凝胶色谱法半制备级纯化单克隆抗体

作者采用Ｓｅｐｈａｃｙ１Ｓ－２００凝胶色谱柱，在快速蛋白液相色谱系统（ＦＰ－ＬＣ）建立了肝癌相关抗原单克隆抗体半制备级纯化方法。该法是将ＭｃＡｂ腹水经４０％饱和硫酸铵盐析粗分离后，再用凝胶色谱纯化，一次上样量相当于５～１０ｍｌ腹水，可得纯化ＭｃＡｂ３０～６０ｍｇ，得率为６～５．５ｍｇ／ｍｌ腹水，回收率为６３％，一次色谱纯化周期２ｈ，整个分离纬化可在３ｈ内完成。经ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ和ＤＥＡＥ离子交换色     

阴离子交换FPLC制备级纯化单克隆抗体

作者采用ＤＥＡＥ－４０ＨＲ阴离子交换柱。在快速蛋白液相色谱系统（ＦＰＬＣ）建立了ＩｇＧ类单克隆抗体制备级纯化方法。该法是将ＭｃＡｂ腹水经５０％饱和硫酸铵盐析粗分离后，再用阴离子交换色谱纯化，一次上样量相当于８０～１００ｍｌ腹水。可得纯化ＭｃＡｂ５００～６００ｍｇ，得率为６～７ｍｇ／ｍｌ腹水，回收率为５７～６７％．一次纯化周期仅需４５ｍｉｎ。经ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ检测ＭｃＡｂ纯度为９５％，ＡＢＣ染色法测定ＭｃＡｂ活性为１：２００００（３．１３×１０－１０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）．     

阴离子交换FPLC制备级化单克隆抗体

作者采用ＤＥＡＥ－４０ＨＲ阴离子交换柱，在快速蛋白液相色谱系统（ＦＰＬＣ）建立了ＩｇＧ类单克隆抗体制备级纯化方法。该法是将ＭｃＡｂ腹水经５０％饱和硫酸铵盐析粗分离后，再用阴离子交换色谱纯化，一次上样量相当于８０～１００ｍｌ腹水，可得纯化ＭｃＡｂ５００～６００ｍｇ，得率为６～７ｍｇ／ｍｌ腹水，回收率为５７～６７％，一次纯化周期仅南非４５ｍｉｎ。经ＳＤＳ－ＦＡＧＥ检测ＭｃＡｂ纯度为９５％，ＡＢＣ染色法     

高效凝胶色谱一步法制备级纯化单克隆抗体

作者采用Ｐｈａｒｍａｃｉａ Ｓｅｐｈａｃｒｙｌ Ｓ－３００凝胶色谱柱，建立了ＩｇＧ类ＭｃＡｂ的一步法制备级纯化方法。该法是将ＭｃＡｂ腹水直接上样，用ｐＨ７．４１０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＰＢＳ洗脱（流速０．５ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ），即得到纯化的ＭｃＡｂ。一次上样量４０￣５０ｍｌ腹水，回收率为８５％￣９０％。整个纯化周期４ｈ。纯化的ＭｃＡｂ经ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ测定，纯度〉９０％，免疫组化ＡＢＣ法测定活性为１：８００００     

高效凝胶色谱一步法制备级纯化单克隆抗体

作者采用ＰｈａｒｍａｃｉａＳｅｐｈａｃｒｙｌＳ—３００凝胶色谱柱，建立了ＩｇＧ类ＭｃＡｂ的一步法制各级纯化方法。该法是将ＭｃＡｂ腹水直接上样，用ｐＨ７．４１０ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＰＢＳ洗脱（流速０．５ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ），即得到纯化的ＭｃＡｂ。一次上样量４０～５０ｍｌ腹水，回收率为８５％－９０％．整个纯化周期４ｈ。纯化的ＭｃＡｂ经ＳＤＳ—ＰＡＧＥ测定，纯度＞９０％，免疫组化ＡＢＣ法测定活性为１：８００００（７．８×１０－１１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）。该法操作简单、快速，只要有一台核酸／蛋白检测仪，便可进行制备级水平的纯化。     

分泌抗金黄色葡萄球菌C1型肠毒素杂交瘤细胞系的建立及初步应用

应用常规方法建立了３株稳定分泌抗金黄色葡萄球菌Ｃ１型肠毒素（ＳＥＣ１）单克隆抗体（ＭｃＡｂ）的小鼠杂交瘤细胞系Ｂ３、Ｃ４和Ｇ８。其中Ｂ３和Ｃ４均为ＩｇＧ１（ｋ），Ｇ８为ＩｇＧ２ａ（ｋ）。Ｂ３和Ｇ８与ＳＥＡ、ＳＥＢ及ＳＥＤ均无交叉反应；Ｃ４虽与ＳＥＡ和ＳＥＤ无交叉反应，但与ＳＥＢ有交叉反应。间接ＥＬＩＳＡ测定小鼠腹水效价为１０－５～１０－８。应用识别不同表位的ＭｃＡｂ建立了双ＭｃＡｂ夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测ＳＥＣ１，敏感性可达１ｎｇ／ｍｌ。     

