右美托咪定对七氟醚麻醉诱导时患者躁动及应激反应的影响

近年来七氟醚在临床应用逐渐增多,但麻醉诱导期间多数患者会出现兴奋,表现为躁动,影响麻醉诱导质量.右美托咪定是选择性的α2受体激动药,具有镇静、镇痛作用,对呼吸抑制轻.研究证实右美托咪定可以减少小儿七氟醚麻醉气管拔管期间的躁动[1].但右美托咪定能否减少七氟醚麻醉诱导期间的躁动及提高七氟醚吸入麻醉诱导的质量尚无定论.本研究拟观察预先输注右美托咪定对七氟醚麻醉诱导期间患者躁动及应激反应的影响.     

右旋美托咪啶对小儿七氟醚麻醉苏醒期躁动及血流动力学的影响

七氟醚麻醉诱导及维持在小儿麻醉中具有明显优势,诱导平稳,苏醒迅速,但术后躁动患儿较多[1].而麻醉期间应用咪唑安定、阿片类镇痛药等均不能明显减少七氟醚麻醉后患儿的躁动.     

氯胺酮和七氟醚用于小儿疝气的比较

目的:比较静注氯胺酮与吸入七氟醚麻醉在小儿疝气手术中的麻醉效果及安全性.方法:选择期行疝气修补术的患儿80例,随机分为氯胺酮组和七氟醚组,每组各40例.氟胺酮组鼻导管供氧后静注咪唑安定0.1mg/kg和氯胺酮2mg/kg;七氟醚组面罩吸入6％的七氟醚,氧流量为4L/min.观察两组诱导和苏醒时间,诱导时是否合作,以及呼吸抑制、恶心、呕吐、术中体动和知晓及苏醒期躁动发生率.结果:与氯胺酮组组相比,七氟醚组能较好接受诱导,诱导、苏醒时间较短,术中体动及苏醒期躁动发生率较低(P＜0.05);两组呕吐等不良反应和术中知晓发生率差异无统计学意义.结论:吸入七氟醚麻醉具有诱导快速、平稳、呼吸系统并发症少、小儿乐于接受的特点,可替代目前小儿疝气手术中常用的静注氯胺酮的麻醉方法.     

曲马多或酒石酸布托啡诺用于治疗小儿七氟醚全身麻醉术后躁动的临床观察

七氟醚自1995年经美国FDA批准上市,由于其刺激性小、诱导迅速、血流动力学平稳,目前在临床广泛应用.但是,与其他含氟类麻醉药一样,在全身麻醉清醒期,七氟醚全麻也可出现术后躁动,尤其在小儿发生率高达50%以上~([1]).     

七氟醚联合小剂量氯胺酮全麻在小儿斜疝手术中的应用

目的 研究七氟醚联合小剂量氯胺酮麻醉在小儿斜疝手术中的效果.方法 60例年龄3～8岁择期行斜疝修补术的患儿.随机均分为两组.七氟醚复合小剂量氯胺酮组(SK组)和氯胺酮组(K组),观察两组诱导和苏醒时间.诱导时是否合作.喉痉挛、呕吐、术中体动和知晓及苏醒期躁动发生率.结果 与K组相比,SK组能较好接受诱导,诱导、苏醒时间较短.术中体动及苏醒期躁动发生率较低(P<0.05);两组呕吐和术中知晓发生率差异无统计学意义.结论 七氟醚联合小剂量氯胺酮麻醉具有麻醉诱导、苏醒快,不良反应少,能较好地应用于小儿斜疝修补术.     

