北京市吸毒人群艾滋病病病毒感染状况的调查

１９９８年１１月－１２月对５９９史吸毒者进行ＨＩＶ／ＡＩＤＳ血清学调查,检出ＨＩＶ阳性者９例,阳性率为１．５％,调查对象中２５２例（４２．１％）采用注射吸毒或吸食,注射交替方式;４２例（１６．７％）,有与他人共用我真史,注射吸毒者ＨＩＶ阳性率为３．６％,４９例（１１．１％）承认有婚外性行为,２１３例（７０．５％）在性行为活动中未采取保护措施,本调查结果对于北京市吸毒人群的ＨＩＶ感染率水平仍属低估。     

山东省艾滋病游行特征分析

通过对艾滋病监测工作的分析总结,探讨其流行规律。方法应用酶联免疫吸附测定和免疫印迹方法对重点人群进行ＨＩＶ抗体检测,对检出的ＨＩＶ感染者进行个案流行病学调查。结果１９８７－１９９９年,对８０５８０１人进行ＨＩＶ监测,人群ＨＩＶ感染率为０．００６％,１９９５－１９９６年ＨＩＶ检出率最高,１９９７－１９９９年呈上升趋势。ＨＩＶ感染者主要分布于献血员（６７．４％）,归国人员（１５．４％）,感染者配偶（６     

肺结核与艾滋病（附四例报告）

目的 了解结核病院人类免疫缺陷病毒（ＨＩＶ）／结核分枝杆菌（ＭＴＢ）双重感染发病民情况及发现病例的临床表现、治疗对策。方法 对１９９５年２月～１９９９年２月３７０７例住院结核病患者常规检测ＨＩＶ抗体。结果 ３７０７例中ＨＩＶ（＋）４例,阳性率１．０８％。男３例,女１例。平均年龄２９．５岁,占２１～４０岁年龄组的３．１４％。４例中血源性感染１例,异性间感染２例,另１例血源性、异性间感染难以确定。４例     

HIV和梅毒体外免疫诊断试剂质量公报

ＨＩＶ和梅毒体外免疫诊断试剂质量公报（１９９６年１月１日～６月３０日）一、艾滋病毒抗体酶联免疫诊断试剂（抗－ＨＩＶＥＩＡ）二、梅毒诊断试剂（ＲＰＲ、ＵＳＲ和ＴＲＵＳＴ）ＨＩＶ和梅毒体外免疫诊断试剂质量公报...     

祁门蛇药对乙型肝炎病毒血清标志物影响的对比观察

自１９９４年３月～１９９６年８月,笔者应用祁门蛇药治疗５１例乙型肝炎病毒（ＨＢＶ）感染患者,观察该药对ＨＢＶ血清标志物的影响,现报告如下。１　资料与方法１．１　临床资料：慢性ＨＢｓＡｇ携带者１０２例,诊断标准参照１９９０年第６届全国病毒性肝炎学术会议修订的“病毒性肝炎防治方案”［１］。将１０２例患者随机分为两组,祁门蛇药治疗组（治疗组）５１例,男４２例,女９例;年龄９～５１岁,平均（２６．９±１１．２）岁;病程６个月～２１年,平均（１０．５±３．６）年。对照组５１例,男４７例,女４例;年龄１１～…     

HIV和梅毒体外免疫诊断试剂质量公报（1996年1月1日～6月30日）

ＨＩＶ和梅毒体外免疫诊断试剂质量公报（１９９６年１月１日～６月３０日）一、艾滋病毒抗体酶联免疫诊断试剂（抗－ＨＩＶＥＩＡ）报检单位批数总量（人份）合格批合格量（人份）报废批报废量（人份）批合格率华美生物工程公司４１７６９７６０４１７６９７６０００４／...     

