甲状腺手术中细针穿刺免疫层析法快速检测甲状旁腺组织的应用研究

目的探讨甲状腺手术中应用细针穿刺免疫层析法快速检测甲状旁腺组织的临床应用价值。 方法选择2018年1月至2018年10月行甲状腺手术的患者102例进行前瞻性研究,随机分为两组,实验组(52例)应用免疫层析法检测甲状旁腺;对照组(50例)应用肉眼识别法识别甲状旁腺。采用SPSS 19.0统计软件分析,术前、术后血钙和甲状旁腺素水平用均数±标准差表示,独立t检验;甲状旁腺识别率采用χ²检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。 结果与术中冰冻病理检查结果比较显示：肉眼法识别甲状旁腺与术中冰冻病理学结果比较,符合率为77.0%(47/61);免疫层析法识别符合率为97.4%(75/77)。两种识别方法差异有统计学意义(χ²＝35.57, P<0.0001)。在甲状腺腺叶切除的良性病例中,实验组和对照组术后血钙和甲状旁腺激素水平基本相似,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在甲状腺恶性肿瘤病例中,实验组血钙和甲状旁腺素明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。 结论术中应用细针穿刺免疫层析法有助于对甲状旁腺组织的判别,方便快捷,避免损伤甲状旁腺,降低甲状旁腺功能减退的发生率。     

The diagnostic value of fine needle aspiration in parotid lumps

Introduction

Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is a safe and quick method of diagnosing superficial lumps, which aids preoperative planning. However, FNA of the parotid gland has not gained the widespread acceptance noted in other head and neck lumps. The aim of this study was to determine the ability of FNA of the parotid gland to differentiate benign and malignant disease, and to determine the impact on surgical outcome.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of 201 consecutive parotid operations with preoperative FNA in a large district hospital in the UK was performed. The diagnostic characteristics were calculated for benign and malignant disease, and the impact on surgical procedure was determined.

Results

In identifying benign disease, FNA has a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 76%. In detecting malignant disease, FNA has a sensitivity and specificity of 52% and 92% respectively. A false positive on FNA was associated with a higher incidence of neck dissection.

Conclusions

FNA is a useful diagnostic test. However, owing to low sensitivity, it is necessary to interpret it in the context of all other clinical information.     

Use of surgeon-performed office ultrasound and parathyroid fine needle aspiration for complex parathyroid localization

BACKGROUND: This study investigates the utility of ultrasound guided parathyroid fine needle aspiration (FNA) as a localizing technique in patients with hyperparathyroidism (HPT) undergoing re-operative neck surgery or with unusually appearing or ectopically located glands. METHODS: Selected patients with HPT underwent surgeon-performed FNA with ultrasound guidance. Aspirate contents were sent for cytology and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. All patients subsequently underwent parathyroid exploration. RESULTS: 54 patients underwent 57 ultrasound guided parathyroid biopsies. Indications for FNA included prior parathyroid (n = 29), thyroid (n = 11), or other neck surgery (n = 2), or unusual parathyroid appearance or location (n = 12). A true positive was defined as a site where the PTH aspirate was >40 pg/mL and a hypercellular gland was removed at surgery. Based on this, there were 44 true positives, 10 true negatives, and 3 false negatives; there were no false positives. The median PTH level in positive aspirates was 11,665 pg/mL. Cytology was primarily helpful in excluding other diagnoses. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound guided FNA is a highly specific localization test for parathyroid tumors. This procedure can be successfully performed by surgeons in the office setting and is extremely valuable for directing parathyroid exploration in challenging cases. We recommend incorporating ultrasound and FNA as a pre-operative localization strategy for selected patients with HPT.     

Metastatic basal cell carcinoma to the lungs diagnosed by means of fine needle aspiration

Summary The case of a 50-year-old patient is presented, suffering from multiple penetrating basal cell carcinomas of the forehead, left orbit, auricle and scalp. He was first irradiated 25 years ago and since which time the patient has undergone repeated excisions. The orbital lesion which has penetrated deeply has caused blindness of the left eye, necessitating exenteration. Two years ago the patient developed metastases to the hilus of both lungs, which were diagnosed by means of fine needle aspiration. These lesions are spreading notwithstanding radiotherapy.     