七氟醚静吸复合麻醉与全凭静脉麻醉用于小儿手术的比较

目的 比较七氟醚静吸复合麻醉与丙泊酚、芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉用于小儿手术的临床效果.方法 60例4～14岁ASA Ⅰ级择期行外科手术的小儿,随机均分为丙泊酚、芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉组(丙泊酚组)和七氟醚静吸复合麻醉组(七氟醚组).丙泊酚组静脉麻醉诱导,静脉麻醉药物维持.七氟醚组七氟醚麻醉诱导,七氟醚麻醉维持.记录术中血流动力学变化,术后麻醉恢复情况.结果 两组诱导方法都能实现快速诱导,且丙泊酚组麻醉诱导起效更快,意识消失时间、插管时间较七氟醚组缩短(P＜0.01).而七氟醚组麻醉诱导对心率的影响更小,诱导更平稳.七氟醚组苏醒时间、拔管时间、定向力恢复时间和PACU滞留时间均短于丙泊酚组(P＜0.01).结论 七氟醚静吸复合麻醉后术中循环稳定,术后清醒迅速、平稳,可安全有效地应用于小儿手术.     

七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼在小儿唇腭裂手术中的应用

目的:观察七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼用于小儿唇腭裂手术的麻醉诱导、维持及苏醒的临床效果.方法:40例唇腭裂患者,ASA Ⅰ级,年龄6个月至12岁,随机分成两组(n=20):S组全凭吸入七氟醚麻醉,SR组七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼.观察两组患儿术中、术后血流动力学变化.记录诱导时间、自主呼吸恢复时间以及术后拔管时间,并观察有无术后躁动等.结果:SR组术中术后血流动力学变化小于S组(p＜0.05),SR组插管时间短于S组(p＜0.05).结论:七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼用于小儿唇腭裂手术较单纯使用七氟醚血流动力学更加平稳.     

七氟醚对术后认知功能的影响及机制

术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)作为术后中枢神经系统并发症越来越受到关注,其发生可能与麻醉药物的应用有关.七氟醚是一种新型卤代羟基醚类吸入全身麻醉药,化学结构为FCH2 LCH(CF3)2,化学名为氟甲基-六氟-异丙基醚,血/气分配系数为0.63.由于其理化性质稳定,诱导迅速且平稳,带香味无刺激性,近年来已在临床上广泛应用,尤其适用于小儿或成人门诊小手术或检查性手术的麻醉.随着人们对POCD的关注,七氟醚对认知功能的影响也越来越受到重视.本文回顾近年来国内外关于七氟醚对认知功能影响方面的研究,旨在阐明七氟醚对认知功能的影响及机制,为POCD的防治提供依据.     

七氟醚不同麻醉方式在小儿手术麻醉中的临床效果及安全性

目的探讨七氟醚不同麻醉方式在小儿麻醉手术中的临床效果及安全性。方法选择本院2012年1月至2015年5月收治的90例需全麻手术治疗的小儿患者,按随机数字表法平均分为研究组及对照组各45例。研究组患儿使用高浓度七氟醚麻醉诱导,对照组患儿使用低浓度七氟醚麻醉诱导。比较两组患儿麻醉前后呼吸循环指标变化、麻醉诱导时间、手术时间、苏醒时间、苏醒期躁动评分及不良反应发生情况。结果对照组患儿MAP及HR在T₂、T₃及T₄时刻较T₀、T₁时刻均明显升高,且高于研究组,比较差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。研究组患儿麻醉诱导时间、苏醒时间及苏醒期躁动评分均明显低于对照组,比较差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。研究组患儿不良反应发生率为33.3%,与对照组37.8%比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论高浓度七氟醚在小儿麻醉手术中麻醉效果好,具有起效迅速、恢复快、对呼吸循环系统影响小等特点,值得临床推广应用。     

小儿七氟醚麻醉苏醒期间躁动的研究

目的 观察小儿七氟醚麻醉苏醒期在不同年龄和不同麻醉时的躁动情况.方法 选择学龄前儿童(3～5岁)及学龄儿童(6～9岁)各60例拟进行双侧扁桃体摘除术和腹股沟斜疝修补术患儿,分别均分为学龄前儿童静-吸复合组(A1组)及七氟醚吸入组(A2组),学龄儿童静-吸复合组(B1组)及七氟醚吸入组(B2组).A1、B1纽静-吸复合麻醉诱导采用静注咪唑安定0.1 mg/kg、丙泊酚2 mg/kg、芬太尼2 μg/kg;A2、B2组吸入麻醉诱导采用8%七氟醚吸入.维持吸人3%～5%七氟醚,调节氧浓度1～2 L/min,将肺泡最低有效浓度值控制在1.3～1.5 MAC.术毕记录手术时间、拔管时间(停药至拔除气管导管的时间)和苏醒时间(停药至呼之睁眼的时间),并记录躁动发生情况.结果 同一年龄不同麻醉方式组患儿:术后轻、中、重度躁动发生率A2组明显高于A1组、B2组明显高于B1组(P<0.05).不同年龄同一麻醉方式组的患儿:术后轻、中度躁动发生率A1组明显高于B1组、A2组明显高于B2组(P<0.05);而重度躁动发生率A2组明显高于B2组(P<0.05)(表1).结论 学龄前儿童及吸入麻醉苏醒期躁动发生率高.     

