Technology-based support via telephone or web: A systematic review of the effects on smoking,alcohol use and gambling

A systematic review of the literature on telephone or internet-based support for smoking, alcohol use or gambling was performed. Studies were included if they met the following criteria: The design being a randomized control trail (RCT), focused on effects of telephone or web based interventions, focused on pure telephone or internet-based self-help, provided information on alcohol or tobacco consumption, or gambling behavior, as an outcome, had a follow-up period of at least 3 months, and included adults. Seventy-four relevant studies were found; 36 addressed the effect of internet interventions on alcohol consumption, 21 on smoking and 1 on gambling, 12 the effect of helplines on smoking, 2 on alcohol consumption, and 2 on gambling. Telephone helplines can have an effect on tobacco smoking, but there is no evidence of the effects for alcohol use or gambling. There are some positive findings regarding internet-based support for heavy alcohol use among U.S. college students. However, evidence on the effects of internet-based support for smoking, alcohol use or gambling are to a large extent inconsistent.     

黄芪的心血管药理作用研究进展

综述了近年黄芪及有效成分的心血管药理作用研究进展。介绍了黄芪对心肌缺血、缺血再灌注损伤、病毒性心肌炎的保护作用及其对心肌收缩力、血栓形成等方面的影响。     

Embryolethal and teratogenic effects of bromofenofos in rats

Bromofenofos, an organophosphorus anthelmintic, was administered by gavage to rats as a single dose (50 mg/kg) on one of days 6 through 14 of pregnancy. The dams were killed on day 21, and the fetuses were removed, weighed and examined by routine teratological methods. A significant increase in fetal resorptions occurred after administration on days 9 through 13, with a maximum on day 10. Approximately 72% of the implants were resorbed after administration on day 10. Fetal body weights were significantly decreased when dams were treated on day 8 or later. The greatest decrease in fetal body weights was observed on day 10, when the fetuses weighed less than the controls by about 44% on the average. The incidence of fetuses with gross, skeletal and internal malformations was significantly increased on days 8 through 10, on days 8 through 11 and on days 8 and 9, respectively. Although various types of malformations were observed, most of them occurred on day 8, when no significant increase in fetal resorptions did occur. Cleft lip, short tail, brachygnathia, anal atresia, absence of genital tubercle, fused pelvic legs and perineal testicles were seen on day 8 as gross malformations. Skeletal malformations mainly affected the vertebrae and ribs. Major internal malformations on day 8 were hydronephrosis, hydroureter, anophthalmia, cleft palate, agenesis of the bladder and renal agenesis. Anophthalmia and/or microphthalmia were observed on days 8 through 10, with the highest incidence on day 9. To further determine the no-effect levels for embryolethal and teratogenic effects, a single dose of 10, 20, 30 or 40 mg/kg was administered by gavage to rats on days 8 or 10 of pregnancy. The no-effect levels of single oral dose for embryolethal and teratogenic effects were considered to be 40 and 30 mg/kg, respectively.     

针刺促进大脑神经发育与修复的新进展

就近5年来针刺对神经发育与修复方面的实验研究做一综述.目前研究从大脑神经结构方面主要集中在神经干细胞的增殖分化、星形胶质细胞的增殖、神经突触的形成上,功能方面集中在神经递质的含量、神经细胞的能量代谢上,其他影响因素则集中在神经营养类物质、大脑微循环方面.     

Generalized ridge analysis with application to population pharmacokinetics/dynamics

Given a set of measurements on a patient in clinical studies or on a drug response in bioassays and immunoassays, the data series for the individual can be incomplete, noisy, and haphazard. Hence, meaningful analysis on such limited data is at best difficult given the typical assumptions on the nonlinear structure of systematic and random components involving both individual and population effects. This paper describes a simple direct semiparametric procedure to incorporate population-wide information from as many individuals as required to support analysis of data on any specific individual. This notion is motivated by the pattern-processing capabilities of experts as they evaluate data on an individual based on their reservoir of accumulated knowledge of the given application on many individuals.     