Results of iterative surgery for persistent and recurrent parathyroid carcinoma

Background and aims Parathyroid carcinoma (PC) is a rare cause of primary hyperparathyroidism. Surgery is the only effective treatment; re-operations are often required, because recurrences occur in most of the cases. The aim of this retrospective study was to analyse the rate of biochemical cure, clinical relief, sensitivity of localizing studies and morbidity after re-operations.Patients and methods From January 1980 to December 2000, 19 patients underwent surgery for PC. PC persisted or recurred in all cases. Fourteen re-operations were performed in six patients.Results Twelve re-operations at loco-regional site and two pulmonary metastasectomies were performed. Iterative surgery achieved a symptomatic relief in 86% of cases and a transient biochemical remission only in one patient, but significantly reduced parathormone and calcemia. The sensitivity of scintigraphy, CT and ultrasonography was 86, 79 and 100%, respectively.Conclusion When recurrences occur, complete cure of PC is unlikely, despite re-operations. Iterative surgery is associated with some morbidity and never achieves a definitive cure, but provides significant clinical and biochemical palliation. Localizing studies are mandatory but do not detect all recurrences.This paper was presented at the First Congress of the European Society of Endocrine Surgeons (ESES), Pisa, Italy, 13–15 May 2004     

Parathyroid carcinoma in a child: an unusual case of an ectopically located malignant parathyroid gland with tumor invading the thymus

Parathyroid carcinoma is exceptionally rare in children. Parathyroid carcinoma in the pediatric population most typically presents with significant hypercalcemia and a palpable neck mass. The authors report the seventh case of parathyroid carcinoma diagnosed in a child younger than 16 years. To our knowledge, this case is the first documented case, in the pediatric population, of parathyroid carcinoma in an ectopically located parathyroid gland with tumor invading the thymus.     

甲状腺癌手术中甲状旁腺的识别和保护

目的 探讨甲状腺癌手术中甲状旁腺的保护方法,降低术后甲状旁腺功能减退的并发症.方法 2013年3月-2014年2月行全甲状腺切除术+Ⅵ区淋巴结清扫术的甲状腺患者107例,术中根据典型外观对甲状旁腺进行识别并原位保留;在已切除的甲状腺表面和Ⅵ区淋巴结标本中仔细寻找辨认甲状旁腺,疑似组织切取一部分送术中冰冻检查,证实后剩余组织移植于胸锁乳突肌中;根据术后病理诊断报告,确定在甲状腺及Ⅵ区淋巴结标本中有无被切除的甲状旁腺;术后1～3d连续监测血钙并对症处理.结果 甲状旁腺的误切率为11.4％,离体旁腺的自体移植率为54.4％,低钙血症发病率32.7％,有症状低钙血症发病率16.8％,无永久性低钙血症发生.结论 在甲状腺癌的手术治疗中,准确识别甲状旁腺是实现原位保留和自体移植的前提,是减少误切、降低术后低钙血症的有效方法.     

甲状旁腺癌诊断治疗的研究进展

甲状旁腺癌是一种罕见的恶性肿瘤,主要临床表现为甲状旁腺功能亢进和继发于高钙血症引起的各种代谢紊乱以及相应组织器官的损害.完善的实验室检查、准确的影像学定位和可靠的组织病理学特征是甲状旁腺癌诊断的重要依据.甲状旁腺癌对放疗、化疗不敏感,肿瘤及其周围受侵组织的"整块切除"是首选的治疗方式.抗PTH免疫治疗作为一种新的治疗方...     

Usefulness of fine needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma

Eighty-six cases of cytological diagnosis of the prostate by fine needle aspiration performed between January, 1986 and December, 1987 were reviewed. Twenty patients were diagnosed as positive cytology in prostate (malignant: class V, suspicious: class IV or atypical: class III) and were admitted and further evaluated with conventional needle biopsy followed by histological diagnosis. Then, 18 of them were diagnosed with prostatic carcinoma. False positive rate and false negative rate of this aspiration cytology were 10% and 3.0%, respectively. There was only one minor complication (fever onset) (1.2%) following this procedure. These results indicate that fine needle aspiration cytology of the prostate gland is an easily performed, diagnostically reliable outpatient procedure with minimal complications.     