Prevention of Sevoflurane Delirium and Agitation With Propofol

Emergence delirium and agitation (EAD) associated with sevoflurane general anesthesia are very commonly observed in young children. Such events pose a risk for injury as well as decreased parental satisfaction, especially in the ambulatory and office-based setting. This article reviews the different approaches described in the literature to reduce EAD. A novel approach using a Bispectral Index System (BIS)-guided anesthesia with propofol washout technique is proposed as a viable and effective approach to prevent EAD.Key Words: Agitation, Delirium, Propofol, SevofluraneInhalation anesthesia has been known to cause emergence delirium and agitation, particularly in young children. Halothane was the induction agent of choice for children for 4 decades until the advent of sevoflurane, which offered better clinical outcomes in the pediatric patient. Sevoflurane is advantageous because it does not cause significant cardiac depression and dysrhythmias compared to halothane. Inhalation induction and maintenance are often necessary in children who are uncooperative and combative. There are numerous other advantages of sevoflurane inhalation and maintenance of general anesthesia in children. Inhalation anesthesia does not require intravenous access and patient cooperation during the initial stages of induction. Sevoflurane anesthesia is also easy to titrate for maintaining an adequate level of anesthesia, especially for the intubated and spontaneously breathing pediatric patient in a dental office. It also is a potent bronchodilator, which can offer an added benefit especially in children with a history of asthma. While sevoflurane has clearly become the inhalation induction agent of choice, it also presents a high incidence of emergence delirium and agitation compared to other inhalation anesthetic agents. This article will review the various agents investigated for the reduction of emergence agitation and delirium (EAD), including the limitations of such techniques. Since Bispectral Index System (BIS)-guided anesthesia has been proven to be very useful in various aspects of ambulatory pediatric anesthesia, including reducing extubation, recovery, and discharge times, a novel technique employing the BIS-guided supplemental propofol anesthesia in the final stages of office-based pediatric sevoflurane general anesthesia is proposed to reduce the incidence of EAD.     

Quality of recovery from two types of general anesthesia for ambulatory dental surgery in children: a double-blind, randomized trial

Background:  Pediatric dental procedures are increasingly performed under general anesthesia because of the inability to cooperate, situational anxiety, or other behavioral problems. Volatile anesthetics have been associated with emergence delirium in children, whereas the use of propofol for anesthetic maintenance has been shown to reduce the incidence of emergence delirium after other types of surgeries. The aim of this study is to compare a sevoflurane-based anesthetic with a propofol-based technique as it relates to the incidence of emergence delirium and the quality of recovery after pediatric dental surgery, in patients who present with risk factors for perioperative behavioral issues.
Methods:  We prospectively collected data of 179 pediatric patients scheduled for ambulatory dental surgery using a double-blind and randomized trial design. Subjects were anesthetized following standardized protocols for either a sevoflurane- or a propofol-based technique. The incidence of emergency delirium, as measured by the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium score, was the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), number of nursing interventions in the recovery room, time to discharge readiness, and parental satisfaction.
Results:  We found no difference in the incidence of emergence delirium after both types of anesthesia. However, use of sevoflurane significantly increased both the risk of PONV and the number of postoperative nursing interventions. Discharge criteria were met about 10 min earlier in patients anesthetized with sevoflurane. Parental satisfaction was equally high with both anesthesia regimens.
Conclusions:  A propofol-based anesthetic technique did not lead to a lower incidence of emergence delirium after dental surgery in children but did result in significantly less PONV and fewer postoperative nursing interventions.     

