喂养方式与婴儿生长发育４８０例动态观察

目的：了解不同喂养方式对１岁以内婴儿的生长发育影响。方法：对１岁以内健康婴儿按喂养方法和年龄段分组对照比较。结果：母乳喂养优于其它喂养方式，尤其是半岁前的婴儿。结论：母乳是婴儿最理想的食品，应大力宣传母乳喂养。     

婴儿6个月前喂养方式与健康关系探讨

目的探讨婴儿6个月前不同的喂养方式与健康关系,宣传母乳喂养的好处,提高母乳喂养率.方法在2 003年1-6月份,针对我院儿保辖区内305例满6个月的婴儿及家长进行调查,其中母乳喂养儿168例,人工喂养儿137例,分别分组研究.侧量婴儿的身高、体重,了解婴儿患病情况及心理发育程度.其资料采用SPSS统计软件处理.结果婴儿6个月时母乳喂养组体格生长、抗病能力、心理发育方面均明显优于人工喂养组,差异有显著意义(P＜0.05).结论婴儿6个月前采用母乳喂养利于婴儿健康.必须提倡母乳喂养方式,提高母乳喂养率.     

婴儿喂养方式与贫血的关系

贫血是婴儿时期常见的营养性疾病,是我国重点防治的儿童四大疾病之一,对小儿健康危害较大.本文通过对250例6个月～1岁的婴儿患贫血病的调查发现,婴儿贫血总患病率为22.79%,贫血发生率与喂养的方式有非常显著的差异;人工喂养的婴儿患病率明显高于母乳喂养的婴儿,说明母乳喂养好.提示:让全社会重视儿童贫血病的预防.通过各种方式加强对儿童家长母乳喂养知识指导,辅食添加指导,减少贫血病的发生.     

婴儿营养不良63例临床分析

目的 回顾分析婴儿营养不良的原因及与喂养方式的关系。方法 对63例婴儿营养不良从病因、发病月龄、并发疾病、临床表现进行分析。结果 婴儿营养不良主要原因是喂养含低蛋白质的奶粉或过早以谷类食物为主食，不注意适时添加辅食所致，营养不良易合并多种疾病。结论 5个月以前的婴儿应提倡母乳喂养，如缺乏母乳或母乳不足，应以乳类食品尤其以配方奶为佳，适时添加辅食，否则易造成营养不良。     

喂养方式与6～9个月婴儿贫血状况分析

目的探讨婴儿期喂养方式不同与婴儿贫血的关系,以改进喂养方法,预防贫血。方法将250例婴儿根据喂养方式不同（4个月内）分为完全母乳喂养组、人工喂养组和部分母乳喂养组,6-9个月筛查血红蛋白。结果6-9个月婴儿人工喂养组贫血检出率为9．7％,明显低于母乳喂养组（45．9％）和部分母乳喂养组（33．3％）,三种喂养方式之间比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论应加强对母乳喂养婴儿的营养指导。     

喂养方式对婴儿体重增长及疾病的关系

本文探讨了三种不同喂养方式对婴儿体重增长及疾病发生的关系，兹将结果报告如下。材料和方法一、对象：儿保门诊接受定期体检的婴儿。调查496例顺产婴儿中，母乳喂养201例（40．5％），人工喂养113例（22．8％），混合喂养182例（367％）。二、方法：婴儿4个月，6个月测量体重     

喂养方式与婴儿生长发育480例动态观察

目的 :了解不同喂养方式对 1岁以内婴儿的生长发育影响。方法 :对 1岁以内健康婴儿按喂养方法和年龄段分组对照比较。结果 :母乳喂养优于其它喂养方式 ,尤其是半岁前的婴儿。结论 :母乳是婴儿最理想的食品 ,应大力宣传母乳喂养。     

喂养方式与婴幼儿健康状况相关分析

目的 为了探讨不同喂养方式对婴幼儿健康状况的影响。方法 对本院儿童保健门诊定期体检的1219名婴幼儿(1999～2002年出生)就6个月内喂养方式与婴幼儿体格发育及患病情况进行了调查，母乳喂养548名为一组，混合喂养550名为一组及人工喂养121名为一组，分别统计其体格发育达标率，佝偻病、贫血、婴儿腹泻及呼吸道感染的患病率分别进行对比分析。结果 母乳喂养组的体格发育高于混合喂养及人工喂养组，其患病率亦较混合喂养及人工喂养组为低。结论 母乳喂养可提高婴幼儿生长发育水平，保障婴幼儿健康成长，少得疾病，值得大力提倡和普及。     