甲状旁腺素对人甲状腺髓样癌细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的探讨甲状旁腺素对人甲状腺髓样癌细胞体外增殖抑制及凋亡作用。方法体外培养甲状腺髓样癌细胞株,经甲状旁腺素和甲状旁腺素受体单抗干预处理后,倒置相差显微镜下观察细胞生长状况,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡。结果倒置相差显微镜下细胞变化明显,各浓度的甲状旁腺素和甲状旁腺素受体单抗均分别能有效地抑制甲状腺髓样癌细胞增殖、诱导细胞凋亡,凋亡作用呈时间和浓度依赖。当甲状旁腺素浓度为2．0μmol／L、甲状旁腺素受体单抗浓度为1．0μmol／L时,对细胞凋亡作用显著（P〈0．05）,凋亡率分别为13．24％及20．78％。结论甲状旁腺素对人甲状腺髓样癌细胞增殖有抑制作用并能诱导其凋亡。     

术前诊断为胰腺癌术中细针穿刺细胞学检查阴性结果病例分析

目的 探讨术前诊断为胰腺癌术中细针穿刺细胞学（FNAC）检查阴性结果病例的临床意义和提高诊断准确性的方法。方法 回顾性分析1995年12月至2006年6月中国协和医科大学肿瘤医院术前诊断为胰腺癌，术中FNAC结果阴性的33例病人的临床特点、影像表现、实验室检查结果和随访资料。结果33例均获得随访，时间3个月至8年，其中30例为真阴性病例，肿物为慢性肿决型胰腺炎所致；3例为假阴性病例，术后出现肿决增大，肿瘤多发转移。结论慢性胰腺炎（CP）是出现阴性结果的主要因素，肿瘤体积大小、生长方式和术者取材技术决定FNAC的准确性。应提高对慢性胰腺炎临床特点的认识及术前诊断的准确性，改进穿刺取材和制片技术可以降低假阴性率。     

细针穿刺抽吸活检诊断甲状腺乳头状癌准确率的影响因素

目的 观察细针穿刺抽吸活检(FNAB)诊断甲状腺乳头状癌(PTC)准确率的影响因素。方法 回顾性纳入468例术前接受FNAB并经术后病理确诊的单发PTC患者,观察临床、超声及病理学特征对FNAB诊断准确率的影响。结果FNAB诊断PTC的准确率为71.37%(334/468)。PTC结节最大径及其位置是影响FNAB诊断准确率的因素。结节最大径0.7 cm为FNAB诊断PTC的最佳截断值;FNAB对最大径<0.7 cm及 ≥ 0.7 cm结节的诊断准确率分别为62.96%(119/189)和77.06%(215/279)。FNAB诊断穿刺困难区及容易区PTC的准确率分别为52.53%(52/99)和76.42%(282/369),诊断容易区最大径 ≥ 0.7 cm、困难区最大径 ≥ 0.7 cm、容易区最大径<0.7 cm及困难区最大径<0.7 cm PTC的准确率分别为80.43%(185/230)、61.22%(30/49)、69.78%(97/139)及44.00%(22/50)。结论 PTC最大径及其位置均为FNAB诊断准确率的影响因素。     

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration for staging patients with carcinoma of the lung

Background. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine needle aspiration is a safe, cost-effective procedure that can confirm the presence of mediastinal lymph node metastases and mediastinal tumor invasion. We studied the accuracy of EUS in a large population of lung cancer patients with and without enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes on computed tomographic (CT) scan.

Methods. From 1996 to 2000 all patients referred to our institution with lung tumors and no proven distant metastases were considered for EUS and surgical staging. Patients had endoscopic ultrasound with fine needle aspiration of abnormal appearing mediastinal lymph nodes and evaluation for mediastinal invasion of tumor (stage III or IV disease). Patients without confirmed stage III or IV disease had surgical staging.

Results. Two hundred seventy-seven patients met the inclusion criteria, including 121 who had EUS. Endoscopic ultrasound and fine needle aspiration detected stage III or IV disease in 85 of 121 (70%). Among patients with enlarged lymph nodes on CT, 75 of 97 (77%) had stage III or IV disease detected by EUS. Among a small cohort of patients without enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes on CT, 10 of 24 (42%) had stage III or IV disease detected by EUS. For mediastinal lymph nodes only, the sensitivity of endoscopic ultrasound and CT was 87%. The specificity of EUS (100%) was superior to that of CT (32%) (p < 0.001).