Delirium do despertar após anestesia com sevoflurano em adultos: estudo observacional prospectivo

Background and objectivesEmergence delirium after general anesthesia with sevoflurane has not been frequently reported in adults compared to children. This study aimed to determine the incidence of emergence delirium in adult patients who had anesthesia with sevoflurane as the volatile agent and the probable risk factors associated with its occurrence.Design and methodsA prospective observational study was conducted in adult patients who had non‐neurological procedures and no existing neurological or psychiatric conditions, under general anesthesia. Demographic data such as age, gender, ethnicity and clinical data including ASA physical status, surgical status, intubation attempts, duration of surgery, intraoperative hypotension, drugs used, postoperative pain, rescue analgesia and presence of catheters were recorded. Emergence delirium intensity was measured using the Nursing Delirium Scale (NuDESC).ResultsThe incidence of emergence delirium was 11.8%. The factors significantly associated with emergence delirium included elderly age (>65) (p = 0.04), emergency surgery (p = 0.04), African ethnicity (p = 0.01), longer duration of surgery (p = 0.007) and number of intubation attempts (p = 0.001). Factors such as gender, alcohol and illicit drug use, and surgical specialty did not influence the occurrence of emergence delirium.ConclusionsThe incidence of emergence delirium in adults after general anesthesia using sevoflurane is significant and has not been adequately reported. Modifiable risk factors need to be addressed to further reduce its incidence.     

不同七氟醚吸入浓度对小儿腺样体手术术后苏醒期烦躁的影响

【摘要】 目的 对比观察吸入不同浓度七氟烷对小儿腺样体手术术后烦躁的影响。 方法 38例ASAⅠ级接受腺样体手术的学龄前儿童随机分为七氟烷维持高浓度组（H组）和七氟烷维持低浓度组（L组）。两组均用七氟烷、芬太尼2μg/kg、顺阿曲库胺0.2mg/kg诱导。H组患儿呼出七氟烷浓度为（2.7%---3.0%）,术中相应维持BIS于40--60;L组将患儿呼出七氟烷的浓度降低至维持于（1.3%—1.8%）,主麻医生不按照BIS值的指导。两组均根据术中生命体征调节瑞芬太尼并记录其用量。在围拔管期,记录两组拔管所需时间;记录拔管后watcha评分及PAED评分烦躁评分。结果 两组患者术后拔管时间差异有统计学意义(p<0.05);拔管后运用两种烦躁评分方法,发现差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 七氟烷浓度与腺样体手术术后烦躁发生率无明确相关性,但运用低浓度七氟烷可减少拔管所需时间。     

小儿气管插管全麻苏醒期躁动观察及护理

目的对气管插管全麻小儿手术后苏醒期躁动情况进行观察并总结护理经验。方法观察207例气管插管全麻小儿手术后在麻醉复苏室苏醒恢复情况,进行躁动评分（PAED）、镇痛评分（VAS）,记录并发症的发生情况并对护理情况予以评价。结果气管导管拔除后发生躁动65例。拔管后一过性低氧血症（SpO2〈90%）发生率25.1%（52/207）,面罩吸氧后改善;躁动造成气管导管滑脱8例,静脉输液外渗18例（其中留置针脱出5例）。拔管后10min、20min、30minPAED评分分别为10（2-18）,7（2-16）,6（1-16）,20min,30min组较10min组组间有统计学差异（P〈0.05）。非躁动患儿VAS评分率58.4%（83/142）,VAS为3（0-4）;躁动患儿VAS评分率53.89%（35/65）,VAS为3（0-5）,VAS组间无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。结论气管插管全麻小儿苏醒期躁动发生率高,并可导致严重并发症。苏醒期正确护理对减少并发症的发生及保证患儿的安全至关重要。     

