甲状腺乳头状癌侧颈淋巴结转移术前超声诊断及预测因素分析

[目的]探讨甲状腺乳头状癌颈部淋巴结转移患者术前颈部超声诊断的价值,以及侧颈淋巴结转移的风险因素。[方法]回顾性分析仙居县中医院2001年12月至2011年12月间治疗的112例甲状腺乳头状癌病例的术前超声检查结果、甲状腺癌原发灶特点、颈部淋巴结转移情况等临床资料。[结果]对经手术清扫后病理证实的病例,超声诊断中央区淋巴结转移和侧颈淋巴结转移的敏感性、特异性分别为51.6%、70.4%和94.9%、100.0%。而原发灶侵及甲状腺上极的病例,发生侧颈(Ⅲ区)淋巴结转移的风险较病灶局限于甲状腺中极或下极的病例要高约3倍。[结论]超声检查在甲状腺乳头状癌术前侧颈淋巴结转移评估方面有着较高的敏感性和特异性,对是否行颈侧区清扫有参考意义。甲状腺乳头状癌一旦侵及甲状腺上极,会大大增加侧颈(Ⅲ区)淋巴结转移的风险,术前及术中需仔细评估侧颈淋巴结转移情况,避免手术切除范围不足。     

术前彩超结合增强计算机断层扫描分区对甲状腺乳头状癌淋巴结转移的评估价值

目的探讨术前彩超结合增强计算机断层扫描(CT)分区对甲状腺乳头状癌淋巴结转移的评估价值。方法选择112例甲状腺乳头状癌淋巴结转移患者,术前予以彩超结合增强CT分区检查,分析比较不同检查方法在甲状腺乳头状癌淋巴结转移中的敏感度、特异度以及准确率。结果在颈中央区、颈侧区,与CT比较,彩超和彩超+CT结合的诊断敏感度和准确率均升高明显,特异度则降低明显,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);彩超与彩超CT结合的各指标比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论术前彩超结合增强计算机断层扫描分区对甲状腺乳头状癌淋巴结转移的评估更加全面与精确。     

薄层CT在甲状腺乳头状癌中央区淋巴结转移术前评估中的作用

目的评价甲状腺乳头状癌中央区淋巴结转移的CT特点及探讨CT在甲状腺乳头状癌中央区淋巴结转移术前评估中的作用。方法回顾性分析149例甲状腺乳头状癌行中央区淋巴结清扫患者的临床资料,术前均行颈部CT平扫+增强,并与术后病理比较。结果 149例甲状腺乳头状癌患者中,CT可见的淋巴结共350枚。病理诊断有中央区淋巴结转移的99例患者可见292枚淋巴结,其中13枚有钙化,200枚有包膜外侵犯,146枚有淋巴结强化,48枚有坏死,其淋巴结短径和长径的平均值分别为6.5 mm和8.5 mm。病理诊断无中央区淋巴结转移的50例患者中,33例可见58枚淋巴结,无一枚有钙化,7枚有包膜外侵犯,9枚有淋巴结强化,8枚有坏死,其淋巴结短径和长径的平均值分别为4.4 mm和6.1 mm。CT诊断甲状腺乳头状癌中央区淋巴结有无转移的灵敏度为100%,特异度为34.0%。结论有无钙化、包膜外侵、强化及坏死及淋巴结的长短径是CT诊断甲状腺乳头状癌中央区淋巴结转移的重要指标,严格应用这些指标对甲状腺乳头状癌的患者进行术前评估,对诊断有无中央区淋巴结转移有一定帮助。     

甲状腺乳头状癌中CD44v6BRAF和Rasp21的表达

目的探讨甲状腺乳头状癌中CD44v6、BRAF和Rasp21的表达,及其与淋巴结转移的关系。方法应用免疫组化sP法,对38例有颈淋巴结转移的甲状腺乳头状癌（PTC＋LNM）患者、22例甲状腺乳头状癌但无颈部淋巴结转移患者和50例甲状腺腺瘤（TA）患者组织中的CD44v6、BRAF和Rasp21进行检测。结果有淋巴结转移组（PTC＋LNM）的CD44v6、BRAF和Rasp21阳性率显著高于无淋巴结转移组（PTC）和甲状腺腺瘤（TA）组（P〈0．05）。结论CD44v6、BRAF和Rasp21的阳性表达与甲状腺乳头状癌的颈淋巴结转移密切相关,可作为甲状腺乳头状癌较好的转移及预后评估指标。     

未行预防性侧颈清扫的CN0甲状腺乳头状癌的临床转归

目的：研究未行预防性侧颈清扫的CN0甲状腺乳头状癌（papillary thyroid carcinoma，PTC）患者初次手术后出现临床侧颈淋巴结转移的发生率。方法：回顾性分析复旦大学附属肿瘤医院1991年11月-2001年11月收治的未行预防性侧颈清扫的CN0甲状腺乳头状癌患者380例临床资料。结果：380例患者中出现临床同侧颈淋巴结转移的有8例再行侧颈淋巴结清扫术；术前行颈CT检查未提示有侧颈淋巴结肿大的56例在术后随访中无临床侧颈淋巴结转移。病灶大小、年龄、中央区淋巴结转移情况均不是预示随访中出现侧颈淋巴结转移的高危患者因素。结论：对CN0期甲状腺乳头状癌患者不主张行预防性侧颈清扫，可观察；术前CT检查能减少术后侧颈淋巴结的转移率。     