喂养方式对婴幼儿智能发育的影响研究

目的比较母乳喂养、混合喂养与人工喂养对婴儿智能发育的影响。方法选择足月出生的正常体重儿348例，分母乳喂养、混合喂养和人工喂养3组，纳入婴儿分别于1、3、6月龄进行丹佛智能筛查表（DDST）发育测试，同时记录6个月内患呼吸道感染、肺炎、腹泻、佝偻病等疾病的情况。结果婴儿常见病患病率以母乳喂养组最低、混合喂养组次之，人工喂养组最高，且3组中两两比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。3组婴儿在1、3、6月龄的DDST压线项目通过率中，大多数项目通过率母乳喂养组〉混合喂养组〉人工喂养组，且差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。其中3月龄中62．5％的项目，3组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；6月龄中38．46％的项目，3组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论母乳是4个月内婴儿的最佳食物，其营养素齐全，能够减少患病率、全面满足婴儿体格生长，同时适时添加高质量的辅食对婴儿智能发育的作用是不可忽视的。     

妊娠晚期强化母乳喂养宣教对婴儿喂养方式影响的研究

目的探讨妊娠晚期强化母乳喂养宣教对婴儿喂养方式的影响。方法选取362例初产妇,随机分为对照组和观察组,对照组常规产前检查、产后常规护理,观察组在对照组的基础上,对孕晚期孕妇在胎心监护的同时,进行强化母乳喂养宣教,比较两组在产后3、42 d婴儿喂养方式的情况。结果在产后3、42 d纯母乳喂养率、混合母乳喂养率两组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论孕晚期强母乳喂养宣教,对提高孕妇纯母乳喂养的积极性效果明显,可显著提高纯母乳喂养率。     

Metabolic acidosis and infant feeding

Most cows' milk based formulae for infant feeding present a greater acid load to the infant than breast milk. To determine the effect of this difference the acid base state of 180 healthy term infants was measured on the sixth day of life and related to the type of feed. Those infants fed on cows' milk formula (SMA) had a mean pH of 7-34 +/- 0-05 and a base deficit of 8-8 +/- 3-1, while those fed on breast milk had a mean pH of 7-38 +/- 0-05 and a base deficit of 5-6 +/- 3-1. The difference between the two groups of infants was significant for both these measurements. Metabolic acidosis was defined as a base deficit greater than 10 mmol/l. Seventy-four per cent of the 34 infants who were acidotic at six days were bottle-fed. There was a significant correlation between the pH of the feed and the degree of acidosis in the infant as measured by the base deficit. The findings suggest that when breast milk is not available a pH-adjusted milk formula would be desirable for preventing and treating neonatal metabolic acidosis.     

母婴同室前后剖宫产分析

目的　探讨母婴同室及母乳喂养对于割宫产产妇子宫复旧及乳汁分泌的影响。方法　随机抽取我院产科1999年8月割宫产病例100例，均为母婴同室及母乳喂养，与1993年同期非母婴同室及母乳喂养的割宫产病例100例进行对比分析。结果　母婴同室及母乳喂养较非母婴同室及母乳喂养的剖宫产产妇子宫复旧更好，乳汁分泌早且量较多，初乳利用冯高。结论　剖宫产产妇实行母婴同室及按需哺乳，既有利于产妇的产后恢复，又能促进乳汁分泌，使婴儿得到营养丰富、含有多种抗体的初乳。     

河南省预防艾滋病母婴传播工作效果评价

目的了解河南省开展预防艾滋病母婴传播阻断工作的效果,探讨母婴传播的影响因素。方法收集自2001年1月至2008年6月底通过HIV检测和HIV阳性育龄妇女随访工作中发现的HIV阳性产妇及其分娩婴儿的有关信息,比较产妇和婴儿的干预措施对预防艾滋病母婴传播效果的影响。结果352名HIV阳性产妇分娩的362名婴儿中,满18月龄HIV抗体检测有344名阴性,18名阳性,实施药物阻断组母婴传播率3.5%（12/339）,未实施药物阻断组母婴传播率26.1%（6/23）,组间有统计学意义（χ^2=19.95,P〈0.01）;婴儿采取不同的喂养方式,HIV母婴传播率不同,组间有显著性差异（χ^2=14.74,P〈0.01）;药物干预情况下,分娩方式不同母婴传播率组间无显著性差异。结论为感染艾滋病病毒（HIV）的产妇提供安全的住院分娩服务及合理规范的药物阻断,采取人工喂养,有效降低了母婴传播的危险,预防艾滋病母婴传播工作降低了艾滋病的二代传播率。     

Antidepressants and breast-feeding: a review of the literature

For every antidepressant so far investigated in the breast milk of mothers prescribed these medications, findings indicate that some amount of drug will be excreted into the breast milk. Nursing infants will be exposed to some, usually a very low, amount of drug and drug metabolites. Levels of drug exposure to infants for the many antidepressants available are examined, discussing milk to plasma drug concentration ratios and the infant dose as a percentage of the maternal dose. Drug concentrations in infant plasma and adverse effects of drug exposures to infants are reviewed. Factors influencing the decision on whether to breast or bottle feed an infant nursed by a mother taking antidepressants are discussed, concluding that the decision needs to be made on an individual basis. The lactating mother, in consultation with her doctor, should be in a position to make an informed decision on whether or not to breast feed. Under certain circumstances the decision to bottle feed may be wise, but more commonly the advantages of breast-feeding will outweigh the very low risk of an adverse event from drug exposure to the infant.     