Emergence agitation in pediatric anesthesia

Emergence agitation following general anesthesia in children is an evolving problem, since sevoflurane has become a popular anesthetic for pediatric anesthesia. Several studies comparing incidence of emergence agitation between halothane and sevoflurane showed that sevoflurane anesthesia would result in higher chance of emergence agitation. The reasons of higher incidence of emergence agitation following sevoflurane anesthesia remain unknown. Other risk factors of emergence agitation include age of patients, operative procedure, pain, preoperative anxiety and so on. Several methods are advocated to prevent emergence agitation. The aggressive treatment of surgical pain is essential to avoid screaming on emergence. In addition, varieties of medication, including opioid, sedatives and alpha-2 agonist, have been tried with various success. The avoidance of sevoflurane use for maintenance of anesthesia could be a major contributing factor to reduce the risk of emergence agitation. In the light of quality of emergence, propofol anesthesia seems to be favorable for sedation in imaging procedures. Emergence agitation should be treated appropriately, since it could injure the patient him/herself or caregiver. The calm wake-up from general anesthesia will greatly enhance the parental satisfaction to anesthesia and surgery.     

Association of pharmacological prophylaxis with the risk of pediatric emergence delirium after sevoflurane anesthesia: An updated network meta-analysis

Study objectiveThis updated network meta-analysis aims at exploring whether the concurrent use of midazolam or antiemetics may enhance the efficacy of other pharmacological regimens for delirium prophylaxis in pediatric population after general anesthesia (GA).DesignNetwork meta-analysis (PROSPERO registration: CRD42020179483).SettingPostoperative recovery area.PatientsPediatric patients undergoing GA with sevoflurane.InterventionsPharmacological interventions applied during GA with sevoflurane.MeasurementsThis network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted with a frequentist model. PubMed, Embase, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, Cochrane CENTRAL, ClinicalKey, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched from their inception dates to April 12, 2020, for RCTs of either placebo-controlled or active-controlled design containing information on the incidence of emergence delirium in pediatric patients undergoing sevoflurane anesthesia.Main resultsSeventy studies comprising 6904 participants were included for the analysis of 30 pharmacological interventions. Based on surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) analysis, midazolam was ranked the lowest in therapeutic effect (SUCRA: 20%), while antiemetics as a monotherapy had no effect on delirium prophylaxis. However, there was a trend that most combination therapies with midazolam or antiemetics were superior to monotherapies for delirium prophylaxis. Subgroup analyses based on age (i.e., ≤7 years) and a validated scoring system (i.e., the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale) for delirium also suggested a better efficacy of combination therapies than monotherapies. Overall, combination therapies with midazolam or antiemetics did not have a negative impact on the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting, length of stay in the postanesthesia care unit, or time to extubation. The dexmedetomidine-midazolam-antiemetic combination was the most effective strategy for the prevention of emergence delirium.ConclusionsThis network meta-analysis suggested that the incorporation of midazolam or antiemetics as adjuncts for combination therapies may have synergistic effects against pediatric postoperative emergence delirium. Future large-scale placebo-controlled RCTs are warranted to validate our findings.     

Incidência de delírio ao despertar e fatores de risco após o uso de sevoflurano em pacientes pediátricos para cirurgia ambulatorial,Kingston, Jamaica

Background and objectivesEmergence delirium is a distressing complication of the use of sevoflurane for general anesthesia. This study sought to determine the incidence of emergence delirium and risk factors in patients at a specialist pediatric hospital in Kingston, Jamaica.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional, observational study including pediatric patients aged 3–10 years, ASA I and II, undergoing general anesthesia with sevoflurane for elective day‐case procedures. Data collected included patients’ level of anxiety pre‐operatively using the modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale, surgery performed, anesthetic duration and analgesics administered. Postoperatively, patients were assessed for emergence delirium, defined as agitation with non‐purposeful movement, restlessness or thrashing; inconsolability and unresponsiveness to nursing and/or parental presence. The need for pharmacological treatment and post‐operative complications related to emergence delirium episodes were also noted.Results145 children were included, with emergence delirium occurring in 28 (19.3%). Emergence delirium episodes had a mean duration of 6.9 ± 7.8 min, required pharmacologic intervention in 19 (67.8%) children and were associated with a prolonged recovery time (49.4 ± 11.9 versus 29.7 ± 10.8 min for non‐agitated children; p < 0.001). Factors positively associated with emergence delirium included younger age (p = 0.01, OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.2–8.6) and moderate and severe anxiety prior to induction (p < 0.001, OR 5.6, 95% CI 2.3–13.0). Complications of emergence delirium included intravenous line removal (n = 1), and surgical site bleeding (n = 3).ConclusionChildren of younger age with greater preoperative anxiety are at increased risk of developing emergence delirium following general anesthesia with sevoflurane. The overall incidence of emergence delirium was 19%.     