Conclusions. Endoscopic ultrasound with fine needle aspiration identified and histologically confirmed mediastinal disease in more than two thirds of patients with carcinoma of the lung who have abnormal mediastinal CT scans. Although mediastinal disease was more likely in patients with an abnormal mediastinal CT, EUS also detected mediastinal disease in more than one third of patients with a normal mediastinal CT and deserves further study. Endoscopic ultrasound should be considered a first line method of presurgical evaluation of patients with tumors of the lung.     

CT guided fine needle aspiration biopsy of biliopancreatic lesions: Report of 30 cases

CT guided percutaneous fine needle aspiration biopsy was performed on 30 patients with pancreatic and periampullary neoplasms, in the Department of Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, between March 1985 and January 1986. We obtained positive cytodiagnosis from all cases of carcinoma of the pancreatic head (9 cases), body and tail (4 cases), and ampullary carcinomas (5 cases) (100 per cent). In 2 of 3 duodenal carcinomas (66.6 per cent), and 6 of 7 distal common duct carcinomas (86 per cent), a positive cytodiagnosis was also obtained. On the other hand, 2 cases of pancreatitis both gave a negative cytodiagnosis, i.e. no false positives were obtained. Out of the 30 cases who underwent CT guided biopsy, a correct diagnosis was obtained in 28, i.e. a diagnostic accuracy of 93.3 per cent. The cytodiagnosis of the other two cases was either suspicious or false negative. There have been no clinical complications noted.     

Accuracy and cost-effectiveness of fine needle aspiration biopsy

Two hundred eighty-six fine needle aspiration biopsies were reviewed. The sensitivity for the diagnosis of malignancy was 90 percent for lymph node specimens, 93 percent for skin and soft tissue masses, and 74 percent for breast cancer. The overall accuracy of the technique was 82 percent for breast lesions, and 90 to 92 percent for soft tissue and lymph node lesions. Traditional open biopsy in an outpatient setting for these tumors is twice as costly as fine needle aspiration biopsy. Further refinement in the use of the cytocentrifuge and immunohistochemical techniques will result in fewer inadequate fine needle aspiration specimens and an increase in the diagnostic information available with this technique. Fine needle aspiration is recommended as the first biopsy technique of choice for localized solid tumors.     

Peroperative fine needle aspiration biopsy of lung tumors

The feasibility and reliability of peroperative fine needle aspiration biopsy of lung tumors were studied in a series of 54 patients. The postoperative histologic examination confirmed that 47 of the lesions were malignant. The cytologic examination also showed malignancy in 45 of these cases. The accuracy of fine needle cytology thus was 96%. In the two false negative reports the classification was Papanicolaou grades II and III. The cytologic classification of the histologically benign lesions was only grades I or II. Thus there were no false positive cytologic results. No complications arose from the needle biopsies. Peroperative fine needle aspiration biopsy at thoracotomy is rapid, simple and safe, and has a high degree of accuracy. It is diagnostically useful in cases without preoperative confirmation of suspected lung tumor if excisional biopsy is judged to be hazardous or unlikely to yield a definite diagnosis. The method permits the surgeon to assess the extent of a malignancy and can specify the cell type of the tumor.     

CT-guided fine needle aspiration of a periaortic collection

Patients with infected aortic grafts suffer considerable morbidity and mortality. Therefore, it is important to make the diagnosis of infection to provide a reasonable chance for survival. Clinical signs of infection are usually apparent in the postoperative period. If absent, the diagnosis becomes more difficult. CT scanning is beneficial in detecting periaortic fluid and gas collections; however, it cannot differentiate postoperative gas from infection in all cases. This is especially true during the first 2 weeks after operation. CT-guided fine needle aspiration can provide a safe and reliable means to answer this clinical question.     

Operative fine needle aspiration cytology of pancreatic tumours

Thirty-one patients undergoing laparotomy for tumours in the region of the pancreas had both fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and histological biopsy specimens taken to assess the accuracy of the FNAC technique. There were no false positive results but there were six false negative results following FNAC with only one false negative result of histological biopsy. However, there was sampling bias in favour of histology in each of the five patients with negative FNAC and positive histology; two had metastatic disease and three had histology repeated because the initial frozen section was negative. Two major complications may have resulted from the histological biopsy procedure. It is concluded that fine needle aspiration cytology is the ideal method of biopsying pancreatic lesions because of the inherent risk of complications following histological biopsy.