Cinnamic acid as one of the antidiabetic active principle(s) from the seeds of Syzygium alternifolium

The Indian traditional system of medicine prescribed plant therapies for diseases including diabetes mellitus. One such plant is Syzygium alternifolium (SA). We reported earlier, that fraction C from aqueous extract of SA seeds showed good antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities. In continuation to it, we have performed bioassay guided fractionation of fraction C and identified cinnamic acid as a component with antihyperglycemic activity. A detailed study was undertaken to elucidate its mode of antidiabetic action by giving fraction C (50 mg/kg b.w) orally, once a day for 30 days in STZ induced diabetic rats. The altered enzyme activities of carbohydrate metabolism in liver and kidney of diabetic rats were significantly (p < 0.01) reverted to near normal levels by the administration of fraction C. Fraction C lowered blood glucose as expected, immediately following treatment, and led to glibenclamide-like modulatory effects on enzyme activities related to glucose homeostasis after 30 days treatment, indicating that cinnamic acid may prove useful in diabetes management.     

Mitigating effects of antioxidant properties of Artemisia campestris leaf extract on hyperlipidemia,advanced glycation end products and oxidative stress in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Artemisia campestris is used as antivenom and anti-inflammatory Tunisian folk medicine. Recently, increased oxidative stress was shown to play an important role in the etiology and pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and its complications. This study was designed to examine the effects of A. campestris leaf aqueous extract (Ac) on alloxan-induced diabetic rats by measuring glycemia, lipid profile, lipid peroxidation (MDA), protein carbonyl content (PCO), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), activities of both non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants. Results of our study showed an increase in blood glucose levels, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), a decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) level and disturbed antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, SOD, GPx) in the pancreatic tissue of diabetic rats. Furthermore, MDA, PCO and AOPP were elevated in the pancreas of the diabetic rats. The administration of Ac to diabetic rats at a dose of 200 mg kg⁻¹ bw resulted in a significant reduction in glycemia, TC, TG, LDL-c, pancreas LPO, PCO and AOPP levels, CAT and GPx activities associated with an elevation of GSH content and SOD activity in comparison with diabetic group. We conclude that A. campestris aqueous extract may be effective for correcting hyperglycemia and preventing diabetic complications.     

Hypoglycemic and β-cells regenerative effects of Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. bark extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

The aim of this study was to examine the antidiabetic potential of Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. (Rutaceae) bark in a diabetic rat model. Dose dependent effects of methanol extract of Aegle marmelos bark (AM) (200 and 400 mg/kg) on blood glucose, plasma insulin, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), total protein, hepatic glycogen, marker enzymes of hepatic function and carbohydrate metabolism were evaluated in (streptozotocin) STZ-induced diabetic rats by oral administration for 30 days. Structural integrity of pancreatic islets was assessed by routine histology while, their functional status was assessed by immunolocalization for insulin. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) study established that AM contained antihyperglycemic constituents, aegelin (1.27% w/w) and lupeol (0.29% w/w). AM at 200 and 400 mg/kg showed significant reduction in blood glucose level by 19.14% and 47.32%, respectively in diabetic rats. AM treatment significantly increased insulin level, and produced similar effects on other biochemical parameters. Histological studies showed the regenerative effect of AM on the β-cells of diabetic rats. Immunohistochemical observations in the extract treated diabetic rats showed increased insulin-immunoreactive β-cells. These findings suggest that A. marmelos bark extract has the therapeutic potential in STZ-induced hyperglycemia; hence it can be used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.     

Hypoglycemic effect of aqueous extract of Parthenium hysterophorus L. in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats

Objectives:

To study the effects of Parthenium hysterophorus L. flower on serum glucose level in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats.

Materials and Methods:

Albino rats were divided into six groups of six animals each, three groups of normal animals receiving different treatments consisting of vehicle, aqueous extract of Parthenium hysterophorus L. flower (100 mg/kg) and the standard antidiabetic drug, glibenclamide (0.5 mg/kg). The same treatment was given to the other three groups comprising alloxan induced diabetic animals. Fasting blood glucose level was estimated using the glucose oxidase method in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats, before and 2 h after the administration of drugs.

