人IL-6受体胞外区真核表达载体的构建及体外表达

目的 构建人IL-6受体(IL-6R)胞外区真核表达载体,检测其在体外培养细胞中的表达.方法 利用PCR扩增IL-6R胞外区,克隆到pcDNA3.1(+)中,用双酶切、测序鉴定.重组质粒通过脂质体转染HL-60细胞,用G418进行筛选,利用Western印迹检测IL-6R蛋白表达.结果 PCR扩增出1 218 bp的目的 片段,双酶切和测序结果显示重组质粒正确.Western印迹结果显示转染细胞能够表达目的 蛋白.结论 成功构建了人IL-6R胞外区真核表达载体,并且能够在真核细胞中表达.     

带c-Myc标签的Mdfic基因真核表达载体构建及其在成肌细胞中的表达

目的构建新型转录因子Mdfic和c-Myc标签融合表达的真核表达载体pcDNA3.1-Mdfic-Myc,实现其在成肌细胞C2C12中的表达。方法 PCR方法扩增Mdfic的开放阅读框,酶切后的PCR扩增产物和退火后的人工合成的c-Myc标签共同克隆至pcDNA3.1（＋）真核表达载体中,构建pcDNA3.1-Mdfic-Myc融合表达质粒。重组质粒经过PCR、双酶切和测序鉴定后,脂质体法转染C2C12细胞。RT-PCR和Western blotting方法检测转染后细胞中Mdfic-Myc的表达。结果成功构建了pcDNA-Mdfic-Myc真核表达质粒;RT-PCR和Western blotting结果表明,Mdfic-Myc融合蛋白在成肌细胞C2C12中获得高效表达。结论 pcDNA3.1-Mdfic-Myc融合表达质粒的成功构建及其在成肌细胞中的表达为进一步体外研究Mdfic蛋白单独的功能及其与其他分子间功能性相互作用奠定了基础。     

人TRAM基因真核表达载体的构建

目的 构建TRAM基因真核表达载体,为研究TRAM的功能提供研究工具。方法 首先采用PCR方法扩增人TRAM蛋白相应的编码序列,将扩增的特定片段克隆至pCMV-N-Flag真核表达载体。然后,对重组载体进行DNA测序,确认序列正确后将重组载体转染至HEK-293T细胞,并用Western blot方法检测TRAM蛋白的表达以评价载体是否构建成功。结果 菌落PCR电泳可检测到800 bp附近出现目的条带,质粒DNA测序显示载体插入705 bp的核苷酸序列,其序列与TRAM完全一致。Western blot检测到HEK-293T细胞高表达带Flag标签的TRAM蛋白。结论 基于PCR扩增、双酶切、酶连接扩增片段和载体成功构建带Flag标签的TRAM真核表达载体。构建的质粒可为进一步研究干扰素的调控和抗病毒免疫治疗提供一种研究工具。     

HBV融合抗原真核表达载体pIRES-neo-HBAg的构建及表达

目的 构建HBV融合抗原真核表达质粒pIRES-neo-HBAg,并验证其在293T细胞中的表达.方法 以含有HBV融合抗原的质粒pVAX1-HBV为模板,PCR扩增该融合基因.PCR产物经纯化后,将其克隆至载体pMD18-T中,构建pMD18-T-HBV质粒,经酶切和测序鉴定后,将其定向克隆入真核表达载体pIRES-neo,获得真核表达质粒pIRES-neo-HBAg.将该重组表达质粒瞬时转染人293T细胞,采用Western blot法、流式细胞术和免疫荧光细胞化学技术验证HBV融合抗原的表达.结果 成功构建了HBV融合抗原真核表达质粒pIRES-neo-HBAg,Western blot法、流式细胞术和免疫荧光细胞化学技术结果显示融合抗原能够在293T细胞中表达.结论 成功构建了HBV融合抗原真核表达质粒pIRES-neo-HBAg.     

HBsAg真核表达质粒的构建和鉴定

目的构建HBsAg真核表达质粒.方法用PCR的方法从质粒pEcob6中扩增出HBsAg基因,并定向克隆到真核表达质粒pcDNA3.1(+),构建成重组质粒pcDNA3.1-S;然后用限制性内切酶消化和DNA序列测定鉴定.结果经酶切和DNA序列测定鉴定,证实重组质粒构建正确.结论真核表达质粒pcDNA3.1-S构建成功.     

