视觉搜索范式下抑郁症患者的负性注意偏向

目的:考察不同情绪环境中的视觉搜索任务对抑郁症患者负性注意偏向的影响。方法:选取27例符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-IV)抑郁症诊断标准的抑郁症住院患者,以及27例性别、年龄、受教育程度与之匹配的正常对照。选用Nimstim情绪面孔图片库中的高兴、悲伤和中性面孔作为刺激材料,使用视觉搜索范式,比较两组被试在不同情绪环境中搜索反应时的差异。结果:抑郁组在高兴、悲伤环境中的反应时显著大于正常对照组[(4717.7±1907.1)ms vs.(2406.2±1210.4)ms;(5186.1±2078.8)ms vs.(3093.0±1244.2)ms;均P0.001];抑郁组在高兴与悲伤面孔环境中的反应时的差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而正常对照组在高兴面孔环境中的反应时小于悲伤面孔环境中的反应时[(2406.2±1210.4)ms vs.(3093.0±1244.2)ms,P0.05]。患者组HAMD得分与反应时的相关无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:在面孔视觉搜索任务中,与正常被试相比,抑郁症患者抗情绪刺激干扰能力更差,没有表现出负性注意偏向。     

焦虑个体对负性刺激的注意偏向特点

目的:探讨焦虑个体的注意偏向特点。方法:招募在校大学生63名,完成状态-特质焦虑量表(STAI)、Liebowitz社交焦虑量表(LSAS)和贝克抑郁量表(BDI)。STAI量表的特质焦虑得分≥45分,或LSAS的社交焦虑得分≥60分者分入焦虑组(n=38);STAI量表的特质焦虑得分45分以下者,或STAI量表的特质焦虑得分≤46分且LSAS得分<45分者分入正常组(n=25)。采用2(组别:焦虑组,正常组)×2(目标位置:负性位置,中心位置)的混合设计,本研究的两个实验均采用目标探测范式,分别用情绪面孔和情绪词语作为线索刺激。比较两组被试在不同目标位置判断目标身份的按键反应的正确率、反应时、注意偏向值(中性刺激材料的反应时与负性刺激材料的反应时的差值)的标准分数的差异。结果:焦虑组在面孔材料条件下[(669.6±72.1)ms vs.(659.4±67.4)ms,P<0.01]和在词语材料条件下[(617.5±80.0)ms vs.(606.7±71.3)ms,P<0.01]的中性位置的反应时长于负性位置的反应时。结论:焦虑个体对负性面孔和词语的刺激材料均可能产生明显的注意偏向。     

不同状态抑郁症患者对情绪面孔的注意偏向

目的:研究不同状态抑郁症患者对情绪面孔的注意偏向。方法:选取来诊的抑郁症患者,根据抑郁量表得分将其分为抑郁发作组和抑郁缓解组,进行点探测实验,比较两组对不同情绪面孔图片的反应。结果:对两组被试的反应时进行重复测量方差分析,结果显示图片类型和被试类型交互作用显著(F=5.04,P=0.035),抑郁发作组对负性情绪面孔图片的反应时大于对正性情绪面孔图片的反应时;线索类型和被试类型的交互作用呈边缘显著(F=3.17,P=0.089);分别对两组被试对不同情绪面孔的反应时进行配对样本t检验,结果显示抑郁发作组被试在负性一致和负性不一致条件下的反应时均大于中性-中性条件下的反应时,差异具有统计学意义(t=2.41,P=0.037;t=2.52,P=0.030);抑郁缓解组被试在各种条件下的反应时差异均不显著。结论:处于抑郁发作状态的抑郁症患者对负性情绪图片存在注意偏向,其注意偏向表现为对负性情绪面孔的注意回避和注意脱离困难;处于抑郁缓解期的抑郁症患者没有表现出对情绪面孔的注意偏向。     

抑郁症患者对负性情绪面孔的注意偏向

目的:通过分析抑郁症患者在执行线索提示任务时的行为学特点,探索抑郁症患者对负性情绪信息注意偏向的认知特点。方法:筛选出符合国际精神疾病诊断与分类标准(ICD-10)的抑郁症患者20例(抑郁组),选取在性别、年龄、受教育年限方面与抑郁组相匹配的对照组20例。采用中科院心理研究所编制的中国化面孔情绪图片系统作为刺激材料,选择线索-靶子任务进行研究,比较两组被试在不同线索条件下反应时及正确率的差异。结果:抑郁组的总体平均反应时比对照组总体平均反应时长(t=-5.579,P0.01),对照组无效任务与有效任务反应时差值为正,抑郁组为负。对照组、抑郁组均表现出有效任务正确率高于无效任务(t=8.353,2.994,P0.01),中性图片正确率高于负性图片(t=7.363,4.499;P0.01)。结论:1抑郁症患者在执行线索提示任务时的反应速度较正常人慢,符合抑郁症患者思维迟缓、意志活动减退的症状特点;2正常人对情绪面孔图片表现出线索效应,抑郁症患者则表现出返回抑制,抑郁症患者未表现出显著的负性信息注意偏向。     