甲状腺癌颈前区淋巴结术中冷冻切片检查的价值探讨

目的 探讨颈前区淋巴结术中冷冻切片检查在判断临床无可触及淋巴结转移甲状腺乳头状癌颈外侧区淋巴结转移状况,以及决定是否施行侧区清扫中的价值。方法 回顾分析724例临床无可触及淋巴结转移甲状腺乳头状癌的临床及病理资料,比较颈前区淋巴结转移与颈外侧区淋巴结 转移的关系。结果 颈前区淋巴结转移者87.5%有颈外侧区淋巴结转移,颈前区淋巴结无转移者仅19.6%有颈外侧区淋巴结转移。结论 临床无可触及淋巴结转移甲状腺乳头状癌患者,颈前区淋巴结术中冷冻切片检查可为临床医生决定是否施行颈外侧区清扫提供较有用的参考。     

cN0期甲状腺乳头状癌Ⅵ区淋巴结处理探讨78例报告

[目的]探讨临床检查颈部淋巴结阴性(cN0)甲状腺乳头状癌Ⅵ区淋巴结处理的意义。[方法]回顾78例初治的cN0期甲状腺乳头状癌,分析Ⅵ区淋巴结摘除术与术后颈淋巴结转移的关系。[结果]78例cN0期甲状腺乳头状癌行Ⅵ区淋巴结摘除者17例,其中有14例淋巴结阳性,单纯腺叶切除术及腺叶切除 Ⅵ区肿大淋巴结摘除术两种术式在随访中的颈淋巴结发生率无显著性差异(P=0.08),但后者较前者颈淋巴结转移的发生有升高趋势。[结论]cN0期甲状腺乳头状癌Ⅵ区淋巴结转移率较高,应同时完成患侧腺叶切除 Ⅵ区淋巴结清扫术,可减少颈淋巴结转移的发生。     

cNo期甲状腺乳头状癌VI区淋巴结处理探讨78例报告

[目的] 探讨临床检查颈部淋巴结阴性（cNo）甲状腺乳头状痛Ⅵ区淋巴结处理的意义。[方法]回顾78例初治的cNo，期甲状腺乳头状癌，分析Ⅵ区淋巴结摘除术与术后颈淋巴结转移的关系。[结果] 78例cNo期甲状腿乳头状癌行Ⅵ区淋巴结摘除者17例，萁中有14例淋巴结阳性．单纯腺叶切除术及腺叶切除＋Ⅵ区肿中大淋巴结摘除术两种术式住随访中的颈淋巴结发生率无显著性差异（P=0．08），但后者较前者颈淋巴结转移的发生有升高趋势。[结论] cNo期甲状腺乳头状癌Ⅵ区淋巴结转移率较高，应同时完成患侧腺叶切除＋Ⅵ区淋巴结清扫术，可减少颈淋巴结转移的发生。     

甲状腺乳头状癌颈侧区淋巴结转移的影响因素

甲状腺乳头状癌是甲状腺癌中最常见的病理类型,具有恶性程度低、进展缓慢、病程长、预后好等生物学特点,但易发生颈侧区淋巴结转移.甲状腺乳头状癌颈侧区淋巴结转移与年龄、性别、肿瘤大小、肿瘤部位、被膜受累/腺外侵犯、多灶性、中央区转移淋巴结数量等因素相关.了解甲状腺乳头状癌颈侧区淋巴结转移的影响因素对甲状腺乳头状癌颈淋巴结清扫范围的确定及其适应证具有重要的临床意义.     

甲状腺乳头状癌Ⅴ区颈清扫的治疗策略研究

侧颈淋巴结转移与甲状腺乳头状癌（papillary thyroid carcinoma，PTC）预后密切相关，而Ⅴ区（颈后三角区）淋巴结转移率及复发率均较低，清扫Ⅴ区后易损伤副神经引起肩部功能障碍。对于有临床证据证实转移至Ⅴ区的PTC患者，有必要进行Ⅴ区淋巴结清扫，而术前评估未能发现Ⅴ区转移的N1b患者手术范围存在争议，Ⅴ区亚分区Ⅴa区和Ⅴb区的颈清扫策略有待后续研究进一步阐明。本综述回顾性分析甲状腺乳头状癌相关文献，探讨及总结了近年来甲状腺乳头状癌Ⅴ区淋巴结转移的危险因素以及手术治疗策略，以期为临床提供帮助。      

Ringworm in animals in a farm in Assiut

Bericht über das Auftreten von Hautmykosen bei Tieren auf der Farm der Landwirtschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Assiut. Von 70 Kälbern waren 42 pilzkrank, davon 22 durch T. mentagrophytes, 20 durch T. verrucosum. Von 180 Kühen waren 8 pilzbefalien, sämtlich durch T. mentagrophytes. Von 2 kranken Bullen wurde T. verrucosum isoliert. Auch die 3 Pferde und 2 Maultiere der Farm waren pilzinfiziert; Erreger war in diesen Fällen T. equinum. Auch ein Kalb war von T. equinum befallen. Die gleiche Pilzart wurde ferner von 3 Tierpflegern isoliert, die Pilzherde am Hals und an den Armen aufwiesen.     

