年龄、身高、体重、体重指数对福州地区中老年男性骨密度的影响

目的调查分析年龄、身高、体重及体重指数（Body Mass Index,BMI)对福州地区中老年男性人 群腰椎、股骨颈、ward’s区和大转子骨密度的影响。方法在福州地区进行随机抽样338例中老年男 性,采用双能载线骨密度仪检测腰椎、股骨颈、ward’s区和大转子骨密度,记录年龄,测量身高、体重,计算出体重指数。应用SPSS19.0统计软件进行年龄、身高、体重、BMI与各部位骨密度Pearson相关 分析及组间单因素方差分析（AN0VA )。结果中老年男性的年龄与股骨颈和ward ''区骨密度相关 十分显著,高龄组（S75岁）骨密度明显低于低龄组（<60岁）;中老年男性的身高与腰椎、股骨颈、和大转子骨密度显著相关,身高170 cm以上组人群具有较高骨密度;中老年男性的体重、BMI与腰 椎、大转子骨密度显著相关,低体重组（<60噪早）及低BMI组（BMI<19 )骨密度明显更低,差异具有显 著性意义。结论年龄、身高、体重和体重指数是影响福州地区中老年男性骨密度的重要因素,低体重 指数的老年男性骨密度较低,应及时检测骨密度,以早期诊断和防治骨质疏松症。     

北京地区9103例体检人群骨密度流行病学调查研究

目的调查北京地区9103例体检人群骨密度,探讨本地区原发性骨质疏松症流行病学情况。方法选择2012年3月-7月在我院体检的9103例汉族体检人群为研究对象,年龄16～93岁,采用韩国osteosys公司生产的ExA-3000型骨密度仪,检测受试者非受力侧前臂尺桡骨中远端1/3处骨密度,建立信息采集表,记录体检人群骨密度、身高、体重、体重指数(BMI)等情况,将检测结果以每10岁为一年龄段分组,分析每组骨密度、t、z评分、患病率及相关影响因素。结果北京地区男性、女性峰值骨量均发生在30～39岁年龄段,骨峰值分别为0.528±0.072、0.451±0.067,随着年龄的增长,骨密度逐渐降低,骨质疏松症发病率逐年增高;男性、女性30岁以前骨密度分别为0.47±0.107、0.436±0.060,骨质疏松症发病率分别为21.88%、1.33%;30～39岁骨密度分别为0.528±0.072、0.451±0.067,骨质疏松症发病率分别为7.31%、1.71%;40～49岁骨密度分别为0.52±0.071、0.445±0.065,骨质疏松症发病率分别为9.88%、2.3%;50～59骨密度分别为0.49±0.076、0.396±0.082,骨质疏松症发病率分别为20.83%、18.94%;60～69岁骨密度分别为0.463±0.085、0.328±0.071,骨质疏松症发病率分别为35.49%、52.21%;70～79岁骨密度分别为0.416±0.086、0.268±0.072,骨质疏松症发病率分别为57.31%、77.59%;80岁以上骨密度分别为0.384±0.091、0.222±0.059,骨质疏松症发病率分别为71.37%、95.24%。低BMI人群骨质疏松症发病率明显高于正常和高BMI人群,差距具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论峰值骨量过后,随着年龄的增加,骨密度均呈下降趋势,骨质疏松症发病率显著上升,且女性绝经后骨量丢失明显加快,骨质疏松症发病率较同龄男性明显升高,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。值得关注的是,30岁以前的年轻男性骨密度状况也并不理想,可能跟工作繁忙,生活压力大,缺乏锻炼,生活方式不健康有关。因此,将骨密度检测作为中老年人体检的常规检查项目,早期发现,积极干预,同时加强年轻人群的健康宣教,倡导健康生活方式,提高峰值骨量,对于防治骨质疏松症具有重要意义。     

