灯银脑通胶囊对衰老小鼠脑组织内单胺类神经递质含量的影响

目的研究灯银脑通胶囊对衰老小鼠脑组织内单胺类神经递质含量的影响。方法给ICR小鼠眼球后注射D-半乳糖造成衰老动物模型,分组灌胃给予不同剂量的灯银脑通胶囊（0．5、1、2g／kg）,每日一次,连续两周,然后测试衰老小鼠脑组织内单胺类神经递质含量。结果衰老小鼠脑内NA、DA、5-HT等单胺类神经递质含量增加。结论灯银脑通胶囊能增加衰老小鼠脑内NA、DA、5-HT等单胺类神经递质。     

注射用尼莫地平脂质体对大鼠全脑缺血再灌注和小鼠缺氧性损伤的保护作用

目的：研究注射用尼莫地平脂质体（NDLI）对大鼠全脑缺血再灌注和小鼠缺氧性损伤的保护作用。方法：采用小鼠常压耐缺氧实验和小鼠断头实验，观察NDLI对小鼠耐缺氧能力的影响；采用Pulsinelli四动脉结扎法略加改良制作全脑缺血模型，记录对脑电图（EEG）及翻正反射的恢复时间、脑组织匀浆伊文思蓝含量的影响。结果：NDLI能显著延长小鼠的存活时间及断头后喘气持续时间，缩短大鼠脑电图及翻正反射的恢复时间，降低脑匀浆伊文思蓝的含量。结论：NDLI对全脑缺血再灌注和缺氧性损伤有明显的保护作用。     

西红花酸对小鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的：研究西红花酸对小鼠脑缺血再灌注（CIR）损伤的保护作用。方法：采用CIR模型,观察西红花酸对CIR小鼠脑水肿、脑毛细血管通透性及脑组织中乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱苷肽过氧化酶（GSH-Px）活性和丙二醛（MDA）、NO含量的影响。结果：与CIR模型组比较,西红花酸（50、100mg／kg）连续5d灌胃能减少CIR小鼠脑组织含水量、伊文思蓝和MDA、NO含量,提高脑组织中LDH、SOD、GSH-PX活性,差异具有统计学意义。结论：西红花酸对小鼠CIR损伤有一定的保护作用,其作用机制可能与西红花酸抗氧化、降低NO含量有关。     

大黄酒炙前后对血脑屏障的影响

目的探讨生大黄、酒炙大黄提取液对小鼠血脑屏障通透性的影响。方法以血脑屏障示踪剂伊文思蓝（E.B.）作为判断指标,比较小鼠灌服生大黄和酒大黄提取液后脑组织的蓝染情况,并通过测定脑组织中伊文思蓝的含量来量化血脑屏障通透性改变的程度。结果与生理盐水对照组小鼠比较,受试组小鼠脑组织有明显蓝染现象,酒大黄水提液高剂量组脑组织中伊文思蓝的含量差异有显著的统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论酒大黄水提液能够促进血脑屏障的开放。     

通窍活血汤对血管性痴呆大鼠脑皮质中NO、ET-1、LPO含量的实验研究

目的观察通窍活血汤(TQHXD)对血管性痴呆大鼠脑皮质中一氧化氮(NO)、内皮素-1(ET-1)、脂褐素(LPO)含量的影响,明确通窍活血汤对血管性痴呆大鼠的疗效。方法通过酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)方法测定大鼠脑皮质中NO、ET-1、LPO的浓度。结果模型对照组较假手术组相比,VD大鼠脑皮质中NO、ET-1、LPO的含量显著提高(P<0.05);通窍活血汤高、中剂量组能明显降低VD大鼠脑皮质NO、ET-1、LPO的含量(P<0.05)。结论 TQHXD具有明显降低VD大鼠的脑皮质中氧自由基的作用。     