高特质焦虑个体对负性情绪信息注意偏向的机制探讨

目的:探讨高特质焦虑个体对负性情绪信息注意偏向的机制。方法:采用线索-靶子范式检测不同SOA下焦虑组和对照组的表现。结果:实验一发现,焦虑组只有在负性情绪面孔做线索时表现出提示效应,对照组无论是中性面孔还是负性情绪面孔做线索都表现出提示效应;实验二发现,焦虑组在中性面孔做线索时表现出返回抑制效应,在负性情绪面孔做线索时表现出提示效应,对照组无论是中性面孔还是负性情绪面孔做线索都表现出返回抑制效应。结论:高焦虑个体在SOA较短时由于对负性情绪信息的注意易化,对负性情绪面孔线索产生提示效应,在SOA较长时由于对负性情绪信息的注意脱离困难,返回抑制能力受损,仍对负性情绪面孔线索产生提示效应。     

负性情绪唤醒度对社交焦虑大学生注意解除困难的影响

目的:探讨负性情绪唤醒度在社交焦虑大学生注意解除困难中的作用。方法:选取有社交焦虑的大学生[38分≤Liebowitz社交焦虑量表(LSAS)总分≤72分,贝克抑郁量表第2版(Beck Depression InventoryⅡ,BDI-Ⅱ)总分<14分]和无社交焦虑的大学生(0分≤LSAS总分<38分,BDI-Ⅱ总分<14分)各35名,采用2(组别为社交焦虑组、非社交焦虑组)×3(刺激类型为高唤醒度愤怒面孔、低唤醒度愤怒面孔、中性面孔)两因素混合设计考察有社交焦虑的大学生在不同唤醒度条件下的反应时和正确率。结果:社交焦虑组在高唤醒度条件下的反应时长于低唤醒度和中性条件(均P<0.05);非社交焦虑组在高唤醒度与低唤醒度和中性条件下的反应时差别均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。结论:相比中性和低唤醒度的负性情绪刺激,有社交焦虑的大学生对高唤醒度负性情绪刺激的注意解除难度更大,但无社交焦虑的大学生没有表现出这种模式。     

抑郁个体情绪加工与认知控制的相互作用

目的:探讨抑郁个体情绪加工与认知控制的相互作用特点。方法:从重庆某两所高校120名学生中,用Beck抑郁问卷和自评抑郁量表筛选出20名抑郁情绪个体和26名正常被试参与情绪干扰任务。结果:两组被试在注视悲伤面孔时的正确率差异无统计学意义(P=0.115),而在忽视悲伤面孔时,抑郁情绪组的正确率低于正常对照组[(0.69±0.19)vs.(0.81±0.15),P=0.030];两组被试在注视高兴面孔时的正确率边缘显著(P=0.062),而在忽视高兴面孔时的正确率差异有统计学意义,抑郁情绪组的正确率低于正常对照组[(0.68±0.20)vs.(0.80±0.17),P=0.033]。呈现时间为500ms时的正确率高于呈现时间为250ms和375ms时的正确率[(0.75±0.03)vs.((0.68±0.03),(0.69±0.02);均P0.001],而呈现时间为250ms与375ms时的正确率差异无统计学意义(P=0.950)。结论:抑郁个体的情绪(不管正性还是负性)加工过程对认知控制过程会造成干扰,其认知控制功能可能受损;抑郁情绪个体的认知控制功能受损可能会引起正性情绪加工能力下降,而对负性情绪加工没有影响。     

