二手烟暴露对非吸烟者吸烟外显态度与内隐态度及其关系的影响

目的:探究二手烟暴露对非吸烟者吸烟外显态度和吸烟内隐态度以及两者之间关系的影响。方法:采用吸烟外显态度问卷、吸烟内隐联想测验、二手烟暴露问卷等对104名非吸烟者进行测量。结果:(1)二手烟暴露程度较高的被试对吸烟外显态度的消极程度显著低于二手烟暴露程度为无或较低的被试;二手烟暴露程度不同的被试的吸烟内隐态度无显著差异;(2)吸烟外显态度和吸烟内隐态度无显著相关;(3)吸烟外显态度和吸烟内隐态度的关系受到二手烟暴露的调节;二手烟暴露较高,两者显著正相关,而二手烟暴露为无或较低,两者不显著相关。结论:二手烟暴露降低非吸烟者对吸烟的消极外显态度,且提高吸烟外显态度和内隐态度之间的联结。     

马基雅维利主义的内隐测量:基于刻板解释偏差

目的:探讨马基雅维利主义的外显态度和内隐态度之间的关系。方法:采用马基雅维利主义量表(Mach-IV)和自编的道德低下者、道德高尚者的刻板解释偏差(SEB)问卷对145名大学生进行了测量。结果:①Mach-IV低分组对道德低下者有显著的消极内隐态度(t=2.52,P0.05),同时,低分组和高分组都对道德高尚者有显著的消极内隐态度(t=-3.71/-4.06,P0.001);②Mach-IV高、低分组都对道德低下者的消极行为持消极内隐态度(t=4.55/4.17,P0.001),对道德低下者的积极行为持积极内隐态度(t=10.50/13.06,P0.001),对道德高尚者的消极行为持消极内隐态度(t=12.42/9.69,P0.001),对道德高尚者的积极行为持积极内隐态度(t=3.76/3.31,P0.001);③Mach-IV高分组、低分组对道德高尚者和道德低下者两类社会群体的积极行为的内、外归因数量有显著差异(χ~2=37.18/38.51,P=0.000),对两类社会群体的消极行为的内外归因数量也有显著差异(χ~2=20.04/19.67,P0.001)。结论:马基雅维利主义外显态度与内隐态度之间存在一致性关系,主要表现在Mach-IV量表得分高者不存在对道德低下者的消极内隐态度,提示有为该群体辩解和支持的无意识自动化倾向。     

青少年自尊与抑郁的关系:迷思的中介作用

目的:了解青少年外显自尊、内隐自尊、迷思与抑郁的关系.方法:采用Rosenberg自尊问卷、流调中心用抑郁量表(CES-D)、迷思反应问卷和自尊IAT测量171名青少年.结果:外显自尊与迷思呈显著负相关(r=-O.394.P<0.001),与抑郁呈显著负相关(1=-0.467,P<0.001),迷思与抑郁呈显著正相关(1=0.634,P<0.001).迷思在外显自尊与抑郁之间发挥着部分中介作用,当迷思进入回归方程时,外显自尊对抑郁的预测效应从0.467降低为0.258;中介性-调节分析发现,当迷思进入回归方程时,外显自尊×内隐自尊对抑郁的预测效应从0.169降为-0.090(β=-0.090,t=-1.499,P=0.139).结论:外显自尊×内隐自尊对抑郁的预测效应是通过迷思这一中介变量实现的.     

主观幸福感与心理健康关系的内隐社会认知研究

目的从内隐社会认知的角度出发探讨了主观幸福感与心理健康的关系。方法随机选取109名大学生运用问卷法和实验法进行调查研究。结果1心理健康总分与消极情感显著正相关(r=0.64),与生活满意度、幸福感指数显著负相关(r=-0.27,r=-0.54),内隐幸福感与内隐心理健康显著正相关(r=0.55);2外显幸福感可解释外显心理健康45.9%的方差变异(F=37.342,P0.001);内隐幸福感可解释内隐心理健康29.9%的方差变异(F=45.651,P0.001)。结论主观幸福感对心理健康的预测模型为:外显幸福感预测外显心理健康,内隐幸福感预测内隐心理健康。     