Results:

Parthenium hysterophorus L. showed significant reduction in blood glucose level in the diabetic (P<0.01) rats. However, the reduction in blood glucose level with aqueous extract was less than with the standard drug glibenclamide. The extract showed less hypoglycemic effect in fasted normal rats, (P<0.05).

Conclusion:

The study reveals that the active fraction of Parthenium hysterophorus L. flower extract is very promising for developing standardized phytomedicine for diabetes mellitus.     

In vitro antioxidant,antidiabetic and antilipidemic activities of Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) S. Moore bark

Symplocos cochinchinesis is used in Indian system of traditional medicine to treat diabetes mellitus. The present study investigates the in vitro antioxidant, antidiabetic and antilipidemic activities of S. cochinchinensis bark methanolic extract (SCBe) in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. In in vitro studies SCBe showed very good scavenging activity on 2,2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (IC₅₀ 820.34 ± 1.74 μg/ml), hydroxyl (IC₅₀ 884.19 ± 0.45 μg/ml) and nitric oxide (IC₅₀ 860.21 ± 1.18 μg/ml) radicals, as well as high reducing power. SCBe (250 and 500 mg/kg) was administered to STZ (40 mg/kg) induced diabetic rats for 28 days. SCBe showed a significant decrease in blood glucose and significant increase in plasma insulin and liver glycogen levels in treated diabetic rats. Further, SCBe showed antilipidemic activity as evidenced by significant decrease in serum TC, TG, LDL-C levels and significant increase in HDL-C level in treated diabetic rats. SCBe also restored the altered plasma enzymes (SGOT, SGPT and ALP), total protein, urea and creatinine levels to near normal. The action of SCBe was comparable to the antidiabetic drug glibenclamide. Results of this experimental study indicated that SCBe possessed antioxidant, antidiabetic and antilipidemic activities.     

Study of the Traditionally Used Medicinal Plant Osbeckia chinensis. for Hypoglycemic and Anti-hyperglycemic Effects in Mice

Abstract

Roots of Osbeckia chinensis. L. (Melastomaceae), used by the local community of the North Eastern Region of India, were evaluated for hypoglycemic and anti-hyperglycemic activity. Traditionally, a decoction of the roots is used as folk remedy for a variety of ailments, including diabetes mellitus. The effect of aqueous-methanol (1:4) root extracts of O. chinensis. in reducing blood glucose level at different doses varied with the dosage used in both normal and alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The effects were observed to reach maximum 4 h after administration in normal mice and 6 h in diabetic mice, indicating hypoglycemic and anti-hyperglycemic activities. Dosage of 350 mg/kg body weight and above proved to be toxic to normal mice. In diabetic mice, a pronounced anti-hyperglycemic activity of the extract was observed with no apparent toxicity at the dose of 250 mg/kg body weight. Glucose tolerance in normal and diabetic mice was similarly improved on administration of the extract. Glibenclamide, metformin, and insulin were used as reference drugs.     

The antihyperglycemic effect of curcumin in high fat diet fed rats. Role of TNF-α and free fatty acids

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of curcumin, obtained from Curcuma longa, in comparison with rosiglitazone on the progression of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the mechanisms underlying this effect. Insulin resistance and T2DM was induced in male Sprague Dawley rats by high fat diet (HFD) feeding for 60 and for 75 days representing two regimens of the study, protection and treatment. Prophylactic oral administration of curcumin (80 mg/kg), rosiglitazone (1 mg/kg), their combination, or vehicle (in control groups) was started along with HFD feeding in different groups. Treatment is achieved by oral administration of the previously mentioned agents in the last 15 days of HFD feeding after induction of insulin resistance and T2DM in rats.Curcumin showed an anti-hyperglycemic effect and improved insulin sensitivity, and this action may be attributed at least in part to its anti-inflammatory properties as evident by attenuating TNF-α levels in HFD fed rats, and its anti-lipolytic effect as evident by attenuating plasma free fatty acids. The curcumin effects are comparable to those of rosiglitazone, which indicate that they may act similarly. Finally we can say that, curcumin could be a beneficial adjuvant therapy in patients with T2DM.     