肥胖者骨密度与体重及其他体成分关系的研究

目的肥胖易伴发多种慢性疾病。本文探讨肥胖者体重与体成份(脂肪、肌肉)之间的关系及其对临床减重的意义。方法经临床确诊系单纯性肥胖者45例,男17例,女28例。使用美国LunarDPX-L型双能X线吸收测量仪(DXA),测量全身骨、第2~4腰椎、股骨颈骨矿密度(BMD)及体脂肪和肌肉量,并计算体重指数(BMI=W/H2)、体重(kg)/身高(m)即W/H数值进行比较分析。结果男性体重平均94.54±17.41kg,BMI33±4.87。女性体重平均124.37±14.0kg,BMI35.41±6.39。男女两性全身BMD与体重相关,分别为r=0.415,P<0.05,r=0.529,P<0.0025。女性体重与脂肪、肌肉之间呈正相关分别为r=0.522,P<0.0025、r=0.612,P<0.005。男性体重与BMI、W/H及全身肌肉量相关,与脂肪组织无明显相关。男女性W/H较BMI相关系数高。男性全身BMD与全身肌肉量正相关r=0.421,P<0.05。女性全身及股骨颈BMD与脂肪量相关r=0.360,P<0.05、r=0.323,P<0.05。女性全身肌肉量与股骨颈BMD呈正相关r=0.373,P<0.05。结论①肥胖者体重增加,男性以肌肉增加为主,女性脂肪和肌肉都增加;②男性全身骨密度增高与肌肉量增加有关,而女性则主要为脂肪量增加;③女性肌肉、脂肪量与股骨颈BMD密切相关;④体重(kg)/身高(m)比计算体重指数能更准确地反映总体肥胖的程度。     

中国围绝经期妇女体脂含量与骨密度关系的初步研究

目的探讨肌肉、脂肪含量与围绝经期骨质疏松妇女骨密度之间的关系。方法利用双能X线骨密度测量仪(美国,Hologic DiscoveryA型)测量门诊围绝经期妇女(90例,年龄:45~52岁(47.3±8.2))骨密度与体脂含量;同时测量登记受试者的年龄、身高、体重。结果结果显示,21%受试者腰椎和股骨骨量降低,全身脂肪含量(20675.129±5080.44)g与腰椎骨密度(0.91±0.177)g/cm2(P>0.05,r=-0.17)和髋部骨密度(0.99±0.102)g/cm2(P>0.05,r=0.158)没有相关性,肌肉含量(39790.80±6551.54)g与腰椎骨密度没有相关性(P>0.05,r=0.078),但是与髋部骨密度高度正相关(P<0.05,r=0.216)。体重(63.01±9.39)kg和腰椎(P<0.05,r=0.217)和髋部(P<0.05,r=0.305)骨密度高度正相关;BMI指数(24.6751±3.45637)与腰椎(P<0.05,r=0.244)和髋部(P<0.01,r=0.339)骨密度高度正相关。结论研究结果表明BMI指数和肌肉含量与围绝经期妇女髋部骨密度高度相关。     

中老年人腹主动脉钙化与腰椎骨密度的相关性研究

目的研究中老年人腹主动脉钙化(AAC)与腰椎定量CT(QCT)骨密度(BMD)的相关性。方法纳入2013年至2016年间招募的593名40~80岁(男性230人,女性363人)的健康志愿者测量受检者身高、体质量、腰围,计算体重指数(BMI);进行腰椎QCT骨密度测量,将原始图像传至图像后处理工作站,采用Mindways QCT pro软件,分别测量L1-3椎体骨密度。应用Image J软件测量腹主动脉钙化面积比。结果男、女性AAC患病率分别约为45.65%、28.37%;与无AAC组比较,男性、女性AAC组年龄更大,并且与腰椎BMD的差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05);男女腰椎BMD均与年龄呈负相关(r=-0.49、r=-0.73,P0.05),与BMI均无明显相关性(r=0.02、r=0.01,P0.05);男、女性AAC均与年龄呈正相关(r=0.39、r=0.42,P0.05),与BMI均无明显相关性(r=-0.03、r=-0.03,P0.05);男性BMD与AAC无明显相关性(P=0.15),女性BMD与AAC呈低度负相关(r=-0.32,P0.05),校正年龄以后,女性BMD与AAC也无明显相关性(P=0.08)。结论年龄为腹主动脉钙化和骨质疏松发病的共同独立的危险因素,校正年龄后,男性、女性腰椎BMD与AAC均无显著相关性。     