野生型和突变型人白介素13哺乳细胞表达质粒的构建

目的:构建野生型及突变型人IL-13(hIL-13)哺乳细胞表达质粒。方法:采用融合PCR扩增人生长激素(hGH)-hIL13融合蛋白编码序列。PCR产物和pcDNA3.1表达载体经HindⅢ和EcoRⅠ双酶切处理后,将PCR产物定向插入pcDNA3.1真核表达载体中,构建质粒pcDNA3.1(+)/hGH-hIL13-a和pcDNA3.1(+)/hGH-hIL13-g。将其转化到DH5α感受态细胞内进行扩增,阳性克隆鉴定,质粒抽提,进行测序验证。结果:重组质粒pcDNA3.1(+)/hGH-hIL13-a和pcDNA3.1(+)/hGH-hIL13-g经测序验证,hGH-hIL13融合蛋白编码序列与实验设计一致,且已与pcDNA3.1(+)真核表达载体正确重组。结论:成功构建了哺乳细胞表达质粒pcDNA3.1(+)/hGH-hIL13-a和pcDNA3.1(+)/hGH-hIL13-g,为后续野生型及突变型hIL-13哺乳细胞的重组表达奠定了基础。     

β-淀粉样蛋白真核表达质粒的构建及鉴定

目的构建β-淀粉样蛋白真核表达质粒,为进一步开展老年性痴呆DNA疫苗的保护性研究打下基础。方法提取Tg2576转基因鼠基因组DNA,PCR扩增β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ1-42)基因,用限制性内切酶KpnⅠ/XhoⅠ分别对扩增产物和真核表达质粒pcDNA3.1酶切,将目的基因定向克隆到pcDNA3.1载体上;对重组质粒进行双酶切初步鉴定后进行序列测定。结果特异扩增出Aβ1-42片段,大小为126bp,片段成功插入pcDNA3.1载体中。经双酶切及序列测定结果表明Aβ1-42目的基因正确重组入pcDNA3.1载体中。结论成功构建Aβ1-42真核表达质粒。     

SIRT1及其突变体T200I、E420K真核表达载体的构建及鉴定

目的 克隆沉默信息调节因子1（SIRTl）基因的全长cDNA,构建含有SIRT1基因及其突变体T200I、E420K的重组真核表达载体,为进一步研究SIRT1基因功能奠定基础.方法 采用RT-PCR方法扩增SIRT1基因的全长cDNA,扩增产物通过双酶切将全长cDNA克隆到真核表达载体pcDNA3.1（＋）,得到pcDNA3.1 （＋）-SIRT1重组质粒;同时采用定点突变法构建其突变体pcDNA3.1 （＋）-T200I和pcDNA3.1（＋）-E420K表达载体.重组质粒经酶切鉴定和DNA序列测定,筛选出重组成功的真核表达载体.结果 成功克隆了SIRT1基因全长cDNA,并成功构建了pcDNA3.1 （＋）-SIRT1及其突变体的真核表达载体;阳性重组质粒酶切后经测序比对鉴定,与预期序列完全相符,转染293T细胞后可以表达带有HIS标签的SIRT1蛋白.结论 此方法可成功构建重组质粒pcDNA3.1（＋）-SIRT1及其突变体pcDNA3.1（＋）-T200I、pcDNA3.1（＋）-E420K真核表达载体,为SIRT1基因及其突变体T200I、E420K的生物学功能研究提供了基因材料.     

PTEN基因的克隆及其在HepG2细胞中的表达

目的克隆人抑癌基因PTEN全长cDNA,构建其真核表达载体并检测其在人肝癌细胞HepG2中的表达。方法采用RT-PCR法从人正常肝组织中扩增PTEN全长cDNA,将之与pMD18-T Simple Vector连接、测序,获得PTEN基因。将该基因与pcDNA3·1( )载体连接,构建pcDNA3.1-PTEN真核表达载体。用该载体转染HepG2细胞,RT-PCR检测PTEN的表达。结果酶切和测序证实PTEN基因克隆和真核表达载体构建成功。HepG2-PTEN细胞中PTEN mRNA的表达显著高于未转染的HepG2细胞。结论人抑癌基因PTEN在人肝癌细胞系HepG2细胞中能够高效、稳定地表达,为其在肝癌基因治疗研究中的应用奠定了基础。     

带组氨酸标签的癌蛋白SET真核表达载体的构建及其表达

目的为研究三氯乙烯诱导的差异蛋白SET在肝细胞L-02中的相互作用,构建了癌蛋白SET和His标签融合表达的真核表达载体pcDNA3．1（＋）／SET—His。方法从L-02肝细胞中提取总RNA,采用RT-PCR扩增SET—His基因并进行双酶切,序列纯化后定向克隆至pcDNA3．1／zeo（＋）载体,阳性克隆载体进行双酶切和测序鉴定．阳性克隆载体瞬时转染入L-02肝细胞,利用Western blotting检测SET—His融合蛋白的表达。结果利用RT—PCR从L-02细胞总RNA中成功克隆出SET基因,经双酶切和测序鉴定证实pcDNA3．1（＋）／SET—His真核表达载体构建成功。经Western blotting验证表明,SET—His融合蛋白在肝细胞中获得高效表达。结论该结果为研究SET蛋白相互作用以及三氯乙烯致机体损伤的机理奠定了基础。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.