小鼠IgG类单克隆抗体三种纯化方法的比较

分别采用辛酸一硫酸铵（ＣＡ－ＡＳ）法、硫酸铵沉淀法（ＡＳ）和ＤＥＡＥ离子交换层析法３种方法，对抗鸡Ｉｇ轻链的单克隆抗体（ＭｃＡｂ）３Ｇ６进行了纯化效果的比较。结果表明，ＣＡ－ＡＳ法纯度为８３．１％，ＭｃＡｂ回收率为４６．５％；对ＭｃＡｂ活性无影响，制备的酶结合物效价达１．２８×１０－４，是一种可用于一般实验室纯化小鼠ＩｇＧ类ＭｃＡｂ的简便而有效的方法。ＡＳ法纯度最低为６０％，回收率为６３．６％，活性降低５０％。ＤＥＡＥ法纯度最高为１００％，但回收率只有１０％，活性无丧失，可用作电泳纯级样品的制备。     

抗人胎盘层粘连蛋白P1单克隆抗体的制备与初步应用

在纯化人胎盘层粘连蛋白Ｐ１段（简称Ｐ１）的基础上，应用杂交瘤技术获得两株抗Ｐ１的单克隆抗体（ＭｃＡｂ）３Ａ１５和１Ｂ５。两株ＭｃＡｂ均属ＩｇＧ１，同人纤维连接蛋白和Ⅳ型胶原无交叉反应。纯化的腹水ＭｃＡｂ效价分别为６．４×１０－７（３Ａ１５）和２×１０－８（１Ｂ５），分别识别Ｐ１分子上的不同表位。利用ＭｃＡｈ３Ａ１５和１Ｂ５建立了双ＭｃＡｂ夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ，用于检测Ｐ１的下限为１０ｎｇ／ｍｌ，标准曲线在１０～５００ｎｇ／ｍｌ之间呈直线关系。对１００例健康献血员、１８例慢性肝炎患者和１２例肝硬化患者血清Ｐ１的检查结果分别为３３．８±１１．６、６７．３±３１．７和１０７．５±５８．４ｎｇ／ｍｌ。     

分泌抗金黄色葡萄球菌C1型肠毒素杂交瘤细胞系的建立及初步应用

应用常规方法建立了３株稳定分泌抗金黄色葡萄球菌Ｃ１型肠毒素（ＳＥＣ１）单克隆抗体（ＭｃＡｂ）的小鼠杂交瘤细胞系Ｂ３、Ｃ４和Ｇ８。其中Ｂ３和Ｃ４均为ＩｇＧ１（ｋ），Ｇ８为ＩｇＧ２ａ（ｋ）。Ｂ３和Ｇ８与ＳＥＡ，ＳＥＢ及ＳＥＤ均无交叉反应；Ｃ４虽与ＳＥＡ和ＳＥＤ无交叉反应，但与ＳＥＢ有交叉反应。间接ＥＬＩＳＡ测定小鼠腹水效价为１０＾－５～１０＾－８。应用识别不同表位的ＭｃＡｂ建立了双ＭｃＡｂ夹心ＥＬＩＳ     

人心肌肌钙蛋白T单克隆抗体的研制及鉴定

以人心肌肌钙蛋白Ｔ（ｃＴｎＴ）为抗原，采用脾内免疫法，免疫ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ小鼠，取其脾淋巴细胞与小鼠Ｓｐ２／０细胞融合，经间接ＥＬＩＳＡ法筛选，三次克隆化后获得５株能稳定分泌抗ｃＴｎＴ单克隆抗体（ＭｃＡｂ）的杂交瘤细胞Ｇ３、Ｇ８、Ｇ１０、Ａ５和Ａ７。免疫球蛋白亚类鉴定其中１株为ＩｇＧ２ａ，４株为ＩｇＭ。染色体数目９２～１１０条。将Ｇ３、Ｇ８、Ｇ１０、Ａ５的单克隆抗体腹水做１：１００稀释与ＬＤＨ、ＣＫ、ＣＫＭＢ和ＧＯＴ等心肌酶均无交叉反应。５株ＭｃＡｂ的腹水效价为３．２×１０－６～１．６×１０－７。ＭｃＡｂ相加试验表明，Ａ５和Ｇ３可识别不同的抗原表位。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Functional role of fertility α2

Fertility α₂-microglobulin is one of the main proteins expressed between the late lutein phase of the menstrual cycle and the first gestation trimester. It is produced by endometrial secretory glandular epithelium and decidual membrane. It is believed to be involved in the preparation to gestation, conception, normal development of the fetoplacental system, and initiation of labor. The immunomodulating, effect of fertility α₂-microglobulin and its possible involvement in the regulation of fertilization by blocking the spermatozoon reaction with the ovocyte lucid membrane were demonstratedin vitro. The data of structural analysis (appurtenance to lipocalines and unique pattern of N-glycosylation) and analysis of the spatial and temporal parameters of the expression in connection with other events in the organism within the same system of coordinates propated us to investigate the probability of realization of other, so far unknown functions of α₂-microglobulin. The probable mechanisms of realization of the immunomodulating function are analyzed. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 126, No. 10, pp. 364–373, October 1998