免疫组织化学法与荧光原位杂交技术检测861例乳腺癌HER-2表达的一致性分析

目的:对比免疫组织化学法(IHC)与荧光原位杂交技术(FISH)检测861例乳腺癌人类表皮生长因子受体2(HER-2)蛋白表达和基因状态的一致性。方法:参照《乳腺癌HER-2检测指南(2019版)》判读标准对乳腺癌石蜡组织采用IHC法及FISH法分别检测HER-2蛋白表达和HER-2基因状态,进行比较分析。结果:861例乳腺癌患者中,IHC HER-2（0/1+)和FISH(-)的一致率为97.1%（134/138）;IHC HER-2(2+)和FISH(+)的一致率为28.7%（188/655）;IHC HER-2(3+)和FISH(+)的一致率为98.5%（67/68）。两种检测方法的检测结果存在一致性,差异具有统计学意义(Kappa=0.137,P＜0.000 1）。结论:两种方法相结合,以便精准评价HER-2 检测结果指导靶向治疗。     

应用荧光原位杂交法检测乳腺癌石腊样本中HER-2 基因的扩增

 目的 探讨荧光原位杂交法（Fluorescence in situ hybridization，FISH）检测乳腺癌HER-2基因扩增在临床病理诊断及分子靶向治疗中应用的可能性。方法 用FISH技术和免疫组化（Immunohisto—chemistry，IHC）技术检测50例乳腺导管癌石蜡包埋标本并比较两种方法的结果以及与临床病理的关系。结果 16／50例HER-2蛋白表达阳性，其中强阳性5例，中度阳性9例，弱阳性2例；11／50（22％）例乳腺癌标本FISH技术检测HER-2基因扩增阳性，其中5／5为免疫组化HER-2蛋白强阳性病例；6／9为中度阳性病例，其中1例为17号染色体多倍体与HER-2基因扩增。HER-2基因扩增与蛋白表达与乳腺癌转移有关（P〈0．05）。结论 FISH技术可稳定地检测用IHC确定的HER-2蛋白阳性乳腺癌中HER-2基因的扩增状况，并用于临床赫赛汀分子靶向治疗病例的筛选。     

乳腺癌患者新辅助化疗前后HER-2表达的变化

目的研究新辅助化疗后乳腺癌患者HER-2表达的变化,为乳腺癌的个体化治疗提供依据。方法137例乳腺癌在粗针穿刺或麦默通活检,行荧光原位杂交法(FISH)检测HER-2状态。所有病例术前均进行2~6周期的FEC、TE或AC方案新辅助化疗,术后再次检测HER-2状态。结果137例术前病人中,FISH检测HER-2阳性22例,化疗后有8例化疗达病理学完成缓解（HER-2阳性3例,阴性5例）,部分缓解91例,稳定24例,无效14例。术后FISH检测22例阳性（8例病理学完全缓解患者未做检测）,新辅助化疗前阳性患者化疗后仍表达阳性。阴性者有3例转化为阳性,化疗前后变化无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论新辅助化疗对HER-2阳性表达者没有影响,而阴性表达者可转换为阳性,但差异无统计学意义。     

2014年美国临床肿瘤学会《HER-2阳性晚期乳腺癌脑转移患者的管理建议》

美国临床肿瘤学会（ American Society of Clinical Oncology , ASCO ）于2014年5月5日在《临床肿瘤学杂志》（ JCO ）在线发布了两个关于HER-2阳性晚期乳腺癌治疗的临床指南,分别是《HER-2阳性晚期乳腺癌的系统性全身治疗》［1］和《HER-2阳性晚期乳腺癌脑转移患者的管理建议》［2］,后者是关于HER-2阳性乳腺癌脑转移的首个指南（以下简称指南）。本文详细解读之。     

