预防卒中相关性肺炎的管饲方法

卒中相关性肺炎(stroke associated pneumonia,SAP)是指原先无肺部感染的卒中患者罹患感染性肺实质(含肺泡壁,即广义上的肺间质)炎症,是导致卒中患者死亡和影响功能恢复的最主要并发症之一.吞咽功能障碍导致误吸是SAP的主要原因,因此,通过早期正确管饲避免误吸预防SAP,对于卒中患者具有重要的意义.文章对预防SAP的管饲方法进行了综述.     

Gugging吞咽功能评估量表评分对卒中患者发生卒中相关性肺炎的预测价值研究

目的 探讨Gugging吞咽功能评估量表（GUSS）评分对卒中患者发生卒中相关性肺炎（SAP）的预测价值。方法 选取2020年6月至2022年6月江苏省苏北人民医院收治的卒中患者192例，以是否发生SAP将其分为SAP组（n=32）和非SAP组（n=160）。收集所有患者的一般资料、GUSS评分、洼田饮水试验分级。采用多因素Logistic回归分析探讨卒中患者发生SAP的影响因素。绘制决策曲线以探讨GUSS评分对卒中患者发生SAP的预测价值。结果 SAP组年龄大于非SAP组，美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（NIHSS）评分、洼田饮水试验分级≥3级者占比高于非SAP组，GUSS评分低于非SAP组（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示，年龄增长、NIHSS评分升高、洼田饮水试验分级≥3级是卒中患者发生SAP的危险因素，GUSS评分升高是卒中患者发生SAP的保护因素（P<0.05）。决策曲线分析结果显示，当高风险阈值为0～0.38时，GUSS评分预测卒中患者发生SAP的净获益率>0，当高风险阈值为0.16～0.34时，GUSS评分预测卒中患者发生SAP的净获益...     

他汀类药物对缺血性脑卒中相关性肺炎的预防作用

目的:调查他汀类药物对急性缺血性脑卒中患者并发卒中相关性肺炎(SAP)的预防作用。方法:回顾性分析3492例急性缺血性脑卒中患者的临床资料,并采用logistic回归分析预测发生SAP的危险因素。结果:97例患者死亡,489例患者发生SAP,使用他汀类药物的患者SAP发生率显著低于未使用该药物的患者(12. 0%vs 17. 2%,P 0. 01),多因素分析显示,年龄、改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分、国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、吞咽困难、合并心源性栓塞和未采用他汀类药物治疗是SAP发生的危险因素;在调整其他危险因素后,吞咽困难OR值最高(OR=3. 71,95%CI:2. 7～5. 1)。多因素logistic回归分析显示未接受他汀类药物治疗、mRS评分和不明原因的诊断会影响病死率,发生SAP的OR值最高(OR:5. 62,95%CI:3. 40～9. 29)。结论:SAP是患者死亡的主要危险因素,他汀类药物能预防急性缺血性脑卒中患者SAP的发生,并可改善患者的预后。     

卒中相关性肺炎与低磷血症的关系

目的 探讨卒中相关性肺炎(SAP)与低磷血症的关系.方法 回顾性分析82例SAP患者和244例无卒中相关性肺炎(nSAP)的卒中患者的血磷及一系列生化指标,并以血磷水平将SAP患者分为低磷血症组(SAP1)和非低磷血症组(SAP2),比较两组患者的住院天数、治疗费用和死亡率.结果 SAP患者的血磷水平低于nSAP患者(P＜0.05),SAP1组患者的住院时间、治疗费用、死亡率均大于SAP2组患者(P＜0.05).结论 低磷血症与卒中相关性肺炎的发生、发展及预后有一定的关系.     

大面积脑梗死伴卒中相关性肺炎:1例报道

卒中相关性肺炎(stroke associated pneumonia,SAP)是指原无肺部感染的卒中患者罹患感染性肺实质(含肺泡壁,即广义上的肺间质)炎症[1].年龄、卒中严重程度、卒中诱导免疫抑制、意识障碍、喂养方式、吞咽困难、机械通气等均为SAP的危险因素[1-2].伴意识障碍的重症卒中患者SAP发生率明显增高,能否尽早有效控制SAP将直接影响患者的预后、住院时间和医疗费用.     

卒中相关性肺炎

肺炎是卒中的常见并发症之一.卒中相关性肺炎(stroke-associated pneumonia,SAP)会显著延长住院时间、增加医疗费用和增高病死率,是影响卒中转归的独立危险因素.目前,欧洲和美国的卒中治疗指南均缺乏针对SAP的标准化诊疗措施推荐.文章对SAP病理生理学机制和防治研究进展进行了综述.     