蝙蝠葛酚性碱调节p-NR1和NR2A对脑缺血再灌注大鼠发挥神经保护作用

目的：探讨蝙蝠葛酚性碱（phenolic alkaloids of Menispermum dauricum,PAMD）对脑缺血再灌注大鼠的神经保护作用及其机制。方法：大鼠局灶性脑缺血模型采用大脑中动脉线栓法制作。动物随机分为假手术组,缺血再灌注组,PAMD低（25 mg·kg^-1）、中（50 mg·kg^-1）、高（75 mg·kg^-1）剂量治疗组。持续栓塞2 h拔出线栓,再灌注4 h,然后断头取脑。干湿重法求出脑组织含水量,伊文思蓝含量测定法观察血脑屏障通透性。分离皮层组织,免疫印迹方法检测NR1和NR2A及各自对应的磷酸化蛋白。结果：（1）PAMD可以减少脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑组织含水量（P<0.05）,降低脑缺血再灌注大鼠血脑屏障通透性（P<0.05）;（2）与假手术组比较,缺血再灌注组NR1,NR2A,p-NR2A表达无明显变化,p-NR1表达减少（P<0.05）;与缺血再灌注组比较,PAMD使p-NR1表达增多（P<0.05）,NR2A表达减少（P<0.05）。结论：PAMD可通过调节p-NR1和NR2A对脑缺血再灌注大鼠发挥神经保护作用。     

脑脉泰对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤NOS和氧自由基的影响

目的研究脑脉泰对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤NOS和氧自由基的影响。方法大脑中动脉线拴法（MCAO）制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型：60只雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组（sham）、脑缺血再灌注模型组（MCAO）、脑脉泰大、中、小（2．24、1．12、0．56g／kg）剂量组和尼莫地平组（10mg‘kg）,每组10只大鼠。术后取梗死侧脑组织做成匀浆,检测脑组织中丙二醛（MDA）、乳酸（LA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量。免疫组化染色检测缺血半暗带iNOS和eNOS蛋白表达。结果脑组织匀浆生化指标检测发现缺血脑脉泰能显著降低脑组织中MDA和IA含量;升高SOD和GSH含量,脑缺血半暗带的eNOS蛋白表达明显增加,iNOS表达显著减少,与MCAO模型组比较,有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论脑脉泰能减少脑缺血／再灌注损伤,其保护作用与增加脑组织的抗氧化能力和eNOS／iNOS有关。     

灯盏花素对大鼠脑创伤的保护作用

目的:观察灯盏花素对大鼠脑创伤后脑水肿、血脑屏障通透性和氧自由基的影响。方法:84只大鼠随机分为假手术组,模型组及低(25 mg/kg×2)、高(50 mg/kg×2)剂量灯盏花素组。采用液压颅脑损伤模型,脑创伤的同时尾静脉注射灯盏花素,8 h后重复给药一次。检测各组大鼠脑创伤后24 h脑组织含水量,伊文思蓝、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量。结果:模型组大鼠脑创伤后脑组织含水量,伊文思蓝、MDA和SOD含量与假手术组有显著性差别。大鼠脑创伤后注射低剂量和高剂量灯盏花素均可显著降低脑组织含水量、伊文思蓝含量和MDA含量,显著增加SOD含量(P＜0．05)。结论:灯盏花素可减轻大鼠脑创伤后脑水肿,其对大鼠脑创伤的保护作用与降低血脑屏障通透性、抑制氧自由基反应有关。     

银杏二萜内酯对缺血/再灌注大鼠脑组织中神经递质的影响

目的探讨银杏二萜内酯葡胺注射液对缺血/再灌注大鼠脑内氨基酸类和单胺类神经递质的影响。方法采用线栓法制备大鼠脑缺血/再灌注模型,缺血1.5 h,再灌注24h,尾静脉给予不同剂量银杏二萜内酯葡胺注射液后,用高效液相色谱串联电化学检测器(HPLC-ECD)测定脑内氨基酸类和单胺类神经递质含量。结果银杏二萜内酯葡胺注射液可以抑制缺血/再灌注导致的脑内天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸和γ-氨基丁酸的升高;降低缺血脑区皮层和海马内去甲肾上腺素、二羟苯乙酸、5-羟色胺、5-羟吲哚乙酸的浓度,抑制皮层内肾上腺素的减少。结论银杏二萜内酯葡胺注射液可以通过调节脑内氨基酸类和单胺类神经递质的水平,对大鼠脑缺血/再灌注引起的损伤发挥治疗作用。     