乳腺癌组织与转移淋巴结HER-2基因表达及检测方法的比较

目的 探讨乳腺癌组织与转移淋巴结中人表皮生长因子受体（human epidermal growth factor receptor-2, HER-2）基因表达的情况,对比荧光原位杂交法（Fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH) 与免疫组织化学法（Immunohistochemistry,IHC）两种检测方法。方法 选取187例乳腺癌组织和76例转移淋巴结石蜡包埋标本,采用FISH和IHC方法检测HER-2基因表达,分析HER-2过表达与各临床病理因素的关系以及两种检测方法的差异,比较原发灶与转移灶HER-2表达的状况。结果 187例乳腺癌组织中,FISH检测显示HER-2阳性43例,阴性144例。IHC评分+++者22例、评分++者40例、评分-/+者125例。IHC评分+++者中,FISH阳性率为90.9%（20/22）;评分++者中,FISH阳性率为52.5%（21/40）;评分0/+者中,FISH阳性率为1.6%（2/125）。两种方法相比差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。临床病理因素分析示HER-2基因扩增与淋巴结转移呈正相关 (P<0.05)。乳腺癌原发灶与其配对转移淋巴结相比,HER-2表达的不一致性为11.8%(9/76)。结论 FISH较之IHC检测HER-2表达准确性更高,尤适用于对IHC ++的患者判断HER-2的表达。乳腺癌原发灶与转移灶之间HER-2的表达存在一定的不一致性。     

双色FISH分析浸润性乳腺癌HER-2基因扩增模式

[目的]应用荧光原位杂交技术(FISH)分析乳腺癌HER-2基因状态。[方法]采用双色FISH技术检测100例浸润性乳腺癌HER-2基因,分析FISH和免疫组织化学(IHC)检测结果,分析17号染色体多倍体比率及其与HER-2基因扩增的关系。[结果]100例浸润性乳腺癌标本中,HER-2蛋白IHC3+21例者中FISH检测均为阳性;IHC2+69例者中FISH检测为阳性的占72%,IHC1+10例者FISH检测为阳性的占20%。17号染色体多倍体的比率为51%。17号染色体二倍体与多倍体标本中,HER-2基因扩增的比率分别是76%和69%,差异无统计学意义(P=0.330)。[结论]乳腺癌IHC检测HER-2为1+~2+者需进一步行FISH检测确定HER-2基因状态;应用双色FISH方法能准确、全面评估HER-2基因状态。     

乳腺癌组织HR与HER-2和SATB1表达相关性研究

目的：检测乳腺癌组织中激素受体（hormonereceptor,HR）、人表皮生长因子受体2（humanepidermalgrowthfactOrreceptor2,HER-2）和特异性核基质结合蛋白（specialATrichsequencebindingprotein1,SATB1）的表达,探讨HR与HER-2、SATB1及临床病理参数的关系。方法：应用免疫组织化学方法检测乳腺癌患者雌激素受体（estrogenre-ceptor,ER）、孕激素受体（progesteronereceptor,PR）、HER-2及SATB1蛋白的表达,荧光原位杂交方法检测HER-2基因扩增状态,统计学方法分析HR（包括ER及PR）的表达与HER-2、SATB1及临床病理参数之间的相关性。结果：乳腺癌组织ER及PR的表达均与患者年龄正相关（r=0．286,P=0．010;r=0．249,P=0．026）,ER的表达与肿瘤分级负相关（r=-0．306,P=0．006）;ER及PR的表达与肿瘤大小、组织学类型、淋巴转移情况及TNM分期均无明显相关性,P值均〉0．05。HR的表达与SATB1、HER-2及SATB1／HER2双阳性表达均呈负相关关系（r=-0．248,P=0．027;r=-0．392,P〈0．001;r=-0．150,P〈0．001）。结论：HR阳性患者治疗及预后相对较好;乳腺癌组织HR的表达与HER-2和SATB1呈负相关关系,三者之间可能存在相互联系的信号通路。     