不同类型高自尊个体情绪启动下的注意偏向和注意控制

目的:考察不同类型高自尊个体在不同情绪启动下注意偏向和注意控制的特点。方法:对大学生956人，根据自尊量表(SES)、内隐联想测验(IAT)得分筛选出脆弱型高自尊组和安全型高自尊组各57人。两组完成不同情绪启动下空间线索实验，当线索无效时，根据被试对攻击性词语的反应时与中性词语的反应时差值(RTI)的变异程度，获得情绪启动下的注意偏向特点；两组完成不同情绪启动下Flanker实验，根据不同情绪启动下被试干扰效应值的差异，获得情绪启动下的注意控制特点。结果:脆弱型高自尊组在高、低回避动机情绪下RTI值均高于中性动机情绪，在高趋近动机情绪下RTI值低于中性动机情绪；安全型高自尊组在高、低趋近动机情绪下RTI值均低于中性动机情绪，在高回避动机情绪下RTI值高于中性动机情绪(均P<0.05)。不同高自尊组在高趋近、高回避动机情绪下干扰效应得分高于中性动机情绪，在低趋近动机情绪下干扰效应得分低于中性动机情绪(均P<0.05)。结论:不同情绪启动对不同类型高自尊个体注意偏向和注意控制起调节或促进作用。     

儿童期受虐对成人情绪面孔注意偏向的影响

目的:探讨儿童期受虐对成人情绪面孔注意偏向的影响.方法:使用儿童虐待史问卷筛选出有童年期受虐经历的被试29名和无童年期受虐经历的被试30名,以情绪面孔(高兴、中性、愤怒)为实验材料进行点探测任务的行为学实验.结果:组别、面孔性质、一致性三因素在反应时指标上,各自的主效应及相互之间的交互作用均不显著(P>0.05):组别和面孔性质在注意偏向各项指标上的主效应和交互效应均不显著(P>0.05).结论:在中国文化背景下,有儿童期受虐经历的成年人不存在对情绪面孔的注意偏向.     

亚临床抑郁大学生注意偏向与记忆偏向的关系

目的:考察亚临床抑郁大学生对情绪信息的注意偏向是否与记忆偏向有关。方法:根据贝克抑郁量表第2版(BDI-II)和抑郁自评量表(SDS)得分筛选出大学生120人，其中亚临床抑郁组(BDI-II得分≥14分且SDS标准分≥53分)、正常对照组(BDI-II得分≤6)各60人；随机选取两组各30人参与情绪词汇试验(试验1),其余被试参与情绪面孔试验(试验2)。通过线索-靶任务考察注意偏向的注意警觉指数和注意脱离困难指数，采用再认任务考察记忆偏向指数。结果:亚临床抑郁组对消极词汇的注意脱离困难指数与记忆偏向指数呈正相关(r=0.44,P<0.05),对积极词汇的注意警觉指数与记忆偏向指数呈负相关(r=-0.55,P<0.01),而正常对照组对消极词汇和积极词汇的注意偏向指数与记忆偏向指数均无相关性(r=-0.20～0.13,均P>0.05)。亚临床抑郁组与正常对照组对消极面孔和积极面孔的注意偏向指数与记忆偏向指数均无相关性(r=-0.31～0.34,均P>0.05)。结论:亚临床抑郁大学生对消极词汇的注意偏向可能增强这些词汇的记忆，而对积极词汇的注意不足则可能减弱这些词...     

Attentional biases for angry faces in unipolar depression

BACKGROUND: Past research has demonstrated that depression is associated with dysfunctional processing of emotional information. Recent studies demonstrate that a bias in the attentional processing of negative information may be an important cognitive vulnerability factor underlying the onset and maintenance of depression. However, to date, the nature of this attentional bias is still poorly understood and further exploration of this topic to advance current knowledge of attentional biases in depression seems imperative. METHOD: This study examined attentional biases for angry facial expressions presented for 1000 ms in 20 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 20 non-depressed control participants (NC) matched for age and gender using an emotional modification of the Exogenous Cueing task. RESULTS: Patients with MDD showed maintained attention for angry faces compared with neutral faces. In comparison with non-depressed participants they showed a stronger attentional engagement for angry faces. In contrast, the NC group directed attention away from angry faces, more rapidly disengaging their attention compared with neutral faces. CONCLUSIONS: This pattern of results supports the assumption that MDD is characterized by deficits in the attentional processing of negative, interpersonal information and suggests a 'protective' bias in non-depressed individuals. Implications in relation to previous research exploring cognitive and interpersonal functioning in depression are discussed.     

Attentional selectivity for emotional faces: Evidence from human electrophysiology

This study investigated the temporal course of attentional biases for threat-related (angry) and positive (happy) facial expressions. Electrophysiological (event-related potential) and behavioral (reaction time [RT]) data were recorded while participants viewed pairs of faces (e.g., angry face paired with neutral face) shown for 500 ms and followed by a probe. Behavioral results indicated that RTs were faster to probes replacing emotional versus neutral faces, consistent with an attentional bias for emotional information. Electrophysiological results revealed that attentional orienting to threatening faces emerged earlier (early N2pc time window; 180–250 ms) than orienting to positive faces (after 250 ms), and that attention was sustained toward emotional faces during the 250–500-ms time window (late N2pc and SPCN components). These findings are consistent with models of attention and emotion that posit rapid attentional prioritization of threat.     