Assessment of antidiabetogenic potential of fermented soybean extracts in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat

Most of the available drugs for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) produce detrimental side effects, which has prompted an ongoing search for plant with the antidiabetic potential. The present study investigated the effect of soybean extracts fermented with Bacillus subtilis MORI, fermented soybean extracts (BTD-1) was investigated in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The possible effects of BTD-1 against hyperglycemia and free radical-mediated oxidative stress was investigated by assaying the plasma glucose level and the activity of enzymatic antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA). A significant increase in the levels of both plasma glucose and reactive oxygen species (ROS) was observed in the diabetic rats when compared to normal control group. After administration of BTD-1 (500 and 1000 mg/kg/day), the elevated plasma glucose level was significantly reduced while the plasma insulin level and the activities of SOD, GSH-Px, CAT and MDA were significantly increased. The results suggest that administration of BTD-1 can inhibit hyperglycemia and free radical-mediated oxidative stress. The administration of BTD-1 also inhibited the contractile response by norepinephrine (10⁻¹⁰–10⁻⁵ M) in the presence of endothelium, and caused significant relaxation by carbachol (10⁻⁸–10⁻⁵ M) in rat aorta. These findings indicate that BTD-1 improves vascular functions on STZ-induced diabetic rats. Therefore, subchronic administration of BTD-1 could prevent the functional changes in vascular reactivity in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The collective findings support that administration of BTD-1 may prevent some diabetes-related changes in vascular reactivity directly and/or indirectly due to its hypoglycaemic effect and inhibition of production of ROS.     

Antidiabetic effect of plumbagin isolated from Plumbago zeylanica L. root and its effect on GLUT4 translocation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Plumbago zeylanica L. root is widely used in Indian medicine to treat diabetes mellitus. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the antidiabetic effects of plumbagin isolated from P. zeylanica L. root and its effect on GLUT4 translocation in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Plumbagin (15 and 30 mg/kg b wt) was orally administered to STZ-induced diabetic rats for 28 days. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed on 21st day. The effect of plumbagin on body weight, blood glucose, plasma insulin, total protein, urea, creatinine, liver glycogen, plasma enzymes (SGOT, SGPT and ALP) and carbohydrate metabolism enzymes (glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and hexokinase) were investigated. GLUT4 mRNA and protein expression in skeletal muscles were also studied. Plumbagin significantly reduced the blood glucose and significantly altered all other biochemical parameters to near normal. Further, plumbagin increased the activity of hexokinase and decreased the activities of glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase significantly in treated diabetic rats. Enhanced GLUT4 mRNA and protein expression were observed in diabetic rats after treatment with plumbagin. The results indicated that plumbagin enhanced GLUT4 translocation and contributed to glucose homeostasis. It could be further probed for use as a drug to treat diabetes.     

Evaluation of fish oil-rich in MUFAs for anti-diabetic and anti-inflammation potential in experimental type 2 diabetic rats

The advantages of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) on insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been well established. However, the molecular mechanisms of the anti-diabetic action of MUFAs remain unclear. This study examined the anti-hyperglycemic effect and explored the molecular mechanisms involved in the actions of fish oil- rich in MUFAs that had been acquired from hybrid catfish (Pangasius larnaudii×Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) among experimental type 2 diabetic rats. Diabetic rats that were fed with fish oil (500 and 1,000 mg/kg BW) for 12 weeks significantly reduced the fasting plasma glucose levels without increasing the plasma insulin levels. The diminishing levels of plasma lipids and the muscle triglyceride accumulation as well as the plasma leptin levels were identified in T2DM rats, which had been administrated with fish oil. Notably, the plasma adiponectin levels increased among these rats. The fish oil supplementation also improved glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and pancreatic histological changes. Moreover, the supplementation of fish oil improved insulin signaling (p-Akt^Ser473 and p-PKC-ζ/λ^Thr410/403), p-AMPK^Thr172 and membrane GLUT4 protein expressions, whereas the protein expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and nuclear NF-κB) as well as p-PKC-θ^Thr538 were down regulated in the skeletal muscle. These data indicate that the effects of fish oil-rich in MUFAs in these T2DM rats were partly due to the attenuation of insulin resistance and an improvement in the adipokine imbalance. The mechanisms of the anti-hyperglycemic effect are involved in the improvement of insulin signaling, AMPK activation, GLUT4 translocation and suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokine protein expressions.     