共刺激PBLs作用肝癌细胞TCR Vβ基因表达与PTK活性

目的探讨在Ｔ细胞活化信号传递中特异性识别和杀伤肝癌抗原的Ｔ细胞受体（ＴＣＲ）Ｖβ基因亚家族的表达特征,及与蛋白质酪氨酸激酶（ＰＴＫ）活性的关系．方法用单克隆抗体ＣＤ２８＋Ｂ７１（ＣＤ８０）共刺激正常人外周血淋巴细胞（ＰＢＬｓ）后作用于肝癌细胞（ＢＥＬ７４０２）,用ＲＴＰＣＲ,Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ印迹、Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ印迹分析ＴＣＲＶβ基因表达特征及ＰＴＫ含量．结果ＴＣＲＶβ７基因在体外选择性扩增,ｄ４表达水平最高,为２４％,对照组为６％,相应地ＰＴＫ的含量也较高,为５８％,对照组为１１％．结论Ｖβ７基因特异性识别肝癌抗原,并介导ＰＴＫ信号转导途径的激活     

HIV抗体ELISA阳性标本蛋白印迹确证试验的研究

用获ＦＤＡ准许的美国ＣａｍｂｒｉｄｇｅＢｉｏｔｅｃｈ公司ＨＩＶ－１蛋白印迹试剂盒（ＷＢ）对ＨＩＶ－１／２抗体诊断试剂盒（ＥＬＩＳＡ）初筛阳性的６２份血清标本做确证试验。一次性确证ＨＩＶ抗体阳性者８名；阴性者１２名；不确定者４２名。对８名ＨＩＶ抗体不确定者做追访采样监测，其中１人１２天后ＷＢ血清ＨＩＶ抗体由不确定性转为阳性，另７人在６～１５个月经２～３次采样检测，ＷＢ区带反应无变化或略有变化。本研究证实ＷＢ不确定者，若有ＨＩＶｅｎｖ（ｇｐ１６０、ｇｐ１２０、ｇｐ４１）区带反应，ＨＩＶ血清抗体可能转阳；若仅ＨＩＶｐｏｌ（ｐ３１、ｐ５１、ｐ６６）和／或ｇａｇ（Ｐ１７、Ｐ２４、Ｐ５５）区带反应，很大可能是非特异性反应。虽ＥＬＩＳＡ阳性，而ＷＢ不确定者血清主要呈ｐ２４抗体反应（４２．９％，１８／４２）与ｐ２４、ｐ１７抗体反应（２８．６％，１２／４２）。     

四川省吸毒劳教人员中HIV血清流行病学调查

对四川省各劳教所有使用毒品史的１６４９名在教人员进行了ＨＩＶ血清流行病学调查，共检出ＨＩＶ感染者３１例，检出率为１．９％，男性ＨＩＶ检出率２．１５％，女性０．６％，性别之间无差异（Ｐ〉０．０５），ＨＩＶ主要分布在小于２０岁年龄组（１０％）和２０～２９岁年龄组（１．９％）从受教育程度分析，文盲和小学文化程度者中ＨＩＶ检出率高（Ｐ〈０．０１），职业分布上农民中的ＨＩＶ检出率（７．１％）高于工人（１．２     

内蒙古自治区HIV感染流行现状及分析

内蒙古自治区于１９８８－１９９９年５月对１１１６２８名高危人群进行了ＨＩＶ抗体检测，发现１５例ＨＩＶ感染者，全区１２个盟市中有８个盟市发现了ＨＩＶ感染者，１９９６年，１９９７年和１９９９年分别在职业卖血者，吸毒和性乱人群中发现ＨＩＶ感染者。感染者职业以农民居多，占４６．６６％，其次工人占２０％。     

Evaluation of outpatients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis in a high HIV prevalence setting in Ethiopia: clinical,diagnostic and epidemiological characteristics

In a setting with a high prevalence of HIV we studied (i) the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and HIV; (ii) clinical and epidemiological characteristics of PTB; and (iii) the usefulness of standard procedures for diagnosing PTB. Of 509 consecutive outpatients evaluated on clinical suspicion of PTB in Addis Ababa, 33.0% were culture-verified as having PTB. PTB patients, non-TB patients and controls were HIV-1-positive in 57.1%, 38.5% and 8.3% of cases, respectively. Predictors for culture-verified PTB were age < 25 y, male gender and the presence of HIV and fever, whereas profound weight loss indicated HIV infection. Diagnosis of PTB based on clinical symptoms, sputum microscopy for acid-fast bacilli and chest radiography was sensitive (86.7%) but unspecific (64.1%). In HIV-positive patients both sensitivity and specificity were significantly lower (p < 0.05). HIV-related pulmonary infections are often misinterpreted as smear-negative PTB. HIV screening is therefore warranted not only in cases of verified TB but also as part of the diagnostic work-up in patients with respiratory symptoms suggestive of PTB. Also, increased awareness of, and improved diagnostic tools for, HIV-related pulmonary infections other than PTB are required, together with algorithms for patients with suspected PTB.     

