改良臀沟抬高术治疗骶尾部藏毛疾病的临床研究(附42例报告)

目的探讨改良臀沟抬高术在骶尾部藏毛疾病手术中的应用。方法共治疗42例骶尾部藏毛疾病患者,病灶采用完整切除、改良臀沟抬高术,随诊1年。结果 1例术后第6天出现皮下积液感染,经切开引流后缓解,创口延期愈合。5例皮瓣尾侧因扭转张力,臀沟处裂开,经换药引流后缓解,部分创口延期愈合。3例部分创口桥型愈合,经引流、换药后延期愈合。其他病例一期愈合。结论改良臀沟抬高术治疗骶尾部藏毛疾病,疗效显著,住院时间短,复发率低,患者舒适度高,是一种较佳的手术方法。     

Risk factors for wound complication in pilonidal sinus procedures

BACKGROUND: Pilonidal disease is a common condition among young people. Complicated pilonidal surgical wounds are associated with considerable morbidity, including chronic sacral wound, loss of work time, and lifestyle limitation. The aim of our study is to report our experience with Karydakis procedure and explore the risk factors associated with infection and poor healing in pilonidal operation. STUDY DESIGN: A 3-year experience of a Joint-Commission International accredited tertiary center in patients with pilonidal sinus operations is reported. We retrospectively reviewed the charts of unselected patients with pilonidal sinus who underwent excision and primary closure on elective basis in terms of wound healing, surgical site infection, and return to work. Variables predictive of surgical site infection and disruption were assessed by multiple logistic analyses. RESULTS: From January 2004 to December 2006, 94 patients with pilonidal disease underwent excision and primary closure on elective basis. Incidence of surgical site infection was 12.8%. No recurrence was observed after median followup of 6 months, with interquartile range of 4 to 9 months. Smoking (p = 0.027) and obesity (p = 0.047) were independent risk factors for wound infections. CONCLUSIONS: Excision and primary closure is an acceptable modality of treatment in nonobese and nonsmoker patients with pilonidal sinus disease. Infection rate in obese patients and smokers is unacceptably high, and active preoperative weight loss and smoking cessation or simple laid open procedure is recommended in these patients.     

Idea and innovation: Secure fixation between dermis and periosteum using perforator flap to prevent recurrence of pilonidal sinus disease

In the past decades, numerous surgical techniques and conservative treatments for pilonidal sinus disease (PSD) had been discussed and published. There is still no consensus yet of the best techniques because of high recurrence rates and prolonged wound healing. In the case of complicated discharging sinus or recurrent PSD resistant to treatment with antibiotics, we recommend radical excision followed by a regional flap, which can obliterate the dead space with well‐vascularised tissue. In this article, we presented the technique of snug suture fixation between the dermis and periosteum using a superior gluteal artery perforator (SGAP) flap. The study demonstrates a few key concepts on the prevention of PSD recurrence, an off‐midline, well‐perfused flap that allows flattened natal cleft and obliteration of gluteal cleft and eventually showed good aesthetic results. We aim to demonstrate a reliable surgical technique for wound closure of recurrent pilonidal sinus after radical excision followed by reconstruction with an SGAP flap. The history, surgery, and images are described, and the literature is reviewed. The pitfalls of disease recurrence will be discussed in this literature. Keys to successful treatment will be elaborated. An 18‐year‐old female with recurrent pilonidal sinus disease over right medial gluteal region presented with sacral pain and infection. She developed progressive swelling and burst of abscess from several sinus tracts and did not respond to the treatment with antibiotics alone. After radical excision of the entire pilonidal sinus and adjacent fibrotic tissue, a deep and large defect was measured. A superior gluteal perforator flap was designed based on three perforators from the superior gluteal artery. A medial 3 cm of the SGAP flap was de‐epithelised to provide soft tissue bulk to obliterate the deep cavity. Strong sutures were applied to secure the flap to the periosteum. There was no recurrence at 3 years of follow up. The patient stood the operation well and had prompt recovery.     

KARYDAKIS FLAP REPAIR FOR SACROCOCCYGEAL PILONIDAL SINUS DISEASE: HOW IMPORTANT IS TECHNIQUE?