Ameliorative effect of Withania coagulans on dyslipidemia and oxidative stress in nicotinamide–streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus

Present study aims to evaluate the effect of Withania coagulans fruit (aqWC) on diabetic-dyslipidemia and antioxidant/oxidant status in DM. Diabetic animals were treated with aqWC at a dose of 250 mg/kg bw for 30 days. Lipid profile, MDA, GSH, SOD, FRAP, HMG CoA reductase and acetyl CoA carboxylase activities were estimated in blood and tissues. Total cholesterol, TAG and LDL were significantly elevated whereas HDL was decreased in diabetic animals (p < 0.05), simultaneously the lipid content and HMG CoA reductase activities were also increased, whereas acetyl CoA carboxylase activity decreased significantly in tissues of diabetic animals. MDA was increased and antioxidants such as SOD, GSH and FRAP decreased significantly in DM (p < 0.05). Oral administration of aqWC to diabetic animals produced significant improvement in serum lipid profile and tissue lipid content. Activity of HMG CoA reductase decreased, whereas acetyl CoA carboxylase activity increased significantly in tissues after aqWC treatment. Administration of aqWC to diabetic animals also showed significant increase in antioxidant levels i.e., GSH, SOD, FRAP and reduced level of MDA in blood and tissue homogenates as compared to diabetic controls (p < 0.05). These results suggest that aqWC treatment improved lipid profile and decreased oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus.     

A comparative study of the modulatory effects of (−)-cubebin on the mutagenicity/recombinogenicity induced by different chemical agents

(−)-Cubebin (CUB) is a lignan isolated from dry seeds of Piper cubeba. We aimed to assess its genotoxic potential and influence on chromosomal damage (frequency of micronuclei – MN) induced by doxorubicin (DXR) in V79 cells and by urethane (URE) in somatic Drosophila melanogaster cells. Our findings indicate an absence of a CUB-mediated genotoxic effect at the concentrations tested. The results also revealed that CUB significantly reduced the frequency of MN induced by DXR, with a mean reduction of 63.88%. In a previous study, our research group demonstrated an absence of CUB-mediated mutagenic effects through the wing Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test (SMART) in Drosophila. In the present study, we used the standard and high bioactivation versions of the SMART to estimate the antigenotoxic effects of CUB associated with URE. At lower concentrations, the recombination level decreased, but at the highest concentration, the recombination level increased. Our data and previous studies suggest that CUB may act as a free radical scavenger at low concentrations, a pro-oxidant at higher concentrations when it interacts with the enzymatic system that catalyzes the metabolic detoxification of DXR or URE, and/or an inducer of recombinational DNA repair.     

Antidiabetic effect of Punica granatum flowers: Effect on hyperlipidemia,pancreatic cells lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in experimental diabetes

The present study investigated the effects of Punica granatum aqueous extract (PgAq) on streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats by measuring fasting blood glucose, lipid profiles (atherogenic index), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and activities of both non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants. Diabetes was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (60 mg/kg) to albino Wistar rats. The increase in blood glucose level, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), LPO level with decrease in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), reduced glutathione (GSH) content and antioxidant enzymes namely, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were the salient features observed in diabetic rats. On the other hand, oral administration of PgAq at doses of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg for 21 days resulted in a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose, TC, TG, LDL-C, VLDL-C and tissue LPO levels coupled with elevation of HDL-C, GSH content and antioxidant enzymes in comparison with diabetic control group.     

A study of the antidiabetic activity of Barleria prionitisLinn

Objectives:

To study the antidiabetic activity of Barleria prionitis Linn in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

Materials and Methods:

Alcoholic extract of leaf and root of B. prionitis was tested for their antidiabetic activity. Albino rats were divided into six groups of six animals each. In three groups, diabetes was induced using alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg b.w., i.p.) and all the rats were given different treatments consisting of vehicle, alcoholic extract of leaves, and alcoholic extract roots of B. prionitis Linn (200 mg/kg) for 14 days. The same treatment was given to the other three groups, comprising non-diabetic (normal) animals. Blood glucose level, glycosylated hemoglobin, liver glycogen, serum insulin, and body weight were estimated in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats, before and 2 weeks after administration of drugs.

