北京市2021—2022年流行季首起乙型流感疫情的血凝素基因分析

目的:分析2021—2022年流行季北京市首起乙型流感Victoria系（BV）疫情的病毒血凝素（HA）的基因变异和进化特征以及与流感疫苗株的匹配性。方法:采集北京市朝阳区某小学乙型流感疫情流感样病例的咽拭子标本,提取核酸后利用二代测序技术进行测序分析。应用BioEdit分析HA基因的核苷酸和氨基酸变异位点,采用Meg...     

2018—2019年北京市朝阳区16株腮腺炎病毒基因特征分析

目的:分析2018—2019年北京市朝阳区腮腺炎病毒（mumps virus,MuV）小疏水蛋白（small hydrophobic,SH）编码基因序列变异特点,掌握朝阳区MuV型别构成及其变化规律,为朝阳区流行性腮腺炎（简称流腮）防控提供基础资料。方法:对2018—2019年朝阳区临床诊断为流腮患者的腮腺管口拭子样本...     

骨髓间充质干细胞-透明质酸复合物对放射性溃疡创面愈合的影响

目的探讨骨髓间充质干细胞（MSCs）．透明质酸（HA）复合物对大鼠放射性溃疡创面的影响及其可能的作用机制。方法分离培养SD大鼠MSCs,以HA为载体构建复合物,观察复合物中MSCs的分化特性。选取30只SD大鼠以Sr－90皮肤敷贴器制作皮肤放射性溃疡模型,臀部对称制作2个直径1cm全层皮肤缺损创面。将大鼠随机分为3组,每组10只。MSCs－HA组：创面涂布200μlMSCs—HA;HA组：创面涂布200μlHA;对照组：创面涂布200μlDMEM培养基。比较各组制创术后第1、2、3、4周的创面愈合率,Ⅷ因子免疫组化微血管计数,创面组织羟脯氨酸含量。苏木精－伊红染色进行组织学观察。结果所有大鼠MSCs与HA共培养后生长良好,复合物中的MSCs可保持其特性：向脂肪细胞分化。制创术后第1周,MSCs．HA组、HA组的创面愈合率分别为（42．20±1．34）％、（34．20±2．06）％,均高于对照组的（23．45±1．66）％（P〈0．05）,制创术后第2、3周NMSCs—HA组高于HA组及对照组（P〈0．05）,制创术后第4周MSCs—HA组、HA组创面完全愈合,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。制创术后第2周,MSCs—HA组、HA组的微血管计数分别为（24．27±2．84）％、（20．54±2．55）％,均高于对照组的（16．11±2．30）％（P〈0．05）,制创术后第3、4周MSCs．HA组微血管计数高于HA组及对照组（P〈0．05）。制创术后第2周,MSCs—HA组、HA组的羟脯氨酸含量分别为（24．52±0．60）％、（19．41±0．58）％,均高于对照组的（14．19±0．65）％（P〈0．05）,制创术后第3、4NMSCs—HA组羟脯氨酸含量高于HA组及对照组（P〈0．05）。组织学观察显示,制创术后第4周MSCs—HA组表皮层厚度（6～7层）大于HA组（4—5层）及对照组（2～3层）。结论HA与MSCs可促进创面微血管及胶原的增生,MSCs—HA复合物可促进大鼠放射性?     

2016—2020年我国儿童疱疹性咽峡炎住院病例流行特征及疾病负担分析

目的分析我国2016—2020年儿童疱疹性咽峡炎(herpangina, HA)的流行特征及疾病负担, 为我国儿童HA的诊疗及防控提供基础参考数据。方法通过福棠儿童医学发展研究中心收集2016—2020年我国23个省份的27家儿童医院或妇幼保健院中HA住院患儿的病历首页信息, 对我国儿童HA进行流行病学、重症情况以及疾病负担等进行描述性统计分析。结果 2016—2020年全国27家儿童医院或妇幼保健院共报告HA住院病例24 099例;其中, 男女比为1.46∶1, 年龄≤6岁的住院患儿为23 432例(97.23%)。除2020年外, 每年HA发病都集中在4～9月份, 6～7月份为发病高峰期;华东地区统计住院患儿最多, 为8 520例(35.72%)。在研究期间, 全国HA患儿的住院占比是0.42%(24 099/5 790 910);东北地区的住院占比最高, 为0.69%(1 720/249 244)。本研究中一共有1 510例(6.27%)患儿表现为重症, 男女比为1.35∶1;其中, 1 326例(87.81%)患儿年龄≤3岁, 且年龄在28天-≤1岁的患儿重症率最高(7.47%...     

