2005-2014年抚州市法定传染病疫情分析

目的 分析2005-2014年抚州市法定传染病的发病与流行变化趋势,为控制法定传染病疫情提供科学依据。方法 采用Excel和SPSS22.0对2005-2014年抚州市法定传染病疫情资料进行描述性流行病学分析。结果 2005-2014年抚州市报告法定传染病31种,发病105 719例,年均发病率270.80/10万,年均死亡率0.37/10万,病死率0.14％,发病率为223.19/10万~328.09/10万,2005-2010年呈下降趋势,而2010-2014年呈上升趋势;肠道传染病、血源及性传播传染病呈上升趋势,呼吸道传染病发呈下降趋势。年均发病率前5位的法定传染病依次为肺结核、病毒性肝炎、手足口病、感染性腹泻病、痢疾,占总发病数的87.30%。结论 抚州市重要传染病病种为肺结核、病毒性肝炎(乙肝)、手足口病、其他感染性腹泻、痢疾、流行性腮腺炎、梅毒、淋病、麻疹等,法定传染病防治工作重点为肺结核、乙型肝炎、手足口病、感染性腹泻病、痢疾,应加强梅毒、艾滋病等性传播传染病管理与监测。     

2005—2014年梧州市法定传染病疫情分析

目的了解2005—2014年梧州市法定传染病的发生和流行趋势,为今后制定防控策略提供依据。方法采用描述流行病学方法对疫情资料进行分析。结果 2005—2014年梧州市共报告法定传染病26种160 775例,死亡905例,年均发病率538.28/10万,年均死亡率3.03/10万,病死率0.56%;乙类发病趋势较为平稳,丙类发病率呈逐年上升趋势。发病呈双峰为4—7月和9—10月,以农民和散居儿童为主,高发人群为0~4岁及20~45岁。发病居前5位的疾病有肺结核、肝炎、手足口病、其他感染性腹泻、流行性腮腺炎、急性出血性结膜炎、淋病、梅毒等。肠道传染病年均发病率为200.95/10万,占传染病发病总数的37.33%;血源及性传播传染病年均发病率为170.49/10万,占传染病发病总数的31.67%;呼吸道传染病年均发病率为134.91/10万,占传染病发病总数的25.06%。结论梧州市法定传染病发病率总体呈上升趋势,今后的传染病防控重点应继续做好乙肝、肺结核等慢性传染病防控的同时,应加大对手足口病、其他感染性腹泻、流行性腮腺炎等的防控力度。     

安徽省2017—2021年法定传染病疫情分析

目的 分析2017—2021年安徽省法定传染病流行病学特征,探讨新型冠状病毒肺炎防控措施实施期间法定传染病发病变化情况。方法 通过中国疾病预防控制信息系统收集2017—2021年安徽省法定传染病报告资料,使用描述性流行病学方法分析其流行病学特征。结果 2017—2021年安徽省法定传染病年均发病率为613.72/10万,年均死亡率为0.69/10万。乙类传染病年均发病率为231.10/10万,发病率呈波动上升趋势(χ²_趋势=1 073.284,P<0.001);丙类传染病年均发病率为382.62/10万,发病率总体呈下降趋势(χ²_趋势=38 886.191,P<0.001)。2021年与2020年及2017—2019年均值比较,呼吸道传染病发病数及发病率呈现大幅下降。2021年报告发病率较高的地市为黄山市、宣城市和马鞍山市,报告发病率较高的病种为其他感染性腹泻病、乙型病毒性肝炎和手足口病。2020年暴发疫情报告事件以新冠肺炎为主,占45.61%,2017—2019及2021年暴发疫情以流...     

2010-2019年攀枝花市米易县法定传染病疫情分析

目的了解米易县法定传染病发病趋势和流行特征,为制定相对应的传染病提供防控策略。方法采用描述性流行病学方法对2010-2019年米易县法定传染病报告发病情况进行统计分析,率的比较采用χ~2检验,年度报告发病率变化趋势采用趋势卡方检验,以P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果 2010-2019年米易县共报告法定传染病21种5542例,死亡57人,年均发病率为219.16/10万,年均死亡率为2.55/10万。肠道类传染病高发,特别是手足口病值得关注。5-7月为发病高峰期,0～4岁组的低年龄散居儿童为高发病人群。结论 2010-2019年米易县法定传染病报告发病率总体呈上升趋势。在今后防控工作中应重点加强手足口病病原学监测和肠道类传染病健康教育宣传,大力开展爱国卫生运动。     

2005-2011年佛山市法定报告传染病疫情

目的 为了掌握佛山市法定报告传染病的流行现状及特点,分析其发病、死亡的变化趋势,为传染病防治规划的制定提供科学依据.方法 应用描述流行病学方法对佛山市2005-2011年法定报告传染病疫情进行分析.结果 2005-2011年佛山市报告甲乙丙法定报告传染病共29种259 855例,年均发病率615.51/10万;死亡11种164例,年均死亡率0.39/10万,年均病死率0.06％.2005-2011年佛山市法定报告传染病总发病率前5位的依次为手足口病、肺结核、其他感染性腹泻、梅毒和乙型肝炎(乙肝).发病种类(按传染病的主要传播途径分类)以血源及性传播传染病为主,年平均发病率为192.67/10万;其次是呼吸道传染病,年平均发病率为165.91/10万;再次是手足口病,年平均发病率为152.49/10万.结论 佛山市的法定报告传染病年平均发病率呈上升的趋势,应重点做好手足口病、肺结核、流行性腮腺炎、其他感染性腹泻病和血源及性传播疾病等的预防控制工作,不能放松麻疹的防治和监测力度.     