北京昌平地区老年人骨质疏松情况及相关因素调查

目的 调查北京昌平地区60岁以上老年人的骨质疏松情况.方法 采用随机整群抽样调查,抽取昌平地区992名60岁以上老年人测量前臂骨骨密度并问卷调查一般情况.结果 昌平地区60岁以上人群总体骨质疏松率为49.19%,男性为9.68%,女性为39.92%.总体骨密度平均T值为-1.8998,男性为-1.1416,女性为-2.2812,随年龄的增加,整体骨质疏松发病率也在增高,女性骨量减少和骨质疏松发生率均高于男性,而且女性在60～69岁之间骨量减少高于其他年龄段.骨折与骨密度呈负相关关系,而骨密度与性别、体重、身高、年龄、饮酒均有关.结论 北京昌平地区60岁以上的老年人骨质疏松发生率较高,提醒广大医务工作者应广泛开展骨质疏松健康教育.     

宁夏地区回族正常人群骨密度及骨质疏松患病率研究

目的 调查宁夏地区回族正常人群骨密度值及骨质疏松患病率,建立宁夏地区回族人群各年龄组的骨密度正常值范围为骨质疏松的预防提供科学依据.方法 384名回族健康人群采用美国Lunar公司生产的双能x线骨密度仪测试受试者的右侧桡骨远端的骨密度(BMD)值.按年龄、性别进行分组,以10岁作为1个年龄段.结果 ①男女性BMD峰值均出现于30～39岁组,且BMD随年龄增加而逐渐降低,进入50～59岁组,女性的骨量丢失速度明显加快;50岁后OP患病率(WHO),男性为28.8%,女性为41.9%;②未见礼拜对BMD的影响;③男女性身高与BMD呈正相关;男性体重与BMD呈正相关.结论 ①BMD随年龄增长而下降,骨质疏松发病率也随之增加,女性发病率明显高于男性;②礼拜不是影响BMD的重要因素;③身高、体重是BMD的影响因素.     

喝牛奶与绝经后妇女骨密度关系的临床研究

目的 探讨喝牛奶与绝经后妇女骨密度的相关性。方法 随机选择1478例福州汉族绝经后妇女,喝牛奶组795例,不喝牛奶组683例,双能X线骨密度仪测定腰椎、股骨颈、大转子和Ward区骨密度,SPSS 18.0统计软件分析喝牛奶与不同部位骨密度的关系。结果 ①喝牛奶组与不喝牛奶组两组比较,结果为年龄、体重、质量指数有差异。②腰椎骨密度与年龄、体重指数、喝牛奶、体重进行逐步回归分析（y=0.843-0.003×年龄-0.010×BMI+0.006×体重+0.016×喝牛奶,β=0.392,回归系数t检验P=0.000）,体重对腰椎骨密度影响较大。③体重、体重指数、年龄为协变量,喝牛奶为变量,行协方差分析,喝牛奶组腰椎BMD（0.754±0.138g/cm2）明显高于不喝牛奶组（0.742±0.113g/cm2）,统计学有显著性差异(F=5.935,P=0.015),股骨颈骨密度无差异。④喝牛奶组骨质疏松患病率为69.18%,不喝牛奶组患病率为71.16%,两者比较无差异（P=0.42）。结论 喝牛奶可维持绝经后女性腰椎高骨密度,这类人群适量饮用牛奶,一定程度上,具有预防骨质疏松的作用。     