微阵列技术用于检测乳腺癌人表皮生长因子受体2基因状态

目的探讨细胞核微阵列技术及组织微阵列技术用于检测乳腺癌组织中HER-2基因扩增和蛋白表达状态。方法将248例乳腺癌普通组织蜡块制成组织微阵列组,应用免疫组织化学法（IHC）和荧光原位杂交法（FISH）分别检测HER-2基因和蛋白表达。两种检测方法的-致性采用检验,并以FISH检测结果为金标准,绘制IHC检测乳腺癌HER-2表达的ROC曲线图。结果248例乳腺癌FISH与IHC检测结果-致性分析显示：Kappa=0．711,P=0．000,两种检测方法的-致性尚可。IHC检测乳腺癌HER-2ROC曲线下面积为0．888,P=0．000,约登指数为0．700,准确率为87．9％。IHC（＋＋）中4例为17号染色体单体型,占FISH阳性病例总数的5．26％（4／76）。IHC（＋＋＋）中5例为17号染色体多倍体型,FISH检测均为阴性,占FISH阴性总例数的2．9％（5／172）。IHC的检测可以较好地反映出FISH的结果。结论细胞核微阵列及组织微阵列技术用于检测乳腺癌HER．2基因状态有着节约实验成本、同一性好、结果可靠的优点。     

乳腺癌患者HER-2在血清和细胞学中表达的相关性分析

目的:探讨乳腺癌患者HER-2在血清和细胞学中表达的相关性.方法:纳入2015年1～10月住院治疗乳腺癌患者188例,进行血清和细胞学HER-2检查,血清HER-2应用酶免方法(ELISA检测,细胞学HER-2应用免疫组化和荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)方法检测,应用统计学检验方法对检查结果进行分析.结果:188例乳腺癌患者血清中HER-2检查阳性率为35.1％ (66/188),四分位数(P25、P5o、P75)分别为6.9ng/ml、11.2ng/ml、15.4ng/ml;细胞学HER-2检查的阳性率为28.2％ (53/188),应用计量资料相关性的Spearman分析,t=0.1432(P ＞0.05),认为血清HER-2和细胞学HER-2没有相关性.结论:乳腺癌患者的血清HER-2和细胞学HER-2检查是不同的分析方法,没有相关性,临床应用可以参考,不能等同.     

Caveolin-1在乳腺浸润性导管癌间质内癌相关成纤维细胞中的表达水平与乳腺癌分子亚型的相关性

目的 检测Caveolin-1（Cav-1）在乳腺浸润性导管癌间质内癌相关成纤维细胞（CAFs）中的表达,分析Cav-1与乳腺癌分子亚型、HER-2基因状态的相关性及其与预后的关系。方法应用免疫组织化学法检测168例乳腺癌组织Cav-1在CAFs中的表达情况。用荧光原位杂交（FISH）方法检测乳腺癌组织中HER-2基因的扩增状态。结果 Cav-1在HER-2过表达型和Luminal B型的阳性表达率均为83.3％,显著高于Luminal A型（58.1％）和Basal like型（35.3％）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。乳腺癌HER 2基因扩增占39.3％（66／168）,与HER-2蛋白表达呈正相关（r=0.625,P＜0.05）。HER-2基因扩增组的Cav-1阳性表达率为83.3％,显著高于未扩增组的55.9％（P＜0.05）。Cav-1表达水平与HER-2蛋白（r=0.253）及基因（r=0.305）表达均呈正相关（P＜005）,与预后亦明显相关（P=0.041）。结论 乳腺癌间质内Cav-1表达与分子分型相关,HER 2蛋白表达水平增高及基因扩增与间质Cav-1表达水平增高呈正相关（P＜0.05）,乳腺癌间质CAFs中Cav-1高表达提示患者预后较好。     