山红调脂滴丸抗脑缺血作用实验研究

目的观察山红调脂滴丸的抗脑缺血作用。方法采用大脑中动脉血栓形成致局灶性脑缺血大鼠模型,测定模型组和给药组大鼠脑水含量,采用结扎双侧颈总动脉致急性全脑缺血大鼠模型,测定模型组和给药组大鼠脑组织中伊文思蓝（EB）含量。结果①山红调脂滴丸30、50mg·kg-1可明显降低脑缺血大鼠脑含水量。②山红调脂滴丸30、50mg·kg-1可以明显减少模型大鼠脑组织中伊文思蓝EB含量。结论山红调脂滴丸具有拮抗脑缺血损伤作用。     

Effect of Tong-Qiao-Huo-Xue decoction on the expressions of related proteins of the blood-brain barrier and analysis of constituents in cerebrospinal fluid of cerebral ischemic rats

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of Tong-Qiao-Huo-Xue decoction(TQHXD)on the bloodbrain barrier(BBB)permeability and the expressions of related proteins on the rats;and to analyse the constituents in the cerebrospinal fluid on the rats with cerebral ischemic injury.METHODS Cerebral ischemia rats were induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO).Adult male sprague-dawley(SD)rats were randomly divided into seven groups:sham-group;model group;nimodipine(NMP)-treated group and nao mai tai(NMT)-treated group were set as positive drug control groups;TQHXD-treated group(3,6 and 12g·kg-1body weight);The neurological function of rats was estimated by neurological defect scoring after the 1,7and 15 dafter administration.Histological structure of the brain in rats were observed by hematoxylin and eosin(H&E)staining.Ultramicrostructural features of hippocampus neurons and the opening of tight junction(TJ)of BBB in rats were observed by transmission electron microscope(TEM).Western blotting was performed to detect the expression of ZO-1,occludin,claudin-5,AQP-4 and MMP-9 in BBB after cerebral ischemia injury.Component analysis experiments:adult male SD rats were randomly divided into four groups:Distilled water was administered intragastrically sham-operated rats;Distilled water was administered intragastrically model rats by MCAO;TQHXD was administered intragatrically to rats in sham-operated group;TQHXD was administered intragestrically to rats in model group by MCAO.GC and HPLC was used to detect three compounds,namely,muscone,ligustilide and hydroxysafflor yellow A,in rats cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)after oral administration of TQHXD.Finally,samples of cerebrospinal fluid of rats in each group were compared with single medicine so as to explicit the three compounds come from which herb.RESULTS TQHXD significantly reduced the neurological defect scores.Histological examination indicated that dense neuropil and largely surviving neurons had been seen in TQHXD-treated rats.TEM observation revealed that TQHXD could significantly inhibit the damage of hippocampal neurons and reduce the opening of TJ.The decreased protein expression levels of claudin-5,occludin,ZO-1 and the increased protein expression levels of AQP-4 and MMP-9in cerebral ischemia tissue were significantly prevented by treatment of TQHXD.Analysis of experimental results showed that muscone,ligustilide and hydroxysafflor yellow A could penetrate the BBB into the CSF,and the content of the model group was lower than that of sham group after intragastric administration of TQHXD.CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that TQHXD may act as a potential neuroprotective agent against BBB damage for cerebral ischemia through protecting of hippocampus neurons,reducing the opening of TJ and decreasing the permeability of BBB by up-regulating ZO-1,occludin,claudin-5 expressions,down-regulating AQP-4 and MMP-9 expressions.The effect of TQHXD on the decrease of the opening of TJ also reduced the content of muscone,ligustilide and hydroxysafflor yellow A in cerebrospinal fluid.     