中老年医务职业女性骨密度影响因素分析

目的了解中老年医务职业女性骨密度的现状及变化规律,探讨影响该年龄段医务职业女性骨密度的高危因素。方法整群抽样抽取兰州市从事医务工作的183名中老年(40~70岁)职业女性,利用高频超声骨密度仪检测骨密度水平,回归分析探讨年龄、绝经与否、体重指数(BMI)、执业类型、工作活动类型等因素对中老年职业女性骨密度的影响。结果 40~50岁医务职业女性骨质疏松患病率低(2.1%),50~60岁组骨质疏松患病率明显增高(20.4%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。骨质疏松症患病率从绝经前的3.7%增加到绝经后的25.5%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。在职医务女性中,活动型与久坐型、久站型工作性质相比,有骨量减低及骨质疏松患病率下降的趋势,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。与管理人员、护理等职业类别相比,医生职业的骨质疏松患病率最高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。经logistic回归分析,中老年医务职业女性年龄(OR 1.23,95%CI 1.02~1.13)、绝经(OR 3.26,95%CI 1.56~17.50)、久坐(OR 2.23,95%CI 1.25~3.92)是骨量减少和骨质疏松的危险因素。结论中老年医务职业女性绝经后骨质疏松发病率明显升高,减少工作负荷,适当的体育锻炼和钙剂补充是减缓骨密度降低的有效方法。     

广东省女性绝经后原发性骨质疏松症调查分析

目的探讨广东省女性绝经后骨密度的变化规律及其影响因素相关分析。方法本研究通过对广东省50～87岁的1772名中老年人完成骨质疏松症问卷调查和进行双能X-ray骨密度测量。筛选绝经后原发性骨质疏松症患者274例,以5岁为1个年龄段,将其分成7个组。分析腰椎和髋部BMD值的变化规律。体重指数、脂肪含量与骨密度的关系。结果广东省不同城市女性原发性骨质疏松症患病率为11.1%～19.2%,总体患病率为15.5%。体重指数与髋部neck、Total骨密度相关系数(r=0.282,r=0.272,P<0.05),脂肪含量与腰椎正位Total骨密度相关系数(r=0.086,P<0.05)。结论广东省女性骨质疏松症患者腰椎骨密度在55～65岁和70～79岁两个年龄段丢失明显,髋部骨密度丢失在65岁以后下降速率加快。体重指数与髋部骨密度值有一定相关性,脂肪含量和腰椎骨密度值有较小相关性。     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

Alterations in T-Cell Subset Frequency in Peripheral Blood in Obesity

Background: Obesity affects the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This study characterizes differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype in obese humans. Methods: Frequencies of lymphocyte subsets among peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared between 10 obese (BMI ≥35) and 10 lean subjects, as determined by antibodies directed against cluster differentiation (CD) markers. Results: Obese patients demonstrated an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T-cells (mean difference 12%, P=0.004), a decreased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T-cells (mean difference 9.4%, P=0.016) and an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+CD95+ T-cells (mean difference 13.3%, P=0.032). No other differences among T-cell or monocyte subsets were noted. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with alterations in frequencies of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and aberrations in the expression of CD95 among CD8+ T-cells. These data suggest both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell compartments, as well as the regulation of CD95 expression on CD8+ T-cells, as targets for further study into obesity's effects on the immune system.     

西宁地区烧伤病人动脉血气分析观察

对高海拔地区的27例烧伤病人动脉血气变化进行了分析和观察。结果证明:无论是存活病人还是死亡病人伤后均存在有低氧血症问题。并且在死亡病人和烧伤合并吸入性损伤病人其低氧血症的发生早于单纯烧伤病人。提示:吸入性损伤病人应立即行气管切开术以保障氧气供给,单纯烧伤病人可常规吸氧以维持正常血 PaO_2,ARDS 均发生在合并吸入性损伤的病人,高频喷射通气技术对纠正低氧血症有一定效果。     

Controversies in Fistula in Ano

Managing a complex fistula in ano can be a daunting task for most surgeons; largely due to the two major dreaded complications—recurrence & fecal incontinence. It is important to understand the anatomy of the anal sphincters & the aetiopathological process of the disease to provide better patient care. There are quite a few controversies associated with fistula in ano & its management, which compound the difficulty in treating fistula in ano. This article attempts to clear some of those major controversies.     