伴有吞咽障碍的急性卒中患者发生肺炎的早期危险因素:前瞻性病例系列研究

目的 探讨伴有吞咽障碍的急性卒中患者并发卒中相关性肺炎(stroke-associated pneumonia,SAP)的早期危险因素.方法 应用改良曼恩吞咽能力评估量表(Modified Mann Assessment of Swallowing Ability,MMASA)对发病后24h内入院的急性卒中患者进行吞咽障碍筛查,以筛查出的吞咽障碍患者作为研究对象.根据发病1周内是否发生SAP,将患者分为SAP组和非SAP组.采用单变量和多变量logistic回归分析对人口学资料、既往病史、临床资料和实验室资料进行分析,确定吞咽障碍患者发生SAP的早期危险因素,并对独立危险因素进行受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)分析,以评估其对SAP的预测价值.结果 113例急性卒中患者中,55例存在吞咽障碍,其中30例(54.54％)发生SAP.单变量分析显示,SAP组(n=30)美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)评分[中位数(四分位间距):16分(13 ～21分)对3分(1～7分);P=0.000]、中性粒细胞计数[(8.22±3.75)×109/L对(5.39±2.56)×109/L;t =3.198,P=0.002)]、出血性卒中比例(96.00％对4.00％;x2=7.333,P=0.007)和机械通气比例(20.00％对0.00％;x2=5.612,P=0.018)显著高于非SAP组(n=25),而MMASA评分[中位数(四分位间距):53分(27～84分)对88分(66～92分);P=0.002]、格拉斯哥昏迷量表(Glasgow Coma Score,GCS)评分[中位数(四分位间距):10分(7～13分)对15分(11～15分);P=0.001]、淋巴细胞计数[(1.17±0.54)×109/L对(1.75±0.81)×109/L;t=-3.563,P=0.001]、CD3+T淋巴细胞计数[(0.73±0.42)×109/L对(1.14±0.85)×109/L;t=-2.307,P=0.025)、CD4+T淋巴细胞计数[(0.38±0.22)×109/L对(0.69±0.57)×109/L;t=-2.761,P=0.008)显著低于非SAP组.多变量logistic回归分析显示,入院时NIHSS评分较高(优势比1.206,95％可信区间1.076 ～1.351;P =0.001)和CD4+T淋巴细胞减少(优势比0.974,95％可信区间0.952 ～0.997;P=0.025)是伴有吞咽障碍的卒中患者发生SAP的独立危险因素,NIHSS评分≥10.5分对SAP具有良好的预测价值,其敏感性和特异性分别为86.7％和72.0％ (P =0.000).结论 半数以上伴发吞咽障碍的急性卒中患者发生SAP.入院时NIHSS评分、中性粒细胞计数、卒中类型、机械通气、MMASA评分、GCS评分、淋巴细胞计数、CD3+T淋巴细胞计数和CD4+T淋巴细胞计数等多种因素与吞咽障碍患者SAP的发生相关,其中NIHSS评分较高和CD4+T淋巴细胞减少是伴有吞咽障碍的卒中患者发生SAP的独立危险因素.入院时NIHSS评分≥10.5分的预测价值较高.     

小卒中的预后预测因素

小卒中以症状轻微、快速恢复和不易致残为特点,但一部分小卒中患者是卒中复发的高危人群,并且可导致残疾、认知损害和情绪异常.早期预测小卒中患者的预后,筛查卒中复发和致残的高危人群并给予合适的治疗,可预防卒中复发和改善患者预后.文章就小卒中患者预后的预测因素进行综述.     

气管切开后间断声门下吸引对卒中相关性肺炎的预防作用及意义

卒中相关性肺炎（stroke—associatedpneumonia,SAP）是卒中患者主要的并发症,也是卒中患者病情加重和死亡的主要原因之一。许多患者脑卒中后并不是死于脑卒中本身,而是死于并发症,其中SAP是主要原因之一。2003年Hilker等首次提出SAP的概念,指脑卒中患者急性期及后遗症期并发的肺部感染。SAP是患者住院死亡率增加、神经功能预后差的独立危险因素,据报道其发生率为2．4％～47％,大约占卒中患者病死率的35％,而误吸和坠积是SAP的主要危险因素之一。     

纤维支气管镜防治卒中相关性肺炎的价值分析

卒中相关性肺炎(SAP)是导致卒中患者病情加重,甚至死亡的重要因素,需积极干预治疗.纤维支气管镜作为一种肺部检查及治疗的手段,已广泛应用于SAP患者.本文就纤维支气管镜防治SAP的理论基础及具体临床价值作一综述,以提高对其的认识.     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.