠癌患者进行盆腔磁共振平扫、DWI检查,常规序列包括失状位FRFSE T2WI、冠位FRFSE T2WI、轴位FRFSE T2WI和DWI,并且所有T2WI序列都采用小视野、薄层扫描,DWI的b值取1 000 s/mm2。然后综合所有序列对直肠癌病灶进行术前MRI-T、N分期判定,评估直肠系膜筋膜、环周切缘有无累及,然后与手术病理结果进行对照分析。结果:在46例直肠癌中,MRI-T分期中正确诊断40例,错误诊断6例,正确率为87.0%。N分期中正确诊断34例,错误诊断12例,正确率为73.9%。MRI判断直肠系膜环周切缘有无累及的准确率、敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为93.5%、100.0%、91.2%、80.0%及100.0%。结论:高分辨率3.0T磁共振成像可以对直肠癌手术环周切缘有无累及进行准确的预测,还可以清楚的显示病灶及邻近组织侵犯情况,指导直肠癌的个体化治疗。     

Assessment of endometrial sampling as a predictor of final surgical pathology in endometrial cancer

Background:

The histology and grade of endometrial cancer are important predictors of disease outcome and of the likelihood of nodal involvement. In most centres, however, surgical staging decisions are based on a preoperative biopsy. The objective of this study was to assess the concordance between the preoperative histology and that of the hysterectomy specimen in endometrial cancer.

Methods:

Patients treated for endometrial cancer during a 10-year period at a tertiary cancer centre were identified from a prospectively collected pathological database. All pathology reports were reviewed to confirm centralised reporting of the original sampling or biopsy specimens; patients whose biopsies were not reviewed by a dedicated gynaecological pathologist at the treating centre were excluded. Surgical pathology data including histology, grade, depth of myometrial invasion, cervical stromal involvement and lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI) as well as preoperative histology and grade were collected. Preoperative and final tumour cell type and grade were compared and the distribution of other high-risk features was analysed.

Results:

A total of 1329 consecutive patients were identified; 653 patients had a centrally reviewed epithelial endometrial cancer on their original biopsy, and are included in this study. Of 255 patients whose biopsies were read as grade 1 (G1) adenocarcinoma, 45 (18%) were upgraded to grade 2 (G2) on final pathology, 6 (2%) were upgraded to grade 3 (G3) and 5 (2%) were read as a non-endometrioid high-grade histology. Overall, of 255 tumours classified as G1 endometrioid cancers on biopsy, 74 (29%) were either found to be low-grade (G1–2) tumours with deep myometrial invasion, or were reclassified as high-grade cancers (G3 or non-endometrioid histologies) on final surgical pathology. Despite these shifts, we calculate that omitting surgical staging in preoperatively diagnosed G1 endometrioid cancers without deep myometrial invasion would result in missing nodal involvement in only 1% of cases.

Conclusions:

Preoperative endometrial sampling is only a modest predictor of surgical pathology features in endometrial cancer and may underestimate the risk of disease spread and recurrence. In spite of frequent shifts in postoperative vs preoperative histological assessment, the predicted rate of missed nodal metastases with a selective staging policy remains low.     

Benefit of adjuvant radiotherapy in surgically staged stage I-II endometrial carcinoma

AIMS AND BACKGROUND: This study was performed to determine the treatment outcomes and patterns of failure following external beam therapy in patients with pathological stage I-II endometrial carcinoma. STUDY DESIGN: Eighty-three patients with stage I-II endometrial carcinoma surgically staged who were found to have high risk factors and who received postoperative radiation therapy are the subject of this report. High risk factors were: histologic grade II-III, depth of myometrial invasion (DMI) > or =1/2, stage II, poor prognostic histology (clear cell, papillary serous cell) and lymphovascular invasion. RESULTS: Recurrences were observed in six patients. The recurrences were located in the vagina (1), lung (2), liver (1), and paraaortic lymph nodes (1). Five of the six recurrences were stage IC and II. The overall survival (OS), cause-specific survival (CSS) and disease-free survival (DFS) at five years were 82.9%, 85.0% and 81.3%, respectively. DMI, grade, age and cervical stromal invasion had a significant impact on CSS. CONCLUSION: Adjuvant radiotherapy decreases the rate of relapse in pathologically staged high-risk stage I-II endometrial carcinoma patients. After reviewing the other studies on this subject we conclude that vaginal cuff brachytherapy alone could be used in stage IA grade III and stage IB grade I-II patients because the recurrence rate is low; pelvic radiotherapy + vaginal cuff brachytherapy should be used for stage IC-II disease. Distant metastases occurred in five of our patients and represent a significant type of failure.