Results:

Animals treated with the alcoholic extract of leaves of B. prionitis Linn showed a significant decrease in blood glucose level (P<0.01) and glycosylated hemoglobin (P<0.01). A significant increase was observed in serum insulin level (P<0.01) and liver glycogen level (P<0.05), whereas the decrease in the body weight was arrested by administration of leaf extract to the animals. The alcoholic extract of roots showed a moderate but non-significant antidiabetic activity in experimental animals.

Conclusion:

The study reveals that the alcoholic leaf extract of B. prionitis could be added in the list of herbal preparations beneficial in diabetes mellitus.     

Empagliflozin,a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor,in the treatment of type 1 diabetes

Introduction: Available anti-hyperglycemic therapy in type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is currently restricted to insulin, pramlintide, and pancreas or islet cell transplantation. The imperfect replication of normal insulin secretion and glucose control has been a driver for development of other anti-hyperglycemic agents for this population. Empagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, is currently under investigation as an add-on therapy to insulin in T1DM.

Areas covered: Within the drug evaluation, the authors describe the mechanism of action of SGLT2 inhibitors and preliminary results from studies investigating treatment in rodent models and in individuals with T1DM.

Expert opinion: Studies on adjunct therapeutic effects of empagliflozin in individuals with T1DM are limited, but initial reports show favorable effects on reducing HbA1c, body weight, total daily insulin dose and hypoglycemic events. Intriguingly, this drug may confer a degree of renal protection by reducing glomerular hyperfiltration that can arise in the diabetic state. Currently, the primary concern seems to be the presence of ketone levels indicating an under-insulinized state. Long-term effects can only be inferred from studies in type 2 diabetes mellitus at this time. Empagliflozin represents a novel non-insulin-mediated therapy that warrants further investigation.     

Antidiabetic activity of aqueous root extract of Ichnocarpus frutescens in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type-II diabetes in rats

Objective:

To evaluate the antidiabetic activity of aqueous extract of roots of Ichnocarpus frutescens in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type-II diabetes in rats.

Materials and Methods:

Streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type-II diabetic rats (n = 6) were administered aqueous root extract (250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) of Ichnocarpus frutescens or vehicle (gum acacia solution) or standard drug glibenclamide (0.25 mg/kg) for 15 days. Blood samples were collected by retro-orbital puncture and were analyzed for serum glucose on days 0, 5, 10, and 15 by using glucose oxidase-peroxidase reactive strips and a glucometer. For oral glucose tolerance test, glucose (2 g/kg, p.o.) was administered to nondiabetic control rats and the rats treated with glibenclamide (10 mg/kg, p.o.) and aqueous root extract of Ichnocarpus frutescens. The serum glucose levels were analyzed at 0, 30, 60, and 120 min after drug administration. The effect of the extract on the body weight of the diabetic rats was also observed.

Results:

The aqueous root extract of Ichnocarpus frutescens (250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) induced significant reduction (P < 0.05) of fasting blood glucose levels in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type-II diabetic rats on the 10^th and 15^th days. In the oral glucose tolerance test, the extract increased the glucose tolerance. It also brought about an increase in the body weight of diabetic rats.

Conclusion:

It is concluded that Ichnocarpus frutescens has significant antidiabetic activity as it lowers the fasting blood sugar level in diabetic rats and increases the glucose tolerance.     

Evaluation of anti-oxidative,genotoxic and antigenotoxic potency of Codium tomentosum Stackhouse ethanolic extract in human lymphocytes in vitro

The genome is constantly exposed to agents, both exogenous and endogenous, that damage DNA. Consequently, it is very important that determination of this agents and the protective agents. In this work, we evaluated the antigenotoxic/antimutagenic activity of the crude ethanolic extracts of Codium tomentosum Stackhouse (Chlorophyceae) (CTE), collected from The Coast of South East Marmara Sea, in human lymphocytes culture in vitro against genotoxic/mutagenic agents MMC, EMS and H₂O₂ by using chromosome aberration (CA), sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and micronuclei (MN) assays as experimental endpoints. Also, in the present study, we determined total phenolic content and total antioxidant capacity (in soluble lipid and water). In addition, total protein, total carbohydrate, vitamins (A, C and E) and pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotene) contents were also determined. Results of CA, SCE and MN tests show that CTEs have not shown genotoxic effect. In CTE plus MMC-, EMS- or H₂O₂- treated cultures, CA, SCE and MN frequency which induced by MMC, EMS or H₂O₂ has been decreased significantly (p < 0.05–0.001). This is the first report on genotoxicity/antigenotoxicity and anti-oxidative capacity of Codium tomentosum. Our results have clearly shown that CTE has strong anti-oxidative and antigenotoxic effect.     