大学生内隐、外显权力动机与主观幸福感的关系

目的:探讨内隐和外显权力动机与主观幸福感之间的关系,并考察内隐权力动机在外显权力动机与主观幸福感之间的调节作用。方法:采用随机整群抽样的方式,选取生活目标量表、图片故事练习、生活满意度量表和积极情感-消极情感量表对205名在校大学生进行测查。结果:(1)内隐权力动机与积极情感(r=0.24,P0.05)、主观幸福感(r=0.20,P0.05)呈显著正相关,外显权力动机与积极情感(r=0.36,P0.01)、主观幸福感(r=0.24,P0.05)呈显著正相关,与消极情感(r=-0.19,P0.05)呈显著负相关;(2)内隐权力动机调节了外显权力动机与积极情感之间的关系。在低内隐权力动机个体中,外显权力动机对积极情感没有显著预测作用(simple slope=0.10,t=2.20,P0.05);而在高内隐权力动机个体中,外显权力动机对积极情感有显著预测(simple slope=0.28,t=3.68,P0.01)。结论:内隐、外显权力动机与主观幸福感之间关系密切,内隐权力动机在外显权力动机对积极情感的影响中具有调节作用。     

大学生外显自尊、内隐自尊、人格特质与积极情感、消极情感的关系

目的:综合探讨外显自尊、内隐自尊、人格特质与积极情感、消极情感的关系.方法:按照文理兼顾的原则随机整群选取山东某大学大一和大二学生437名,采用自尊鼍表(SES)、内隐联系测验(IAT)、艾森克人格问卷简式量表中国版(EPQ-RSC)以及积极情感和消极情感量表中文修订版(PANAS-R)进行测验.结果:相关分析发现外显自尊(26.46 ±3.93)及外倾性(7.21±2.58)与积极情感(28.21±5.44)均呈统计学意义上的正相关(r=0.29,0.43;均P<0.001),与消极情感(16.96.±4.51)均呈负相关(r=-0.20、-0.23;均P<0.001),神经质(5.59±3.08)与积极情感负相关(r=-0.35,P<0.001),与消极情感正相关(r=0.51,P<0.001);逐步多元回归分析发现外显自尊、外倾性、神经质能预测积极情感(β=0.15、0.33、-0.20),神经质能预测消极情感(β=0.51)(均P<0.001).结论:当同时考虑两种自尊和人格特质时,外显自尊和某些人格特质均能预测积极情感,但只有神经质能预测消极情感.     

大学生内隐、外显成就动机对主观幸福感的影响

目的探讨内隐成就动机、外显成就动机对主观幸福感的影响。方法随机抽取72名大学生进行内隐联想测验,同时填写成就动机量表和总体幸福感指数量表。结果 1大学生内隐和外显成就动机是2个相对独立的动机系统;2外显成就动机与主观幸福感呈显著正相关(r=0.311,P0.01),而内隐成就动机与主观幸福感没有显著相关;3内隐成就动机调节了外显成就动机对主观幸福感的影响。在低内隐成就动机个体中,外显成就动机与主观幸福感没有显著相关(β=0.082,t=0.549,P=0.584);在高内隐成就动机个体中,外显成就动机与主观幸福感呈显著正相关(β=0.525,t=3.650,P0.001)。结论外显成就动机与主观幸福感关系密切,内隐成就动机调节了外显成就动机与主观幸福感之间的关系。     

不道德行为产生后的道德自我评价

目的:探究人们在产生不道德行为后的道德自我评价特点。方法:通过操控想像启动范式,采用内隐联想测验和诚实-谦逊量表测量被试的道德自我评价。结果:两种实验条件中的相容任务反应时都要显著短于不相容任务反应时(实验组:t=-13.42,P0.01;控制组:t=-12.85,P0.01);相较于常规行为组被试,不道德行为组被试表现出更消极的内隐道德自我评价(t=-2.05,P0.05,d=-0.55),而两组在外显测量上的道德自我评价不存在显著差异(t=-1.03,P=0.31,d=-0.28);两种实验条件中的内隐道德自我评价和外显道德自我评价都不存在显著相关(实验组:r=-0.308,P0.05;控制组:r=-0.003,P0.05)。结论:人们的道德自我评价存在积极倾向,即人们总是积极看待自我与道德相关的品质;不道德行为产生后的道德自我评价存在内隐倾向;人们的内隐道德自我评价和外显道德自我评价存在分离现象。     