β-半乳糖苷酶在体内外成骨细胞中的表达

目的 研究β—半乳糖苷酶(β—gal)在成骨细胞中的表达状况，为阐明MorquioB综合征的发病机制提供依据。方法 裸鼠各器官和骨组织标本行X-gal染色检测。抽取羊和人骨髓行骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)培养，分为4组：I：Adv-hBMP-2转染组；Ⅱ：Adv—β—gal转染组；Ⅲ：未转染组；Ⅳ：地塞米松诱导组。分别行X-gal染色和RT-PCR检测β—gal的表达。结果 裸鼠骺板两侧、骨膜内面及松质骨的成骨细胞和破骨细胞可见多量β—gal的表达。未转染BMSCs组有少量β—gal的表达，其他3组细胞的β—gal表达增高。结论成骨细胞和破骨细胞可表达多量β—gal，该两种细胞的β—gal缺乏可能是MorquioB综合征骨骼异常的直接原因。     

Fluid-phase transcytosis in the primate epididymis in vitro and in vivo

Ligated tubules from the corpus epididymidis of men and monkeys were incubated in medium containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker for fluid-phase endocytosis. HRP was localized by light and electron microscopy after 0, 15, 30 and 60 min of incubation. Movement between the cells was prevented by tight junctions, but bypass of this barrier was apparently achieved by an intracellular vesicular mechanism leading to a time-dependent appearance of HRP in the lumen. Uptake of HRP into basal cells and capture by the lysosomal apparatus of principal cells were also observed. HRP-filled vesicles also appeared in the basal, mid and apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the caput 1 h after injection of the tracer into the epididymal circulation of the monkey, suggesting that this pathway also operates in vivo.     

Surgical management of ductal carcinoma in situ in Australia in 1995

Background: In the present paper we describe the presentation and management of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast in women in Australia in 1995. This representative, national data set provides a historical comparator for studies examining DCIS management that follow. Methods: Surgeons identified by population‐based cancer registries as having treated a new diagnosis of DCIS between 1 April and 30 September 1995 completed a questionnaire on the presentation and management of each case. Results: Two hundred and five surgeons supplied treatment details on 418 DCIS tumours in 415 women . Half of all tumours were detected at BreastScreen clinics and a further 25% were detected at other mammography centres. Twenty‐six percent of tumours were palpable at presentation, 33% were multifocal and 55% were high grade (including comedocarcinoma). Breast conserving therapy (BCT) rather than mastectomy was utilized in 260 (62%) of cases. Tumours that were of low grade, small in size and not multifocal were more likely to be treated by BCT. Surgeons seeing six or more DCIS cases in the 6‐month period were more likely to utilize BCT. Of the conservatively treated cases, 22% were referred for a radiation oncology consultation. The most common reasons for treating DCIS with mastectomy were that the tumour was too extensive or multifocal (63%), it extended to margins of the specimen (42%), or patient concerns about recurrence (34%). Conclusions: In 1995 the majority of DCIS was treated with breast conserving surgery alone. Surgeons treating more DCIS cases were more likely to perform conservative surgery than surgeons treating only one DCIS case in the study period.     

Smoking-Attributable mortality in Spain in 2016

IntroductionSmoking-attributable mortality (SAM) is a valuable indicator that can be used to characterize the course and health burden of the smoking epidemic. The aim of this paper was to estimate SAM in Spain in 2016 in the population aged 35 and over, using the best available evidence.MethodsA smoking prevalence-dependent analysis based on the estimation of population-attributable fractions was performed. Smoking prevalence (never, former, and current smokers) was calculated from a combination of the Spanish Health Survey (2016) and the European Health Survey (2014); the relative risk of death among current and former smokers was taken from the follow-up of various cohorts; and mortality rates were obtained from National Center for Statistics data. SAM estimates are presented globally, and by sex, age groups, and major disease categories: cancer, cardiometabolic diseases and respiratory diseases.ResultsIn 2016, 56,124 deaths were attributed to tobacco consumption, 84% in men (47,000), and 50% in the population aged over 74 (27,795). Overall, 50% of SAM was due to cancer (28,281), 65% of which was lung cancer. One in 4 attributable deaths (13,849) occurred before the age of 65.ConclusionsOne in 7 deaths in Spain in 2016 were attributable to smoking. This estimation of SAM clearly highlights the great impact of smoking on mortality in Spain, mainly due to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.