Ethanol extract of Butea monosperma bark modulates dyslipidemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Context: Dyslipidemia is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus (DM). The availability of multiple lipid-lowering drugs and supplements provides new opportunities for patients to regulate lipid levels.

Objective: The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of Butea monosperma Lam. (Fabaceae) bark extract in diabetes-induced dyslipidemia.

Materials and methods: A daily dose of B. monosperma bark extract (BMBE, 500?mg/kg body weight) was given orally to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats for 60?d. Several indices such as blood glucose, insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin, TC, TG, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), apo A1, apo B, activities of lipogenic enzymes in tissues, liver function tests, and histopathology of liver were analyzed to assess the modulation of STZ-induced diabetic dyslipidemia by B. monosperma bark.

Results: BMBE significantly reduced blood glucose (40.79%) and increased plasma insulin (37.5%) levels in diabetic rats. Altered levels of serum lipids, lipoproteins, and activities of lipogenic enzymes in tissues were partially restored upon the administration of BMBE in diabetic rats. Liver function tests and histopathological examination revealed that consumption of BMBE at a dose of 500?mg/kg body weight had no toxic effects in experimental rats.

Conclusion: The findings suggest that BMBE supplementation could ameliorate dyslipidemia in DM.     

Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of Thespesia populnea fruit pulp extracts on alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Present study was carried to find out the antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activity of ethanol and aqueous extract of Thespesia populnea fruit pulp on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in rats by administration of alloxan (150 mg/kg, i.p.). After the successful induction of experimental diabetes, the rats were divided into five groups each comprising a minimum of six rats. Phytochemical analysis and acute toxicity study of extracts was also done. The effects of extracts and metformin on fasting blood glucose and plasma lipid were examined for 28 days. Statistical analysis was carried out by using analysis of variance followed by Dunnet''s multiple comparison test and paired t-test were done as the test of significance using GraphPad Prism. P≤0.05 was considered as the minimal level of statistical significance. Therapeutic dose of extract was found to be 200 mg/kg on the basis of acute toxicity study. Aqueous and alcoholic extract showed a significant reduction in blood glucose levels as well as a lipid profile of diabetic rats at the end of 28^th day of treatment. However, in groups treated with plant extract the reduction in the blood glucose and improvement in lipid profile was slightly less than that achieved with the standard group (metformin). From this study, it can be concluded that ethanol and aqueous extract of Thespesia populnea exhibited significant antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects on alloxan-induced diabetic rats.     

2型糖尿病大血管病变与内脂素的关系探讨及降糖调脂灵的干预作用

目的观察降糖调脂灵保护2型糖尿病大血管病变与内脂素的关系。方法 10只健康成年♂Wistar大鼠作为正常对照组,喂以标准饲料不做处理;50只健康♂大鼠通过高糖高脂饲料喂养+腹腔注射链脲佐菌素诱发糖尿病,随机选取30只成模大鼠分为3组:糖尿病模型组(n=10,灌胃,等量生理盐水)、二甲双胍组(n=10,灌胃,二甲双胍200 mg·kg 1·d 1)、降糖调脂灵组(n=10,灌胃,降糖调脂灵浓缩液5 mL·kg 1·d 1),继续喂以高糖高脂饲料。12周后取血测血糖、血脂、单核细胞趋化因子和细胞间黏附分子的含量;Western-blot法检测血清内脂素表达水平;光镜观察主动脉壁情况,透射电镜观察主动脉超微结构改变。结果降糖调脂灵组血糖、血脂、单核细胞趋化因子和细胞间黏附分子的含量降低,内脂素表达减少,主动脉内皮细胞损坏减轻。结论降糖调脂灵保护T2DM大血管病变,可能与抑制内脂素表达,降低血糖、血脂,减轻炎症反应有关。