Infants' neutral facial expressions elicit the strongest initial attentional bias in adults: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence

Recent studies that used adult faces as the baseline have revealed that attentional bias toward infant faces is the strongest for neutral expressions than for happy and sad expressions. However, the time course of the strongest attentional bias toward infant neutral expressions is unclear. To clarify this time course, we combined a behavioral dot-probe task with electrophysiological event-related potentials (ERPs) to measure adults' responses to infant and adult faces with happy, neutral, and sad expressions derived from the same face. The results indicated that compared with the corresponding expressions in adult faces, attentional bias toward infant faces with various expressions resulted in different patterns during rapid and prolonged attention stages. In particular, first, neutral expressions in infant faces elicited greater behavioral attentional bias and P1 responses than happy and sad ones did. Second, sad expressions in infant faces elicited greater N170 responses than neutral and happy ones did; notably, sad expressions elicited greater N170 responses in the left hemisphere in women than in men. Third, late positive potential (LPP) responses were greater for infant faces than for adult faces under each expression condition. Thus, we propose a three-stage model of attentional allocation patterns that reveals the time course of attentional bias toward infant faces with various expressions. This model highlights the prominent role of neutral facial expressions in the attentional bias toward infant faces.     

状态焦虑大学生对负性情绪词的注意偏向

目的:考察状态焦虑大学生对负性情绪词的注意偏向及其内在机制。方法:通过数字减法任务诱发大学生的状态焦虑,采用点探测和线索-靶子任务,分别将情绪词置于线索和靶子位置,比较状态焦虑大学生和正常大学生对靶刺激反应的差异。结果:正常组大学生的状态焦虑量表得分实验前和实验后差异不显著;状态焦虑组大学生实验后的量表得分显著高于实验前(t=-5.595,P0.05)。点探测任务中,词语类型与被试类型交互作用显著(F=4.103,P0.05),状态焦虑大学生对负性词条件下靶刺激的反应时比中性词条件下的更短,而正常大学生在两类词语条件下对靶刺激的反应时差异不显著。线索-靶子任务中,线索类型、词语类型、被试类型三者交互作用显著(F=47.478,P0.05),状态焦虑组大学生在负性有效线索条件下的反应时短于负性无效条件下的反应时,正常组大学生在负性有效条件下的反应时长于负性无效条件。结论:状态焦虑大学生对负性情绪词存在注意偏向,表现为其注意一旦被负性信息捕获,就难以从中解除。     

Enhanced neural reactivity and selective attention to threat in anxiety

Attentional bias towards threat is implicated in the etiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders. We examined the neural correlates of threat bias in anxious and nonanxious participants to shed light on the neural chronometry of this cognitive bias. In this study, event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while anxious (n = 23) and nonanxious (n = 23) young adults performed a probe-discrimination task measuring attentional bias towards threat (angry) and positive (happy) face stimuli. Results showed an attention bias towards threat among anxious participants, but not among nonanxious participants. No bias to positive faces was found. ERP data revealed enhanced C1 amplitude (∼80 ms following threat onset) in anxious relative to nonanxious participants when cue displays contained threat faces. Additionally, P2 amplitude to the faces display was higher in the anxious relative to the nonanxious group regardless of emotion condition (angry/happy/neutral). None of the ERP analyses associated with target processing were significant. In conclusion, our data suggest that a core feature of threat processing in anxiety lies in functional perturbations of a brain circuitry that reacts rapidly and vigorously to threat. It is this over-activation that may set the stage for the attention bias towards threat observed in anxious individuals.     

Attention and memory bias to facial emotions underlying negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Introduction. This study assessed bias in selective attention to facial emotions in negative symptoms of schizophrenia and its influence on subsequent memory for facial emotions.

Methods. Thirty people with schizophrenia who had high and low levels of negative symptoms (n?=?15, respectively) and 21 healthy controls completed a visual probe detection task investigating selective attention bias (happy, sad, and angry faces randomly presented for 50, 500, or 1000?ms). A yes/no incidental facial memory task was then completed. Attention bias scores and recognition errors were calculated.