卡托普利对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠血脑屏障通透性及MMP-9表达的影响

目的观察血管紧张素转化酶抑制药卡托普利对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤后血脑屏障通透性和基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)表达的影响,并探讨其机制。方法采用血管内栓线阻断法制备大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤模型,于脑缺血2h、再灌注24h后测定脑组织含水量、伊文斯蓝(EB)含量,放射免疫方法测定血浆中血管紧张素Ⅱ的含量,免疫组织化学方法测定MMP-9表达。结果研究发现,脑缺血2h、再灌注24h,缺血再灌组大鼠脑组织含水量及EB含量明显增加,MMP-9呈现高表达。而卡托普利组脑组织含水量、EB含量及MMP-9表达明显低于脑缺血再灌注组(P<0.05)。结论卡托普利通过减少血管紧张素Ⅱ的生成从而降低脑缺血再灌注大鼠基质金属蛋白酶-9的活性及血脑屏障通透性,发挥对脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。     

姜黄素对大鼠缺血性脑损伤炎症反应和血脑屏障通透性的影响

目的研究姜黄素对大鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤炎症反应和血脑屏障通透性的作用,并进一步探讨其潜在的机制。方法利用线栓法制备大鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤模型,随机分为对照组、模型组和姜黄素治疗组。检测大鼠神经功能损伤评分和脑梗死体积;通过检测脑组织髓过氧物酶的含量说明中性粒细胞浸润和炎症反应的程度;检测脑组织伊文思蓝的含量说明血脑屏障的破坏程度;ELISA检测脑组织肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的含量;免疫印记法检测基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)的表达变化。结果姜黄素治疗组减轻神经功能损伤、脑梗死体积,并减轻中性粒细胞在脑组织的浸润程度、改善血脑屏障完整性。同时姜黄素还可以降低脑组织TNF-α的含量以及MMP-9的表达水平。结论姜黄素通过减轻炎症反应和血脑屏障破坏对大鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤起脑保护作用。姜黄素的脑保护作用可能与其降低TNF-α含量和MMP-9的表达有关。     

油酰乙醇胺在小鼠急性局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤中的作用及机制

目的研究油酰乙醇胺(OEA)在脑缺血再灌注损伤中的作用及机制。方法线栓法制备小鼠大脑中动脉栓塞模型,缺血90 min后再灌注。应用HPLC-MS/MS方法测定脑组织内OEA的含量。给予OEA(5,10,40 mg/kg,ig)或OEA水解酶抑制剂URB597(1 mg/kg,ig),观察其对小鼠急性脑缺血再灌注损伤的影响。测定脑组织丙二醛(MDA)含量,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性。观察MK886对OEA抗脂质过氧化损伤的影响。结果脑缺血再灌注后6 h,损伤侧脑内OEA含量开始升高,再灌注后24 h升高最明显。脑缺血再灌注后给予OEA(40 mg/kg)或URB597(1 mg/kg)可减少神经功能缺失评分,减小脑梗死体积,减轻脑水肿程度。OEA可减少脑内MDA含量,增加抗氧化酶SOD的活性。OEA这一抗氧化作用可被MK886所取消。结论脑缺血再灌注可增加脑内OEA的含量,OEA通过激动PPARα,减轻脂质过氧化损伤发挥抗脑缺血再灌注损伤作用。     

脑缺血再灌注小鼠脑内不同神经核团单胺递质及其代谢产物的变化

目的　测定脑缺血再灌注后小鼠脑内不同神经核团单胺递质及其代谢产物的动态变化。方法　阻断小鼠双侧颈总动脉 (CCAO)进行缺血再灌 ,于术后当天 (d 0 )及d 1、3、5、2 0用HPLC ECD动态检测小鼠海马 ,纹状体 ,皮层的神经递质及其代谢产物的变化。结果　与假手术对照组相比 ,脑缺血再灌注小鼠术后上述神经核团去甲肾上腺素 (NE) ,多巴胺 (DA) ,5 羟色胺 (5 HT)等神经递质及其代谢产物含量降低 ,其中海马表现尤为明显。结论　脑内多个神经系统参与了脑缺血再灌注小鼠的病理过程 ,小鼠海马对缺血损伤最为敏感。提示脑缺血再灌注后海马神经递质异常是其后期行为表现的物质基础 ,是临床治疗中应予以重视的靶点     

Tissue plasminogen activator mediated blood-brain barrier damage in transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats: relevance of interactions between thrombotic material and thrombolytic agent

Thrombolysis with tPA for acute ischemic stroke is associated with an increased risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. We investigated the impact of thrombolysis with tPA on the blood-brain barrier in a suture occlusion model in rats. Cerebral ischemia was performed for 2 h followed by 22 h of reperfusion. Treatment groups received either saline (A), 10 mg/kg bw rtPA (B) or "activated" rtPA (ArtPA, C, rtPA with in vitro clot contact). Blood-brain-barrier damage assessed by Evans blue extravasation as a permeability marker was significantly enhanced in basal ganglia of group C compared to groups A or B. Likewise was the upregulation of MMP-9. Interestingly, results of the rtPA and saline group showed only minor and not statistically significant differences. The results of the present study indicate a major role for thrombus-thrombolytic interaction in focal cerebral ischemia with subsequent increased BBB permeability.     