Recent trends of HER-2 testing and trastuzumab therapy for breast cancer

Molecular-targeted therapy using trastuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against human epidermal growth factor receptor type-2 (HER-2), is considered to be effective for metastatic as well as primary breast cancer and has already become a worldwide standard therapy for patients with HER-2 protein over-expression and gene amplification. Pretreatment evaluation of HER-2 status is considered to be essential for selection of patients, and according to the generally used algorithm, cases with an immunohistochemistry (IHC) score of 3+ and positivity upon fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) are thought to be eligible for trastuzumab therapy. In order to develop an appropriate domestic HER-2 testing system in Japan, the Trastuzumab Pathology Committee was established in 2000 and has been used as a forum for active discussions of policies related to HER-2 testing. After trastuzumab therapy and HER-2 testing had become widely adopted internationally, new guidelines for HER-2 testing were proposed by the ASCO/CAP group in 2007. Since then, these guidelines have gradually become accepted and used in many large-scale clinical studies of HER-2-targeting agents. On the other hand, new ISH methods have been introduced, such as bright-field HER-2 and chromosome 17 centromere double in situ hybridization (BDISH) and dual color-chromogenic in situ hybridization (dc-CISH). These methods make it possible to examine HER-2 gene amplification using only one paraffin section like the dc-FISH method, and to observe grains on the HER-2 gene and centrosome-17 by conventional microscopy. These approaches are considered to be reliable and equally as effective as the dc-FISH method. Accurate evaluation of HER-2 status is thought to be most important for appropriate selection of breast cancer patients who will obtain genuine benefit from trastuzumab treatment. In order to perform effective evaluation of HER-2 status, it is necessary to establish a reliable HER-2 examination system and to maintain its quality at a high level.     

The Her-2/neu gene and protein in breast cancer 2003: biomarker and target of therapy

The HER-2/neu oncogene encodes a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor with extensive homology to the epidermal growth factor receptor. In this review, the association of HER-2/neu gene and protein abnormalities with prognosis and response to therapy with trastuzumab and to other therapies in breast cancer is presented. By considering a series of 80 published studies encompassing more than 25,000 patients, the relative advantages and disadvantages of Southern blotting, polymerase chain reaction amplification, and fluorescence in situ hybridization assays designed to detect HER-2/neu gene amplification are compared with HER-2/neu protein overexpression assays performed by immunohistochemical techniques applied to frozen and paraffin-embedded tissues and enzyme immunoassays performed on tumor cytosols. The significance of HER-2/neu overexpression in ductal carcinoma in situ and the HER-2/neu status in uncommon female breast conditions and male breast cancer are also considered. The role of HER-2/neu testing for the prediction of response to trastuzumab therapy in breast cancer is presented as well as its potential impact on responses to standard and newer hormonal therapies, cytotoxic chemotherapy, and radiation. The review also evaluates the status of serum-based testing for circulating HER-2/neu receptor protein and its ability to predict disease outcome and therapy response.     

Quantitative real-time RT-PCR and chromogenic in situ hybridization: precise methods to detect HER-2 status in breast carcinoma

Background  

HER-2 gene testing has become an integral part of breast cancer patient diagnosis. The most commonly used assay in the clinical setting for evaluating HER-2 status is immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). These procedures permit correlation between HER-2 expression and morphological features. However, FISH signals are labile and fade over time, making post-revision of the tumor difficult. CISH (chromogenic in situ hybridization) is an alternative procedure, with certain advantages, although still limited as a diagnostic tool in breast carcinomas.     

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 expression in early breast cancer patients: a Swiss cost–effectiveness analysis of different predictive assay strategies

Trastuzumab has conferred significant clinical benefits in HER-2-positive breast carcinomas. HER-2 status is determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and/or fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH), but appropriate assessment of HER2 status remains subject to considerable debate. Data on the health economic impact of HER-2 test strategies are limited. A life-long Markov state transition model was used to assess costs and effectiveness of HER-2 assay strategies (based on IHC, FISH, both combined or FISH confirmation of IHC2+) for a hypothetical cohort of early breast cancer patients from the perspective of the Swiss health system. We compared clinically relevant strategies of predictive testing and subsequent trastuzumab treatment of HER-2-positive patients only. FISH testing was the most cost–effective strategy with an incremental cost–effectiveness ratio of €12,245 per additional quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained, compared to no trastuzumab treatment. The next best strategy was parallel IHC and FISH, with costs of €400,154/QALY gained compared to FISH alone. FISH as primary HER-2 testing modality remained the preferred option in deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis. Predictive testing to identify adjuvant breast cancer patients who benefit from trastuzumab treatment is a clinical and economic necessity. Our model identifies FISH as the most cost–effective approach.     