Occurrence of Pneumocystis carinii in HIV-positive patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis in Ethiopia

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of Pneumocystis carinii in consecutive HIV-positive patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) attending a university hospital in Ethiopia. METHODS: A PCR for P. carinii and an indirect immunoflorescence (IF) assay were performed on expectorated sputum samples from: 119 HIV-1-positive patients with negative smears and sputum cultures for Mycobacterium tuberculosis; 96 HIV-1-positive patients with culture-verified PTB; and 97 HIV-negative patients with negative mycobacterial cultures and 72 HIV-negative patients with culture-verified PTB, serving as controls. Outcome of PCR and IF were compared with the chest radiographic (CXR) and initial clinical diagnosis. RESULTS: In the HIV+PTB- group, P. carinii was found in 10.9% by IF, 8.4% by single PCR (sPCR) and 30.3% by nested PCR (nPCR). In the HIV+PTB+ group, 3.1% were P. carinii positive by IF and sPCR and 13.5% by nPCR. All IF- and sPCR-positive samples were nPCR positive. In the HIV-PTB+ and HIV-PTB- groups, 4.2% and 3.1% were nPCR positive, respectively. Six out of eight HIV+PTB- patients with CXR suggesting P. carinii pneumonia (PCP) were IF and/or nPCR positive for P. carinii. In the IF-positive and nested PCR-positive HIV+PTB- patients more than one-third were interpreted as PTB by CXR whereas only one patient was diagnosed with clinical PCP. CONCLUSIONS: P. carinii is prevalent in HIV-positive PTB suspects, suggesting that PCP may be an important, but not well recognized, differential diagnosis. Our findings have implications for treatment and primary prophylaxis for PCP in Ethiopia.     

Induced sputum improves the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in hospitalized patients in Gaborone, Botswana

SETTING: Low sensitivity of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) sputum smears and absence of productive cough are obstacles to the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in hospitals that lack access to bronchoscopy. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate induced sputum, gastric content, blood and urine specimens to improve PTB diagnosis in patients not diagnosed by expectorated sputum AFB smears. DESIGN: Patients admitted to the medical wards of a large public hospital in Gaborone, Botswana, were prospectively enrolled if they had symptoms consistent with PTB, an abnormal chest radiograph, were treated empirically with anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy or had no improvement on antibiotics, and had a non-productive cough or AFB smear-negative sputum. Induced sputum was stained for AFB and Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultures were performed on induced sputum, gastric contents, urine and blood. RESULTS: Of 140 patients meeting the enrollment criteria, 113 (81%) were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive. Fifty-seven (41%) had PTB based on positive cultures from one or more sites, including 48 (84%) from induced sputum, 17 (30%) urine, 13 (23%) gastric contents and 7 (12%) blood. AFB smears were positive in only 18 (32%) culture-proven PTB cases. CONCLUSION: Induced sputum cultures greatly enhanced M. tuberculosis detection in patients with a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS in a hospital without access to bronchoscopy.     

Radiographic and bacteriologic data on pulmonary tuberculosis in Bamako as a function of HIV status

This prospective study included patients treated for tuberculosis between January 998 and April 1999 in the pneumology unit of the Point G Hospital in Bamako. The purpose was to analyze chest x-ray and bacteriological findings in HIV+ and HIV- patients. All patients had clinical and radiographic signs suggestive of tuberculosis with one or several sputum samples and HIV serology. Among the 127 patients, 36 were HIV positive (28.3%). There was no sex predominance in the HIV+ patients (p = 0.3). The most common radiographic aspect associated nodules and infiltration irrespective of the immune status (p = 0.014). Characteristic features of the chest x-rays in HIV-positive patients were: frequent military forms and rare cavernous forms (p = 0.007). Sputum tests were positive more often in HIV-negative than HIV-positive patients (p = 0.0003). The diagnosis of tuberculosis was retained in 11.7% of the patients with negative microbiology despite repeated samples. A normal chest x-ray was observed solely in one HIV-negative patient.     

HIV co-infection, CD4 cell counts and clinical correlates of bacillary density in pulmonary tuberculosis.