极低出生体重儿合理喂养护理的研究进展

随着我国对新生儿急救和护理水平的不断提高,极低出生体重儿（VLBWI）的存活率明显提高。VLBWI主要是指出生儿体重〈1500 g的新生儿,VLBWI各器官尚未发育成熟,尤其是胃功能发育不全,需要特殊的护理,营养支持是提高其存活率的关键环节之一,不仅影响近期体重增长和疾病转归,还关系到远期预后。VLBWI应激状况多,常不能直接经口喂养或易出现喂养不耐受状况,需要静脉营养提供足够的能量。喂养方法不当将直接影响VLBWI神经系统发育,而完全静脉营养又容易引起肝脏脂肪变性、胆汁淤积、转氨酶升高等,这种肝损伤甚至可以导致肝功能衰竭,所以需要制订科学合理的喂养策略。本文综述VLBWI营养代谢和需求特点以及早期微量喂养、间歇喂养与持续喂养、选择合适喂养体位、非营养性吸吮、母乳强化剂、抚触等喂养护理措施,使VLBWI得到更为科学、合理的喂养。     

How much energy does the breast fed infant consume and expend?

Energy intake in breast fed infants is uncertain. The doubly labelled water method was used to measure, simultaneously and non-invasively, energy expenditure, energy intake, milk volume intake, energy deposition, and the energy content of breast milk in 12 "free living" breast fed babies at 5 and 11 weeks of age. The validity of this new approach was assessed in a parallel study in 12 formula fed infants. The babies who were exclusively breast fed expended 1.28 and 1.68 MJ/day at five and 11 weeks and had intakes of 1.81 and 2.22 MJ/day; these intakes were associated with normal growth but were well below those recommended previously. At five and 11 weeks the calculated energy content of breast milk was 0.24 and 0.25 MJ/100 ml, which is substantially lower than that commonly reported in milk obtained unphysiologically by expression of the breast. These data cast doubt on the widely used published standards for infant feeding.     

Sensitisation through breast milk?

The benefit of breast feeding to prevent or delay the development of food allergy in infants is somewhat controversial. Although prolonged breast feeding has widely been recommended for infants at high risk of allergy, studies concerning the composition of human milk in atopic mothers are scarce. Human breast milk is not a stabile concept. We have previously found that the cellular composition of human milk is significantly different in mothers with a food allergic infant than in those with a healthy child. The number of monocytes, lymphocytes or eosinophils, was greatly elevated whereas the number of activated macrophages was decreased in the breast milk of mothers with a severely allergic infant. The high numbers of eosinophils could easily increase the permeability of the gut thereby increasing the absorption of dietary antigens, and thus enhance the development of food allergies. Breast feeding provide many advantages to the suckling infant. However, infants developing food allergic symptoms on exclusive breast feeding may benefit from changing to formula feeding to protect adequate growth and to prevent the development of a more severe allergic symptomatology.     

Drug excretion into breast milk--overview

Breastfeeding is the optimal form of infant feeding for the first months of an infant's life, and the majority of healthy women initiate breastfeeding after the birth of their infant. However, women on medication may default to formula feeding or not taking their drug therapy for fear of exposing their infant to the medication through the breast milk. Although the majority of medications are considered to be compatible with breastfeeding, cases of significant infant toxicity exist, suggesting a case by case risk assessment to be made before the mother initiates breastfeeding or drug therapy. Unfortunately, current clinical risk assessment is often compromised by the paucity of data, as studies in breastfeeding women and their infants are ethically difficult to conduct. Circumventing the ethical constraints, approaches have been proposed to estimate drug excretion into milk from physicochemical characteristics of the drug, which diffuses through the mammary gland epithelia. However, as our understanding on drug transfer mechanisms increases, it has become abundantly clear that carrier-mediated processes are involved with excretion of a number of drugs into milk. This article provides an overview of the benefits of breastfeeding, the effect of medication use during breastfeeding on maternal decisions and infant health, and factors determining infant exposure to medication through the breast milk.     

巨细胞病毒感染婴儿母亲携带病毒检测的意义

目的探讨巨细胞病毒感染婴儿中人巨细胞病毒母乳感染率及意义。方法应用荧光定量PCR法检测124例确诊巨细胞病毒感染患儿母亲的母乳和全血中HCMV-DNA含量,并同时测定母亲血浆中HCMV-IgM。结果 FQ-PCR检测HCMVDNA乳汁的阳性率为69.4%,全血的阳性率为23.4%;HCMV-IgM阳性率27.4%。母乳HCMV-DNA的阳性率明显高于全血HCMV-DNA及特异性抗体IgM的阳性率(P<0.05)。结论感染巨细胞病毒患儿的母乳中带毒率高,母乳感染HCMV可能是婴儿获得性巨细胞感染的主要途径。