Recovery characteristics and post-operative delirium after long-duration laparoscope-assisted surgery in elderly patients: propofol-based vs. sevoflurane-based anesthesia

BACKGROUND: Post-operative mental dysfunction may be an important problem in elderly patients. This study was designed to compare the effects of propofol and sevoflurane anesthesia on recovery characteristics and the incidence of post-operative delirium (POD) in long-duration laparoscopic surgery for elderly patients. METHODS: Fifty ASA physical status I-II patients over the age of 65 scheduled for laparoscopic surgery lasting 3 h or more randomly received propofol (group P, n = 25) or sevoflurane (group S, n = 25) for both induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. Both groups were combined with continuous perioperative epidural analgesia. The level of primary anesthetics was adjusted to maintain changes in mean arterial pressure within 20% of the pre-anesthetic values. The emergence times from anesthesia (eye opening, extubation, response to command, and orientation) were recorded, and the occurrence of POD was assessed by the delirium rating scale (DRS) during the first 3 days after surgery. All patients received oxygen and continuous epidural analgesia postoperatively. RESULTS: Immediate emergence, i.e. eye opening and extubation was significantly faster after sevoflurane (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the incidences of POD in the two groups during the first 3 days after surgery. The scores for DRS on day 2 and 3 after surgery, however, were significantly higher in group P than in group S (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Sevoflurane may be preferable to propofol for general anesthesia in combination with epidural analgesia with respect to less effect on mental function during the early postoperative period for long-duration laparoscopic surgery in elderly patients.     

Emergence agitation after cataract surgery in children: a comparison of midazolam,propofol and ketamine

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine whether the concurrent use of either of a subhypnotic dose of midazolam, propofol or ketamine with fentanyl just before discontinuing the sevoflurane anesthesia would effectively sedate the children as they recovered and significantly decrease the incidence and severity of emergence agitation and would not delay patient awakening and discharge. Background: Postoperative emergence agitation may occur in children after general anesthesia with volatile anesthetics. Children who undergo cataract surgery after sevoflurane induction and sevoflurane–remifentanil maintenance may experience this type of agitation. Methods/Materials: In 120 un‐premedicated children aged 1–7 years, mask induction with sevoflurane was performed and they were then randomly assigned to one of the three antiagitation postoperative groups (n = 40). We studied the postoperative antiagitation effects of subhypnotic doses of midazolam combined with fentanyl, propofol with fentanyl or ketamine with fentanyl administered just before discontinuing the sevoflurane anesthesia. A score for the level of agitation can be assigned based on the recovery mental state (RMS) scale and the recently published pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium scale (PAED). Postoperative factors assessed included emergence behaviors, the time to eye opening, the time to discharge from the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) to the ward. Results: There were significantly more agitated children in the ketamine‐group when compared to the midazolam‐group or to the propofol‐group at all time P < 0.05), especially at 10 and 15 min. The PAED scale showed a significant advantage for midazolam–fentanyl [5 (2–15)] and propofol–fentanyl [6 (3–15)] versus ketamine–fentanyl [10 (3–20)] (P < 0.05). The time to discharge from the PACU to the ward was not significantly different among the groups. Conclusions: Intravenous administration of a subhypnotic dose of midazolam or propofol in addition to a low dose of fentanyl just before discontinuing the sevoflurane anesthesia was both effective on decreasing the incidence and severity of emergence agitation in children undergoing cataract extraction without significant delaying recovery time and discharge. The effect of midazolam was clearer than that seen with propofol.