BACKGROUND: Sputum microscopy for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) is the commonest diagnostic method for pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in developing countries. The method is reported to be less sensitive in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive compared to negative patients. We determined the bacillary density in sputum of smear-positive PTB patients and related it to the patients' HIV status, CD4 cell count, clinical and demographic characteristics. METHODS: Three sputum samples per patient were examined using microscopy before initiating therapy. The AFB density was graded according to World Health Organization recommendations. The smear with the highest density was used. High bacillary density was defined as >10 AFB/field. HIV status and CD4 cell count were determined according to the national guidelines. RESULTS: Of 844 patients, 433 (51.3%) were HIV-positive. High bacillary density was significantly less common among HIV-positive (39.0%) than -negative (75.7%) patients (prevalence ratio 0.52; 95%CI 0.45-0.59, P < 0.0001). Among HIV-positive patients, the proportion of those with high bacillary density increased progressively with CD4 cell counts (P = 0.003). CONCLUSION: HIV is associated with lower AFB concentration in sputum. The AFB density falls with falling CD4 cell count. Microscopy for AFB in sputum may be less sensitive in diagnosing PTB when HIV infection is present, especially in severely immunocompromised patients.     

The Relationship between Disease Pattern and Disease Burden by Chest Radiography, <Emphasis Type="Italic">M. tuberculosis</Emphasis> Load,and HIV Status in Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Addis Ababa

Abstract Background: We evaluated the impact of HIV coinfection on the chest radiographic pattern and extent of disease and its relation to the load of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Ethiopian out-patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Patients and Methods: A total of 168 patients with cultureverified pulmonary tuberculosis had their chest X-rays (CXR) reviewed for the site, pattern, and extent of disease and the findings were correlated to (a) the mycobacterial culture count and bacillus load after sputum concentration and (b) the HIV status of the patients. Results: HIV-positive patients were less likely to have cavitary disease (p < 0.001) and more likely to have pleural effusion (p = 0.08), miliary (p < 0.05), and interstitial (p < 0.01) patterns. A total of 15 (9.2%) patients had normal chest X-rays. HIV-infected patients had a CXR classified as normal or with minimal involvement (p = 0.059) and a reduced mycobacterial colony count (p = 0.002) compared to HIV-negative patients. Middle and lower lung involvement were more common in HIV-positive patients. Conclusion: CXR findings in the setting of an underlying HIV infection tend to be more atypical and could present as either normal or with minimal involvement. In general, HIV-positive patients had lower colony count of M. tuberculosis than HIV-negative patients. Of particular interest is the finding of a large number of normal chest X-rays in HIV-infected patients. With the rising incidence of both tuberculosis and HIV infection in Ethiopia, the finding of a normal chest X-ray and a negative smear poses a challenge for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis.     

Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia and other pulmonary infections in TB smear-negative HIV-positive patients with atypical chest X-ray in Ethiopia

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) has been considered a rare disease in sub-Saharan Africa. However, a rising prevalence has been noted recently. The objective of this study was to determine the relative prevalence of PCP and other pulmonary opportunistic diseases in patients infected with HIV in Ethiopia. 131 consecutive patients with respiratory symptoms and atypical chest X-ray, who were sputum smear-negative for AFB and seroreactive for HIV, underwent clinical evaluation and investigation for Pneumocystis jiroveci and Mycobacterium tuberculosis from sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and fungal and bacterial pathogens from BAL alone. Bacterial infections, Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) and pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) occurred in 44 (33.6%), 39 (29.7%) and 31 (23.7%) patients, respectively. Pulmonary Kaposi sarcoma and non-specific interstitial pneumonitis occurred in 4 patients each. In a multivariate regression model, predictors of PCP were typical chest X-ray and low CD4 count while purulent sputum predicted bacterial infection. The sensitivity of physicians and chest X-ray diagnosis was particularly low for PTB and bacterial infections. We conclude that chronic bacterial infection and Pneumocystis pneumonia are important differential diagnoses in HIV-infected, smear-negative PTB patients presenting with atypical chest X-ray. We therefore need to escalate the use of preventive and highly active antiretroviral (HAART) treatment in order to prevent a PCP epidemic.     