Anti-epileptic drugs in pregnancy: current safety and other issues

Women with epilepsy of child-bearing years have their own considerations, which must be taken into account if management of their epilepsy is to be optimised. The main issues to consider include the effects of: female hormones on seizure control, anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) on hormonal methods of contraception, epilepsy and AEDs on fertility, epilepsy and AEDs on pregnancy itself, pregnancy on AEDs and seizure control and epilepsy, seizures and AEDs on the developing embryo/fetus. Whereas previous studies have concentrated on the increased risk of major congenital malformations from prenatal AED exposure, the effects on cognitive and behavioural development are increasingly being explored. This article looks at the evidence currently available for all of the above issues, taking into account the increased number of AEDs which are now available.     

The effect of pre- and post-trial amphetamine injections on avoidance responses of rats

Rats were trained in a shuttle-box to avoid shocks, and then re-tested 5 days later for retention. A pre-trial injection of 2 mg/kg amphetamine increased the performance of conditioned responses (CR's) on the first day, but it did not improve retention beyond control levels. A similar post-trial injection, on the other hand, caused a marked enhancement of retention, even in rats which had received a pre-trial amphetamine treatment. Atropine potentiated the effect of pre-trial amphetamine on performance during the first-day session, but it partly antagonised that of post-trial amphetamine on retention. The effect of pre-trial amphetamine, and its interaction with atropine were similar to previously reported observations on pseudoconditioning. Thus, amphetamine was considered to have a dual effect on behaviour: on one hand, an enhancing effect on pseudoconditioning, which could be potentiated by atrophie; on the other, another stimulant action on memory consolidation, which was counteracted by atropine. Under the conditions of the present experiment, it was to be expected that the effect of pre-trial amphetamine on the performance of avoidance responses on the first-day would be due to an increase of pseudoconditioned responses, and therefore would not improve retention of CRs over control levels.A higher dose (5 mg/kg) of amphetamine lacked all facilitatory action on learning. The effects of atropine by itself were dose-dependent on pre-trial injection (a low dose depressed, a higher dose enhanced performance on both sessions), and was stimulant upon retention upon post-trial treatment.Supported by a fellowship (A.M.E.) and a grant (No. 2389b, to I.I.) from the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina.     

更昔洛韦葡萄糖注射液的溶血性、过敏性及血管刺激性考察

目的：考察更昔洛韦葡萄糖注射液的溶血性、过敏性和对静脉血管的刺激作用：方法：以豚鼠及新西兰兔为实验动物，给予本注射液后观察动物有无红肿、充血、出血和坏死等刺激作用及溶血和过敏现象。结果：滴注部位未出现明显的红肿、充血、坏死等刺激反应及过敏现象；对家兔红细胞未产生溶血和凝集作用。结论：更昔洛韦葡萄糖注射液无血管刺激性、过敏性及溶血性。     

Molecular targets of epigenetic regulation and effectors of environmental influences

The true understanding of what we currently define as epigenetics evolved over time as our knowledge on DNA methylation and chromatin modifications and their effects on gene expression increased. The current explosion of research on epigenetics and the increasing documentation of the effects of various environmental factors on DNA methylation, chromatin modification, as well as on the expression of small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have expanded the scope of research on the etiology of various diseases including cancer. The current review briefly discusses the molecular mechanisms of epigenetic regulation and expands the discussion with examples on the role of environment, such as the immediate environment during development, in inducing epigenetic changes and modulating gene expression.     

硫普罗宁注射液安全性试验

目的评价硫普罗宁注射液的安全性。方法对硫普罗宁注射液进行血管刺激性、溶血性、过敏性试验。结果硫普罗宁注射液对家兔耳缘静脉无明显刺激作用,对家兔红细胞无明显体外溶血及致凝集作用,对豚鼠无致过敏作用。结论硫普罗宁注射液用于注射是安全的。