透明质酸生物活性的研究进展

透明质酸多糖（hyaluronic acid,HA）是一种大分子酸性粘多糖,由N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖（GlcNAc）与葡萄糖醛酸（GlcA）双糖单位聚合而成,即[（1—3）．B—D—GlcNAc（1—4）-D—D—GlcA],平均相对分子质量为10^5～10^7,其在医药、化妆品、食品等领域有广泛而独特的应用价值。一般是通过HA酶（HAase）的酶解途径或活性氧自由基（ROS）的氧化途径,HA经过降解可以得到低相对分子质量的透明质酸（LMWHA）和透明质酸寡聚糖（o—HA）。     

安络化纤丸联合阿德福韦酯治疗慢性乙型肝炎肝纤维化

目的研究安络化纤丸联合阿德福韦酯治疗慢性乙型肝炎肝纤维化的临床疗效。方法60例慢性乙型肝炎患者随机分为A、B两组,A组采用安络化纤丸联合阿德福韦酯治疗,B组单独采用阿德福韦酯治疗,疗程均为半年。观察治疗前、治疗6个月后的血清HA、LN、PCIII、IV—C水平和肝功能指标（TBIL、AIJT、AST、ALB）及HBV—DNA定量。结果A、B两组血清HA、LN、PCIII、IV—C、TBIL、ALT、AST均随治疗时间逐渐降低,除PCIII外（P〉0．05）,其余三项指标治疗后两组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。两组治疗后,肝功能指标均较治疗前改善,但A组改善较B组更为明显,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。在HBV—DNA定量方面,两组治疗后均较治疗前下降,均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,但两组对比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论安络化纤丸联合阿德福韦酯对慢性乙型肝炎肝纤维化有良好的抗纤维化效果,并能改善生化指标,疗效优于单独使用阿德福韦酯组。     

北京市2015-2020年流感流行季流感样病例和流感病原学分析

目的了解2015-2020年流感流行季北京市流感流行特征。方法使用北京市2015-2020年流感样病例(influenza-like illness,ILI)和流感病原学监测数据,分析流感流行趋势和流感病毒流行特征。结果2015年第27周至2020年第26周共涉及5个流感流行季,流感样病例百分比(percentage of influenza-like illness,ILI%)为1.58%。共检测ILI标本96892件,流感病毒核酸阳性率为16.32%,其中A(H3N2)亚型6474件(40.89%)、甲型H1N14410件(27.86%)、乙型Victoria系3290件(20.78%)、乙型Yamagata系1597件(10.09%)。ILI周报告数、ILI%与流感病毒阳性率变化趋势基本一致(r=0.796,P<0.001;r=0.808,P<0.001)。2017-2018年和2018-2019年流行季活跃期较长。2017-2018、2018-2019年流行季ILI周报告数较高(49628人次和71555人次),核酸阳性率峰值较高(58.51%和57.08%)。结论2015-2020年北京市流感流行符合北半球流行特征,其中2017-2018和2018-2019流行季活跃期较长、流行水平较高,且各流行季优势毒株不同。     

北京市肿瘤标志物检测室间质量评价三年回顾分析

目的 通过回顾2018年至2020年北京市肿瘤标志物室间质量评价(EQA)的结果,分析北京市范围内医学实验室肿瘤标志物的检测现况.方法 每年通过统一配送的方式将10个批号的肿瘤标志物质评物质一次性发放到各参加实验室,每次测定5个批号,然后实验室将其检测结果回报给北京市临床检验中心.对2018年至2020年3年的EQA结...     

北京市海淀区新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情初期聚集性疫情特征分析

目的:分析北京市海淀区新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）疫情初期聚集性疫情特征,为今后疫情防控提供参考。方法:收集2020年1月20日—2月28日海淀区COVID-19聚集性疫情感染者资料,采用描述性流行病学方法分析疫情特征。结果:疫情初期海淀区共发生聚集性疫情13起,涉及感染者45例,死亡5例,以家庭聚集（11/1...     

弥散峰度成像预测直肠腺癌UGT1A1*28基因突变的价值

目的:评估弥散峰度成像（DKI）对直肠腺癌尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸基转移酶1A1（UGT1A1）*28基因突变的预测价值。方法:回顾性研究。纳入山西省肿瘤医院2016年11月—2020年8月167例直肠腺癌患者的临床资料,其中男98例、女69例,年龄29~89岁、中位年龄为62岁。患者术前均行MR常规序列和DKI序列检查,...     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.