Undiagnosed tuberculosis in a community with high HIV prevalence: implications for tuberculosis control

BACKGROUND: Although failure of tuberculosis (TB) control in sub-Saharan Africa is attributed to the HIV epidemic, it is unclear why the directly observed therapy short-course (DOTS) strategy is insufficient in this setting. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of pulmonary TB (PTB) and HIV infection in a community of 13,000 with high HIV prevalence and high TB notification rate and a well-functioning DOTS TB control program. METHODS: Active case finding for PTB was performed in 762 adults using sputum microscopy and Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture, testing for HIV, and a symptom and risk factor questionnaire. Survey findings were correlated with notification data extracted from the TB treatment register. RESULTS: Of those surveyed, 174 (23%) tested HIV positive, 11 (7 HIV positive) were receiving TB therapy, 6 (5 HIV positive) had previously undiagnosed smear-positive PTB, and 6 (4 HIV positive) had smear-negative/culture-positive PTB. Symptoms were not a useful screen for PTB. Among HIV-positive and -negative individuals, prevalence of notified smear-positive PTB was 1,563/100,000 and 352/100,000, undiagnosed smear-positive PTB prevalence was 2,837/100,000 and 175/100,000, and case-finding proportions were 37 and 67%, respectively. Estimated duration of infectiousness was similar for HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals. However, 87% of total person-years of undiagnosed smear-positive TB in the community were among HIV-infected individuals. CONCLUSIONS: PTB was identified in 9% of HIV-infected individuals, with 5% being previously undiagnosed. Lack of symptoms suggestive of PTB may contribute to low case-finding rates. DOTS strategy based on passive case finding should be supplemented by active case finding targeting HIV-infected individuals.     

Laboratory diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in TB and HIV endemic settings and the contribution of real time PCR for M. tuberculosis in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid

Background Tuberculosis (TB) in Africa is increasing because of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic, and in HIV/AIDS patients it presents atypically. Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in Africa is mainly diagnosed clinically, by chest radiograph or by sputum smear for acid fast bacilli (AFB). Methods We evaluated in 120 HIV‐infected patients with chest infection the diagnostic accuracy of AFB smear of sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, sputum Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) culture, real‐time PCR and MycoDot^® serological test, using MTB culture of BAL fluid as gold standard. We correlated PCR cycle threshold values (C_T) to the culture results. Retrospectively, we evaluated the development of active TB in patients with positive PCR but negative culture. Results Culture of BAL fluid identified 28 patients with PTB. Fifty‐six patients could not produce adequate sputum. Sputum AFB smear and the serological test had sensitivities of 66.7% and 0%, respectively. PCR with C_T 40 was positive in 73 patients, 27 of whom were also TB culture positive (96.4% sensitivity and 52.3% specificity of PCR). PCR with C_T 32 had sensitivity of 85.7% and specificity of 90.9% to diagnose PTB in BAL. No patients with positive PCR but negative culture developed active TB during 18 months follow‐up. Conclusion In these HIV‐infected patients, AFB smear and serology had very low sensitivities. PCR of BAL with C_T value 32 had improved specificity to diagnose active PTB. A prospective follow‐up study is warranted in TB/HIV endemic settings, applying real time PCR to both sputum and BAL.     

What causes smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis in Malawi, an area of high HIV seroprevalence?

SETTING: The Central Hospital and the District Tuberculosis (TB) Registry in Lilongwe, the capital of Malawi. In this setting smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is diagnosed using clinical and radiographic criteria for TB, and mycobacterial cultures are not routinely available. OBJECTIVE: To determine the proportion of patients being registered for smear-negative PTB treatment in Lilongwe who have TB that can be confirmed microbiologically. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study of patients about to start treatment under operational conditions for smear-negative PTB in Lilongwe between October 1997 and June 1998. Patients referred to the study team underwent a detailed clinical re-assessment, testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), repeat sputum smear microscopy for acid-fast bacilli and mycobacterial cultures of sputum and blood. Bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were performed and BAL fluid was examined for TB, Pneumocystis carinii and other fungi. RESULTS: Of 352 smear-negative PTB suspects assessed, the diagnosis of TB was confirmed in 137 (39%) cases. Eighty-nine per cent of patients assessed were HIV-positive, of whom 81% met the expanded case definition for the acquired immune-deficiency syndrome (AIDS). CONCLUSION: TB was the most commonly confirmed diagnosis amongst patients about to start treatment for smear-negative PTB in an area of high background HIV seroprevalence.