Efficacy of primed in situ labelling in determination of HER-2 gene amplification and CEN-17 status in breast cancer tissue

Considerable attention has been given to the accuracy of HER-2 testing and the correlation between the results of different testing methods. This interest reflects the growing importance of HER-2 status in the management of patients with breast cancer. In this study the detection of HER-2 gene and centromere 17 status was evaluated using dual-colour primed in situ labelling (PRINS) in comparison with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). These two methods were evaluated on a series of 27 formalin fixed paraffin embedded breast carcinoma tumours, previously tested for protein overexpression by HercepTest (grouped into Hercep 1+/0, 2+ and 3+). HER-2 gene amplification (ratio ≥ 2.2) by PRINS was found in 3:3, 6:21 and 0:3 in IHC 3+, 2+ and 1+/0 cases, respectively. Comparing FISH and IHC (immunohistochemistry), showed the same results as for PRINS and IHC. Chromosome 17 aneusomy was found in 10 of 21 IHC 2+ cases (47.6%), of which 1 (10%) showed hypodisomy (chromosome 17 copy number per cell ≤ 1.75), 7 (70%) showed low polysomy (chromosome 17 copy number per cell=2.26 - 3.75) and 2 (20%) showed high polysomy (chromosome 17 copy number per cell ≥ 3.76). The overall concordance of detection of HER-2 gene amplification by FISH and PRINS was 100% (27:27). Furthermore, both the level of HER-2 amplification and copy number of CEN17 analysis results correlated well between the two methods. In conclusion, PRINS is a reliable, reproducible technique and in our opinion can be used as an additional test to determine HER-2 status in breast tumours.     

Moderate Immunohistochemical Expression of HER‐2 (2+) Without HER‐2 Gene Amplification Is a Negative Prognostic Factor in Early Breast Cancer

Background.

Human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-2 testing in patients with operable breast cancer is aimed at identifying candidates for adjuvant anti–HER-2 treatment. However, commonly defined “HER-2⁻” tumors express variable levels of the HER-2 protein, which can influence prognosis. We compared the clinical outcomes of operable breast cancer patients stratified according to a common HER-2 testing algorithm.

Methods.

We studied 1,150 women (median age, 58 years; range, 22–94 years) undergoing surgery for early breast cancer at our institution. HER-2 status was determined using the HercepTest™ (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark) and, when needed, by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Patients receiving adjuvant trastuzumab were excluded. The impact of HER-2 status on the disease-free survival (DFS) time was studied using multivariate Cox proportional regression analysis.

Results.

Four hundred-fifty seven (40%), 454 (39%), 116 (10%), and 123 (11%) patients were considered HER-2 0+, HER-2 1+, HER-2 2+/HER-2⁻ by FISH, and HER-2⁺ (3+ or HER-2⁺ by FISH), respectively. Compared with a HER-2 0 or 1+ status, a HER-2 2+/HER-2⁻ by FISH status was associated with a worse DFS outcome on multivariate analysis. Compared with a HER-2⁺ status, a HER-2 2+/HER-2⁻ status showed a time-dependent effect on the DFS probability, with an initial advantage that worsened every year by a factor of 1.649.

Conclusion.

A HER-2 2+/HER-2⁻ status is an adverse prognostic factor in patients with operable breast cancer. Because of suggestions from randomized trials that the benefits of adjuvant trastuzumab may not be limited to patients with HER-2⁺ tumors, patients with a HER-2 2+/HER-2⁻ status are ideal candidates for studies testing this hypothesis.     