回避型人格障碍大学生的自尊与情感

目的:探讨回避型人格障碍(Avoidant Personality Disorder,AVD)大学生外显自尊、内隐自尊、积极情感、消极情感的特点和相互关系,及对AVD的可能预测作用。方法:通过人格障碍诊断问卷(Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire,PDQ+4)及个性障碍晤谈手册(Personality Disorder Interview,PDI-IV)从苏州大学1990名本科生中筛选出符合AVD诊断且无其他人格障碍共病者32名,其中自愿参与试验26名;按性别和年龄比从PDQ+4划界分阴性的大学生中随机抽取30人为正常对照组。采用Rosenberg自尊量表(Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale,SES)测量外显自尊、内隐联想测验(Implicit Association Test,IAT)测量内隐自尊、积极情感和消极情感量表(Positive and Negative Affect Scale,PANAS)测量情感体验。结果:(1)AVD组SES得分低于正常对照组(P<0.001),而内隐自尊两组差异无统计学意义(P=0.86)。(2)AVD组消极情感得分高于对照组(P<0.01),而积极情感得分低于对照组(P<0.01)。(3)AVD组SES得分与积极情感得分呈正相关(r=0.46,P<0.05);正常对照组SES得分与积极情感得分呈正相关(r=0.61,P<0.01),而与消极情感得分负相关(r=-0.45,P<0.05)。(4)外显自尊对AVD的发生有预测作用(β=0.50,P<0.001),低外显自尊个体更易发生AVD。结论:与正常大学生相比,回避型人格障碍大学生外显自尊较低而内隐自尊没有明显改变,消极情感体验较多而积极情感体验较少。     

大学生内隐、外显自尊与嫉妒行为的关系

目的:探讨大学生的内隐自尊、外显自尊与其嫉妒行为的关系.方法:随机整群抽取223名大学生进行青少年自我价值感量表、内隐联想测验、Bringle自我报告嫉妒量表的测试.结果:①女生嫉妒水平显著高于男生(t=-4.09.P<0.01);②在内隐自尊与外显自尊的总体水平上,不存在显著的性别差异(t=1.89,P>0.05;t=1.24,P>0.05);但在外显自尊的一般水平上,女生社会取向的自尊显著高于男生(r=-2.90,P<0.01);③不同内隐/外显自尊组合的大学生嫉妒水平存在显著的差异(F=26.75,P<0.01);④外显的总体自尊对大学生的嫉妒行为有显著的负向预测作用(R2=0.25,P<0.001).结论:提高大学生外显自尊可减弱嫉妒的消极心理影响,有助于培养他们的健康人格.     

家庭、同伴及认知态度对社交性吸烟启动的影响

目的调查高校中社交性吸烟行为的发生率,探讨认知态度、同伴和家庭因素对大学生启动吸烟的影响。方法对579名高校大学生采用随机抽样方法进行社交性吸烟饮酒行为等相关问题、吸烟认知态度以及家庭环境和简明应对方式的调查。采用卡方检验、单因素方差分析和回归分析进行统计。结果被调查者总体吸烟率19.6%,其中社交性吸烟者占全部吸烟者的18%。对吸烟行为的认知态度及同伴影响与社交性吸烟行为显著正相关(r=0.264,0.428;P=0.000);社交场合的饮酒行为与社交性吸烟行为显著正相关(r=0.220,P=0.000)。年龄、同伴影响、社交场合的饮酒行为是大学生启动吸烟行为危险因素,其中社交场合有人向被试递烟是启动吸烟的重要危险因素(OR=6.284,P=0.000)。结论社交性吸烟行为在大学生中较为普遍,同伴吸烟和递烟行为以及对社交性吸烟的认知态度是大学生启动吸烟的危险因素。     