Orally administered oleoylethanolamide protects mice from focal cerebral ischemic injury by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α

Oleoylethanolamide (OEA) is a high-affinity agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) which may act as an endogenous neuroprotective factor. However, it is not clear whether orally administered OEA is effective against ischemic brain injury. In our study, transient focal cerebral ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion for 90 min followed by reperfusion. To evaluate its preventive effects, OEA (10, 20 or 40 mg/kg, ig) was administered for 3 days before ischemia. To evaluate its therapeutic effects, OEA (40 mg/kg, ig) was administered at 0.5 or 1h before reperfusion or at 0 or 1h after reperfusion. In some experiments, the PPARα antagonist MK886 (10mg/kg, ig) was administered 0.5h before OEA. Neurological deficit score, infarct volume and brain edema degree were determined at 24h after reperfusion. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption was evaluated by Evans blue (EB) leakage at 6h after reperfusion. Real-time RT-PCR and western blot were performed to detect PPARα mRNA and protein expression. Oral OEA pretreatment improved neurological dysfunction reduced infarct volume and alleviated brain edema in a dose-dependent manner; the most effective dose was 40 mg/kg. The therapeutic time is within 1h after reperfusion. OEA also increased PPARα mRNA and protein expression in the ischemic brain. The PPARα antagonist MK886 abolished the protective effects of OEA. In conclusion, our results indicate that orally administered OEA protects against acute cerebral ischemic injury in mice, at least in part by activating PPARα.     

QN胶囊对小鼠和大鼠脑缺血的保护作用

目的探讨QN胶囊对小鼠和大鼠脑缺血损伤的保护作用及机制。方法采用小鼠密闭缺氧实验,观察QN胶囊对小鼠存活时间的影响;结扎小鼠双侧颈总动脉及迷走神经造成急性脑缺血,观察QN胶囊对小鼠存活时间的影响;选用Wistar健康大白鼠,采用急性不完全性脑缺血再灌注模型,观察QN胶囊对大鼠脑含水量、脑指数、脑毛细血管通透性、组织形态学、脑组织中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH Px)、一氧化氮(NO)含量的影响。结果QN胶囊可延长缺氧小鼠和急性脑缺血小鼠的存活时间;可显著降低脑缺血再灌注模型大鼠的脑含水量、脑指数、脑毛细血管通透性及脑组织中的MDA和NO的含量;显著升高SOD和GSHPx的活性。结论QN胶囊对脑缺血及再灌注损伤有保护作用。     

黄蜀葵总黄酮对全脑缺血损伤的保护作用

目的　研究黄蜀葵总黄酮 (TFA)对脑缺血及再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法　结扎双侧颈总动脉建立小鼠脑缺血模型 ,观察小鼠 6h存活率 ,测定缺血脑组织中丙二醛(MDA)含量 ;采用小鼠氮气缺氧模型 ,观察小鼠存活时间 ;采用结扎双侧颈总动脉合并血压下降法建立兔脑缺血再灌注模型 ,兔脑缺血 60min后再灌注 3 0min ,记录脑缺血和再灌注的脑电图 (EEG) ,测定缺血脑组织的丙二醛 (MDA)、乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH)。结果　TFA(3 0、60、12 0mg·kg-1)延长小鼠缺氧后的存活时间和提高脑缺血后小鼠的存活率及能抑制脑组织中MDA的增高。TFA(12、2 4、48mg·kg-1)抑制兔脑缺血再灌注损伤所致的EEG、MDA、LDH变化。结论　TFA对脑缺血及再灌注损伤有保护作用 ,其机制可能与抗自由基和脂质过氧化有关