HER-2/neu diagnostics in breast cancer

HER-2/neu status of the primary breast cancer (PBC) is determined by immunohistochemistry and fluorescent in situ hybridization. Because of a variety of technical factors, however, the PBC may not accurately reflect the metastatic tumor in terms of HER-2/neu status. Recently published guidelines recommend that tumors be defined as HER-2/neu positive if 30% or more of the cells are 3+. Circulating levels of the HER-2 extracellular domain can be measured in serum using a test cleared by the US Food and Drug Administration, and increased serum HER-2/neu levels to above 15 ng/ml can reflect tumor progression. Studies comparing tissue HER-2/neu status of the PBC and HER-2/neu levels above 15 ng/ml in metastatic breast cancer patients are also reviewed.     

色素原位杂交法分析乳腺癌ＨＥＲ-２蛋白过表达者的基因状态

目的　采用色素原位杂交（ＣＩＳＨ）检测乳腺癌ＨＥＲ-２蛋白过表达者的ＨＥＲ-２基因状态,探讨ＨＥＲ-２蛋白表达与基因扩增的一致性。方法　采用Ｚｙｍｅｄ公司ＳｐｏＴ ＬｉｇｈｔＨＥＲ-２ＣＩＳＴ^ＴＭ试剂盒,按照美国临床肿瘤学会／美国病理医师学会（ＡＳＣＯ／ＣＡＰ）联合工作组推荐的结果判读标准,经免疫组织化学（ＩＨＣ）方法确认２３６例ＨＥＲ-２蛋白表达阳性,其中ＩＨＣ（＋＋）１４８例,ＩＨＣ（＋＋＋）８８例,对上述乳腺癌石蜡标本的ＨＥＲ-２基因行ＣＩＳＨ检测。结果　乳腺癌ＨＥＲ-２蛋白高表达者总基因扩增率为７０.３４％,其中ＨＥＲ-２表达ＩＨＣ（＋＋）者基因扩增率为５９.４６％（８８／１４８）,ＩＨＣ（＋＋＋）者基因扩增率为８８.６４％（７８／８８）,两者基因扩增状态差异有统计学意义（χ２ ＝２６.３５,Ｐ＜０.０１）。ＣＩＳＨ检测的ＨＥＲ-２基因扩增情况与雌激素受体（ＥＲ）、孕激素受体（ＰＲ）表达呈明显负相关（Ｐ＜０.０１）。结论　ＣＩＳＨ是一项简便经济的检测ＨＥＲ-２基因扩增技术,ＩＨＣ（＋＋＋）与ＣＩＳＨ阳性的一致性较高,但ＩＨＣ（＋＋）与ＣＩＳＨ阳性的符合率略低,有必要进一步行ＣＩＳＨ或荧光分子探针原位杂交（ＦＩＳＨ）检测明确基因扩增状态。     

Prognostic value of plasma HER-2/neu in African American and Hispanic women with breast cancer.

We examined the significance of plasma HER-2/neu as a clinical or biological marker for assessing the progression of breast cancer in African American and Hispanic women with similar socioeconomic status, similar health insurance, and similar access to health care delivery. Base line studies show the following: average age of our breast cancer patients was 48 for Hispanic and 53 for African American women. Most of our patients presented invasive ductal carcinoma, and there was no ethnic difference. A larger number of Hispanic women had stage III/IV disease at the time of diagnosis. There was no significant difference in the number of African American or Hispanic patients with ER positive or negative receptors. However, a larger number of Hispanic women had PR positive tumors, and a larger number of African American women had PR negative tumors. In general, there was no difference in the levels of HER-2/neu between the two ethnic groups. Patients with tumors >5 cm had elevated plasma HER-2/neu. However, there was no ethnic difference between tumor size and HER-2/neu levels. In addition, regional node status had no impact on plasma HER-2/neu. Patients with stage III/IV tumors had elevated plasma HER-2/neu. No ethnic difference was observed at either stage I/II or III/IV. ER positive or negative status had no significant impact on plasma HER-2/neu in either ethnic group. In contrast, PR positive patients showed elevated plasma HER-2/neu. Plasma HER-2/neu (>60 U/ml) was the strongest predictor of overall survival, visceral site metastasis, and local recurrence.