Statistical challenges in preprocessing in microarray experiments in cancer

Many clinical studies incorporate genomic experiments to investigate the potential associations between high-dimensional molecular data and clinical outcome. A critical first step in the statistical analyses of these experiments is that the molecular data are preprocessed. This article provides an overview of preprocessing methods, including summary algorithms and quality control metrics for microarrays. Some of the ramifications and effects that preprocessing methods have on the statistical results are illustrated. The discussions are centered around a microarray experiment based on lung cancer tumor samples with survival as the clinical outcome of interest. The procedures that are presented focus on the array platform used in this study. However, many of these issues are more general and are applicable to other instruments for genome-wide investigation. The discussions here will provide insight into the statistical challenges in preprocessing microarrays used in clinical studies of cancer. These challenges should not be viewed as inconsequential nuisances but rather as important issues that need to be addressed so that informed conclusions can be drawn.     

Trends in zygomycosis in children

Zygomycosis, or mucormycosis, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in both children and adults. Studies in adults have shown an increase in the incidence of zygomycosis, particularly among haemtopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients and patients with haematologic malignancies. There is a paucity of data on the epidemiology of zygomycosis in children. We performed a retrospective analysis to describe trends in zygomycosis between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2010. We used the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database to identify paediatric patients who were diagnosed with zygomycosis during the study period. Administrative data on diagnoses, demographics, underlying conditions and clinical experiences were collected. Summary statistics were calculated and tests for trend were conducted. We identified 156 unique patients with zygomycosis. The prevalence of zygomycosis did not significantly increase over time (P=0.284). The most common underlying condition was malignancy (58%) and over half received intensive care. Voriconazole utilisation among all hospitalised children significantly increased during the period (P=0.010). Our study demonstrates that the incidence of zygomycosis is not significantly increasing. During the time period there was a significant increase in the use of voriconazole among children.     

Dermatomycosis in Goats in India

Summary: In an extensive survey involving 2176 goats 1.56% of goats manifested clinical lesions of ringworm infection. Animals below the age of 6 months were affected most (4.20%). The incidence of infection was higher during the winter months. T. verrucosum, T. mentagrophytes and M. gypseum were isolated from the skin scrapings of 12, 4, and 2 goats respectively. It is suggested that the infected animals could be a source of disease to human population in which the zoophilic dermatophyte invasion is characterized by severe inflammatory lesions of the skin. The zoonotic importance of different dermatophytes is stressed.
Zusammenfassung: In einer ausgedehnten Untersuchung an 2176 Ziegen wurden bei 1,56% klinische Zeichen einer Hautmykose festgestellt. Tiere, die jühger als 6 Monate alt waren, zeigten mit 4,20% am häfigsten Krankheitssymptome. In den Wintermonaten war die Erkrankungshäufigkeit am gröBten. T. vermcosum, T. mentagrophytes and M. gypseum wurden jeweils von 12,4 bzw. 2 Ziegen isoliert. Die inflzierten Tiere köinnen eine Infektionsquelle für die menschliche Bevölkerung darstellen und dort Mykosen mit stark entzündlichen Veränderungen auslösen. Die Bedeutung verschiedener Dermatophyten als Erreger von Zoonosen wird hervorgehoben.     

Hemoglobin in lymphogranulomatosis in children

The peculiarities of hemoglobin content and properties in lymphogranulomatosis were studied in children by different methods. In most patients the content of fetal hemoglobin and methhemoglobin was found to increase and the rate of ferricyanide oxidation of hemoglobin also increases. Simultaneously, the rate of non-homogenicity of basic hemoglobin fractions was observed to increase on account of immunologically different components.     

Sex hormones in women in rural China and in Britain

Plasma concentrations of certain hormones linked to breast cancer risk were measured in age-pooled samples from 3,250 rural Chinese women in 65 counties, and 300 British women, all aged 35-64. In age-groups 35-44, 45-54 and 55-64 respectively, mean oestradiol concentrations were 36% (P = 0.043), 90% (P less than 0.001) and 171% (P = 0.001) higher in the British than in the Chinese women, and mean testosterone concentrations were 48% (P less than 0.001), 68% (P less than 0.001) and 53% (P = 0.001) higher in the British than in the Chinese women. The difference in testosterone concentrations between the two countries appeared to be due largely to the lower average body weight in the Chinese women. Sex hormone binding globulin did not differ significantly between the two countries in age groups 35-44 and 45-54, but was 15% (P = 0.002) lower in the British than in the Chinese women at ages 55-64. Prolactin concentrations did not differ significantly between the two countries in any age group.