2004～2009年无锡市滨湖区传染病疫情分析

[目的]探讨无锡市滨湖区法定传染病的疫情动态和流行特征。[方法]对国家疾病监测信息报告管理系统中滨湖区2004～2009年法定传染病疫情数据进行分析。[结果]2004～2009年共报告法定传染病21种10521例,年均发病率为248.72/10万。乙类传染病发病率呈下降趋势,丙类传染病发病率呈上升趋势;年均发病率（/10万）,血源及性传播传染病、肠道传染病、呼吸道传染病分别为97.20、92.14、58.68;淋病、肺结核、手足口病、病毒性肝炎分别为57.70、38.76、38.65、30.09。乙型肝炎、淋病、肺结核发病率呈逐年下降趋势,艾滋病、梅毒发病数近两年呈上升趋势,手足口病近两年发病率有上升趋势。[结论]滨湖区法定报告传染病总发病率处于一般水平。年发病率乙类传染病呈下降趋势,丙类传染病呈上升趋势。     

2005—2010年延安市法定报告传染病疫情分析

目的了解延安市法定传染病发病趋势和流行特征,为制定传染病预防控制策略提供科学依据。方法采用描述流行病学方法对延安市2005—2010年法定报告传染病疫情资料进行分析。结果 2005—2010年延安市报告法定传染病26种,发病数40 619例,死亡34例,年均发病率为315.45/10万,死亡率0.26/10万,病死率为0.08%。2005—2007年发病率呈下降势态,此后又呈上升趋势;无甲类传染病报告。病毒性肝炎、肺结核、痢疾、流行性腮腺炎、梅毒等,病毒性肝炎、梅毒的发病率一直呈上升趋势。呼吸道传染病3—8月份报告发病数相对较高,男女性别比1.55∶1,15～54岁发病数较高,职业分布以农民、学生为多。结论延安市法定报告传染病发病趋势起伏不定,防治工作不容乐观,仍要进一步加强,特别是呼吸道传染病、血源及性传播传染病以及新发传染病的监测和防制是延安市传染病预防控制工作的重点。     

2005-2014年句容市法定传染病流行趋势分析

目的 了解2005-2014年句容市法定传染病流行规律,为有效防控疫情提供科学依据。方法 对疫情资料进行流行病学描述性分析,采用Excel2003和SPSS19.0统计分析,率的比较用χ2检验,P<0.05为有统计学意义。结果 句容市2005-2014年共报告法定传染病25种19 657例,年均发病率321.78/10万,呈上升趋势(χ2趋势=463.72,P<0.005);死亡38例,死亡率0.62/10万,病死率0.19%;肠道、呼吸道、自然疫源性及虫媒传染病和血源及性传播疾病的发病率(1/10万)分别为145.38、129.99、1.19和45.08。报告发病数居前五位的病种分别为手足口病、肺结核、流行性腮腺炎、病毒性肝炎、细菌性痢疾,构成比分别为32.77%(6441例)、23.06%(4533例)、11.50%(2260例)、7.69%(1511例)、7.23%(1421例)。男女性别比为1.64:1,发病率分别为418.87/10万、233.29/10万,年龄构成小年龄组高于其它年龄组;职业分布以农民、婴幼儿和学生为主;城区发病率高于农村;时间分布4-7月份和10-12月份呈现两个高峰。结论 2005-2014年句容市法定传染病总体呈上升趋势;传播途径以肠道和呼吸道传播为主;手足口病、肺结核、流行性腮腺炎、病毒性肝炎、细菌性痢疾、梅毒等为主要传染病,应调整防控策略,有效控制传染病流行。     

2005—2009年重庆市巫山县法定传染病疫情分析

目的探讨重庆市巫山县法定传染病的疫情动态,为传染病防控提供依据。方法对国家疾病监测信息报告管理系统的相关数据进行描述性流行病学分析。结果 2005—2009年全县共报告法定传染病22种12 097例,年均发病率为395.10/10万,发病居前3位的依次为肺结核（占42.56%）、乙型肝炎（占20.05%）、流行性腮腺炎（占7.19%）,其年均发病率分别为167.88/10万、79.11/10万、28.37/10万。乙型肝炎、淋病的发病率呈下降趋势,但梅毒、艾滋病的发病率呈上升趋势;细菌性痢疾2007—2009年各年的发病率明显低于2005和2006年的,其他感染性腹泻的发病率在2008年和2009年也有明显下降。结论肺结核、乙型肝炎仍是巫山县最常见的传染病,而梅毒和艾滋病的发病率呈上升趋势,需要进一步加强有关传染病预防和控制工作的力度。     

平塘县 2001-2005 年传染病疫情分析

为掌握贵州省平塘县2001-2005年法定传染病发病趋势和流行特点,指导制定传染病防治对策及措施,现将平塘县2001-2005年法定传染病发病、死亡情况总结分析如下。1资料和方法1.1资料来源疫情资料来自平塘县2001-2005年法定传染病年报表;人口资料来自平塘县统计局。1.2方法采用描述流行病学分析方法。2结果2.1总发病率、死亡率5年共报告法定传染病4445例(甲类传染病报告为零),年均发病率为293.29/10万,年均死亡率为2.11/10万(表1)。5年报告乙类传染病13种,共4417例,年均发病率居前三位的是痢疾、肺结核、病毒性肝炎,其年均发病率分别为125.10/10…     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.