The impact of cigarette smoking on human semen parameters and hormones

BACKGROUND: In this prospective study, semen parameters and hormone concentrations of infertile smokers were compared with infertile non- and ex-smokers. We also determined how many men with idiopathic infertility would stop smoking in an attempt to improve their fertility. METHODS: 1104 men (517 non-smokers, 109 ex-smokers and 478 smokers) with infertility for at least 1 year were evaluated. Evaluation included medical history, physical examination, hormone analysis and two semen analyses. Prior to the second semen analysis, smokers were urged to quit smoking. RESULTS: Smokers were significantly younger (P < 0.001), had significantly more round cells in their ejaculates (P = 0.003), and the percentage of ejaculates with > 1 x 10(6)/ml leukocytes was higher in smokers (P < 0.001). Increased free and total serum testosterone (P < 0.001) and decreased prolactin levels (P < 0.001) were found in smokers. No differences were found between non-smokers and ex-smokers. Only 23.1% of the smokers versus 46% non-smokers (P < 0.001) returned for a second semen analysis, 14 of whom reduced and 15 of whom quit smoking completely. Testosterone levels were significantly lower in those who were able to stop or reduce smoking (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Smoking does not affect conventional semen parameters, but significantly increases round cells and leukocytes. Only a few idiopathic infertile smokers were able to quit smoking.     

Interleukin-18 levels in induced sputum are reduced in asthmatic and normal smokers

BACKGROUND: IL-18 is a cytokine which is known to have an important role in the development of a Th1 lymphocyte response. As such, it may have a regulatory role in asthma by modifying Th2 lymphocyte responses. Cigarette smoking may amplify the airway inflammation associated with asthma. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated if IL-18 could be detected in induced sputum from asthmatics and normal subjects and if smoking altered IL-18 levels. METHODS: Induced sputum was obtained from asthmatic (31 smokers, 35 non-smokers) and normal (20 smokers, 20 non-smokers) subjects. All smokers had a smoking history of > or =15 pack years. IL-18 levels in sputum supernatant were measured by ELISA. IL-18 mRNA expression and cellular localization were assessed by quantitative PCR and immunocytochemistry, respectively. RESULTS: Smoking was associated with a significant reduction in IL-18 levels (median (interquartile range) - smokers 20 (0-102) pg/mL vs. non-smokers 358 (50-876) pg/mL, P<0.001). This was more pronounced in asthmatics (smokers, 47 (40-64) pg/mL vs. non-smokers, 530 (30-1484) pg/mL; P<0.001) than in normal subjects (smokers, 25 (0-78) pg/mL vs. non-smokers, 247 (50-656) pg/mL; P<0.01). Within each of the smoking and non-smoking groups there was no significant difference in IL-18 levels between asthmatic and normal subjects. There was no correlation between sputum IL-18 levels and any specific cell type in the sputum samples nor serum IgE levels. IL-18 mRNA expression was reduced in asthmatic smokers compared with non-smokers. IL-18 production was localized to sputum macrophages by immunocytochemistry. CONCLUSIONS: IL-18 is detectable in induced sputum samples from both asthmatic and normal subjects. Cigarette smoking significantly reduces sputum IL-18 levels. This effect is more pronounced in asthmatics than in normal subjects.     

Physician-prescribed Asthma Treatment Regimen does not differ Between Smoking and Non-smoking Patients With Asthma in Seoul and Gyunggi province of Korea

Purpose

Smoking has detrimental effects on asthma symptom control and response to treatment and is prevalent among asthma patients in South Korea. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of smoking among asthma patients in South Korea and to compare the medication regimens of asthma patients who do and do not smoke.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was conducted from August 2010 to January 2011. Participating physicians (N=25) recorded demographic and clinical data on all asthma patients presenting during the study period (N=2,032), and then recruited a subset of patients (N=500) for the survey such that half were self-reported current smokers. Recruited patients were between the ages of 18 and 60.

Results

Among presenting asthma patients, 17.3% were current smokers, 19.2% were former smokers, and 63.5% had never smoked. Within the analyzable study population (N=471), 212 patients reported smoking currently, 79 smoking formerly, and 180 never smoking. Among current and former smokers, 79.7% and 81.0%, respectively, were men, while women represented 80.5% of patients who had never smoked. Agreement was strong between physician-determined smoking status and patient-reported smoking status (κ=0.82; P<0.001). However, asthma medication regimens examined according to GINA treatment steps did not differ by smoking status. In addition, mean quality of life scores and level of asthma control did not differ by smoking status.

Conclusions

In South Korea, physicians are well aware of the smoking status of their patients. However, smoking status did not affect the prescribed medication regimens of this population of asthma patients.     