Results. Those with high negative symptoms exhibited reduced attention to emotional faces relative to neutral faces; those with low negative symptoms showed the opposite pattern when faces were presented for 500?ms regardless of the valence. Compared to healthy controls, those with high negative symptoms made more errors for happy faces in the memory task. Reduced attention to emotional faces in the probe detection task was significantly associated with less pleasure and motivation and more recognition errors for happy faces in schizophrenia group only.

Conclusions. Attention bias away from emotional information relatively early in the attentional process and associated diminished positive memory may relate to pathological mechanisms for negative symptoms.     

Spatial attentional biases toward height-related words in young males with physical stature dissatisfaction

By recording event-related potentials (ERPs) during a dot-probe task, the present study examined the neural dynamics of attentional bias toward height-related words among height dissatisfied males. Sixty male participants screened by Negative Physical Self Scale-Stature Concerns subscale (NPS-S) were assigned into a high height dissatisfaction (HHD) group and a low height dissatisfaction (LHD) group. The results showed that tall-related versus neutral words elicited larger N2pc for both HHD and LHD groups, whereas short-related versus neutral words elicited larger N2pc only for the HHD group. Additionally, an evident Pd was elicited by tall-related words for the HHD group, but not for the LHD group. Taken together, these findings revealed attentional biases toward height-related information for HHD individuals on a neural level. Specifically, HHD individuals showed an enhanced spatial attention oriented toward both tall-related and short-related words, and then, the allocated attention to the tall-related words was terminated by an active suppression mechanism.     

The acute effects of intranasal oxytocin on automatic and effortful attentional shifting to emotional faces

Oxytocin is known to promote social affiliation. The mechanism by which this occurs is unknown, but it may involve changes in social information processing. In a placebo‐controlled study, we examined the influence of intranasal oxytocin on effortful and automatic attentional shifting in 57 participants using a spatial cueing task with emotional and neutral faces. For effortful processing, oxytocin decreased the speed of shifting attention to sad faces presented for 750 ms and facilitated disengagement from right hemifield sad and angry faces presented for 200 ms. For automatic processing, symptoms of depression moderated the relationship between drug and disengagement. Oxytocin attenuated an attentional bias to masked angry faces on disengagement trials in persons with high depression scores. Oxytocin's influence on social behavior may occur, in part, by eliciting flexible attentional shifting in the early stages of information processing.     

抑郁认知易感者对负性面孔的注意特征

目的:探讨抑郁认知易感者在负性情绪信息加工任务中的注意特征。方法:采用方便取样选取在校大学生1287人,获有效问卷1201份,使用认知方式问卷(CSQ)进行测查。根据最弱连接计算方法获得抑郁认知易感者(CV组)151人和非抑郁认知易感者(NCV组)192人。从两组中选取95人(CV组47人,NCV组48人)参与情绪面孔点探测任务,比较两组在任务中的正确率、反应时及偏倚分差异。结果:参加情绪点探测任务的95人中,有2人的数据(两组各1人)总正确率低于90%而被剔除。正确率与反应时的组间差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。CV组和NCV组在愤怒面孔注意偏倚分上差异有统计学意义,CV组的偏倚分大于NCV组(P0.05)。将偏倚分与零进行单一样本t检验显示,CV组在悲伤及愤怒面孔对上的注意偏倚分均大于零,而NCV组则在愉快面孔中的注意偏倚分大于零。结论:与非抑郁认知易感者相比,抑郁认知易感者在面对愤怒面孔时,其注意力更难从中脱离出来,且抑郁认知易感者对愉悦面孔的注意不够。对负性情绪面孔的注意偏倚是抑郁认知易感者的认知特征之一。     

You don’t like me,do you? Enhanced ERP responses to averted eye gaze in social anxiety

Social anxiety is associated with an attentional bias toward angry and fearful faces, along with an enhanced processing of faces per se. However, little is known about the processing of gaze direction, a subtle but important social cue. Participants with high or low social anxiety (HSA/LSA) observed eye pairs with direct or averted gaze while subjective ratings and event-related potentials (ERPs) were measured. Behaviorally, all participants rated averted gaze as more unpleasant than direct gaze. Neurally, only HSA participants showed a trend for higher P100 amplitudes to averted gaze and significantly enhanced processing at late latencies (Late positive potential [LPP]), indicative of a specific processing bias for averted gaze. Furthermore, HSA individuals showed enhanced processing of both direct and averted gaze relative to the LSA group at intermediate latencies (Early posterior negativity [EPN]). Both general and specific attentional biases play a role in social anxiety. Averted gaze - a potential sign of disinterest - deserves more attention in the attentional bias literature.