Smoking induces oxidative stress inside the Graafian follicle

BACKGROUND: A growing body of evidence indicates that pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance inside ovarian follicles plays an important role in folliculogenesis. Over 20% of women of reproductive age in Europe and the USA regularly smoke cigarettes. The impact of tobacco smoking on the intrafollicular markers of oxidative stress has not been fully elucidated. The objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that cigarette smoking affects the intrafollicular redox milieu. METHODS: In follicular fluid samples originating from 108 IVF patients, lipid peroxidation was assessed by the thiobarbituric reactive substances method and total antioxidative capacity was quantified by the luminol enhanced chemiluminescence method. The level of patients' exposure to the cigarette smoke was evaluated by measuring the follicular fluid cotinine concentration by means of radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: Intrafollicular exposure to cigarette smoke metabolites was associated with a significant increase in follicular lipid peroxidation intensity (P < 0.001), which was accompanied by a significant decrease in the local antioxidative potential (P = 0.004). CONCLUSION: The results indicate that active smoking affects the pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance inside the pre-ovulatory ovarian follicle by inducing intrafollicular oxidative stress. This provides another possible explanation for impaired folliculogenesis in female smokers.     

基于Go/NoGo任务的青年吸烟者抑制控制能力的事件相关电位研究

目的:基于Go/NoGo任务,探讨18到25周岁的青年吸烟者的事件相关电位成分（N200、P300）与抑制控制能力是否存在变化。方法:采集Go/NoGo任务下30名青年吸烟者和30名青年不吸烟者的脑电图,比较青年吸烟者和不吸烟者的事件相关电位波幅和任务表现。结果:青年吸烟组的P300波幅显著低于不吸烟组（t=-2.357, P=0.023）,N200的波幅没有显著差异（t=-0.904, P=0.375）。并且青年吸烟组的NoGo错误数显著高于不吸烟组（t=4.316, P=0.000）。Pearson相关性分析显示,青年吸烟组的P300波幅和NoGo错误数显著相关（r=0.37, P=0.044）。结论:青年吸烟者相对于青年不吸烟者在抑制控制能力方面具有缺陷。本研究可为青年吸烟者吸烟成瘾研究提供一定的参考,而且能为从事治疗吸烟成瘾的医疗人员和心理咨询师提供有效帮助。     

大学生内隐利他在不同实验材料中的研究

目的考察大学生内隐利他倾向的存在性及其与外显利他的关系。方法采用自行修订的Rushton编制的《利他精神自陈量表》及图片-词汇联结和词汇-词汇联结的内隐联想测验进行研究。结果①内隐图片-词汇联结实验的相容反应时与不相容反应时差异显著(t=-12.55),内隐词汇-词汇联结实验的结果也存在显著差异(t=-10.04);②内隐利他与外显利他行为无相关,不同实验材料的内隐实验IAT效应值存在显著相关(r=0.43,P<0.01);③内隐利他和外显利他在性别上差异均不显著。结论利他行为内隐倾向存在且稳定;利他行为的内隐倾向与外显行为相分离,并且男女生的利他行为不存在显著差异。     

The effect of female tobacco smoking on IVF outcomes

BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking is widely believed to be associated with decreased fecundity in naturally conceiving populations; however, the effect of female smoking on pregnancy outcomes in patients undergoing IVF is unclear. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 389 consecutive patients undergoing first cycle IVF was performed. Outcomes of peak estradiol (E(2)) levels, log mean ovarian volume, number of oocytes retrieved, oocyte maturity in ICSI, fertilization rate, cleavage rate, embryo quality, percentage of high-quality embryos, pregnancy and live birth were assessed in patients reported as never smokers, past smokers and current smokers. Potential confounding variables evaluated included day 3 FSH, number of oocytes retrieved, embryo quality, caffeine and alcohol consumption. The population was also stratified by female age (<35 and >or=35 years). RESULTS: A total of 9.3% of our patients reported current smoking and 12.1% reported a history of smoking. Smoking status did not significantly affect pregnancy outcome, live birth rate or any other indicated outcome. CONCLUSIONS: A total of 21.4% of IVF patients in this study had past or present exposure to cigarette smoking with no measurable effect on IVF outcome.