Numerous operative and conservative treatments have been described in the published work for the management of sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus; yet there remains considerable debate over its ideal treatment. This report is an audit of our results using the Karydakis flap repair in the management of this condition. We analysed prospective data on 70 patients who had had a Karydakis procedure. The length of follow up ranged from 1 to 79 months (median 36 months). Seventy-one operations were carried out in 70 patients. This included 12 patients (17%) who had previously undergone between one and four procedures (median 2) for recurrent disease. Superficial wound breakdown occurred in 27 patients (38%) and complete wound breakdown occurred in six patients (8.4%). These wounds were allowed to heal by secondary intent. The median time to complete healing for superficial and complete wound breakdown was 80 and 84 days, respectively. Disease recurrence occurred in three patients (4.2%) -- two of whom had recurrent disease at the time of this presentation. Of the three patients who had a recurrence after our surgery, two had a superficial breakdown and one had a complete wound breakdown. Sacrococcygeal pilonidal disease has a low recurrence rate when treated by the Karydakis operation involving flattening of the midline cleft. This procedure avoids the need for more complicated flap repairs.     

Limberg flap reconstruction for the treatment of pilonidal sinus disease

Pilonidal disease is a common chronic disorder of the sacrococcygeal area affecting young people. Recent reports have advocated different surgical approaches, such as open or closed technique, but recurrence complicates all forms of treatment. We conducted this case review to evaluate the validity of Limberg flap reconstruction method in the treatment of chronic recurrent pilonidal disease. In the period between September 2003 and December 2004, 32 male patients with complicated/recurrent pilonidal disease were operated on using the Limberg flap reconstruction method. The patients' mean age was 26.4 + 1.6 years (range 19-47 years). All patients fared well, had a satisfactory wound healing, had minimal pain and were mobilized immediately after surgery. They stayed at hospital for 6 to 32 hours. No patient had serious wound infection or flap ischemia. They all returned to normal activity within 4 to 12 days. Follow-up ranged between 14 and 28 months. No patient had recurrence during the above period. Limberg flap reconstruction has several advantages compared to the classical surgical methods for the treatment of pilonidal disease. The patients have a short hospital stay, are mobilized soon after surgery and have a minimal morbidity and recurrence rate.     

Outcome of the Rhomboid Flap for Recurrent Pilonidal Disease

Background  Pilonidal sinus is a common chronic disease of the sacrococcygeal region. Treatment varies according to the clinical presentation of the disease. Although many surgical methods have been suggested, an ideal method is still lacking because of high recurrence rates. Recurrent disease causes significant morbidity, particularly missing time from work. The aim of this study was to assess the rhomboid flap’s role in promoting primary healing in recurrent pilonidal disease and to evaluate morbidity and recurrence. Methods  This prospective study included 60 patients who were treated with the use of a rhomboid flap closure for recurrent sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus at Tanta University Hospital, Egypt, from January 2000 to October 2006. The follow-up period ranged from 6 months to 7 years, with the mean follow-up period about 2.5 years. Results  There were 46 males and 14 females with a median age of 18 years (range = 16–38 years). The mean hospital stay was 6 days (range = 5–11 days). Four patients had to be hospitalized for 1–2 weeks due to superficial wound infection; they recovered with injected antibiotics. The mean time to return to work after discharge from the hospital was 15 days (range = 12–26 days). Postoperative morbidity involved superficial wound infection in 9 patients (15%). There were six recurrences (10%). Eleven patients (18.3%) had numbness over the flap and 12 patients (20%) were not pleased with the cosmetic appearance of the scars. Conclusions  Our study favors the rhomboid flap for recurrent sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus, especially for complex sinuses, and found it suitable for cases where simpler operations have failed. It allows early return to full activity, does not necessitate prolonged postoperative care, and has very low recurrence and complications rates which may outweigh the disadvantages related to an unfavorable cosmetic appearance.     

Adipo-fascio-cutaneous flaps in the treatment of pilonidal sinus: experience with 50 cases

OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively analyse the results of pilonidal sinus managed using wide excision with primary eccentric closure with various adipo-fascio-cutaneous flaps. METHODS: Data from 50 consecutive patients who had elective surgery for chronic pilonidal sinus with wide excision of all the sinuses and primary eccentric closure with various adipo-fascio-cutaneous flaps (40 lateral advancements, 4 Z-plasties, four rotations, 1 rhomboid and 1 V-Y advancement) were retrospectively analysed. Special emphasis was placed on partial obliteration of the natal cleft, duration of wound healing, postoperative morbidity and hospital stay, loss of work days, cosmetic outcome and recurrence. RESULTS: In all patients, partial obliteration of the natal cleft was achieved by eccentric primary wound closure, with good cosmesis. Superficial necrosis of the flaps occurred in five patients (3 Z-plasties, 2 rotation flaps). None had collection, haematoma, infection or recurrence. CONCLUSION: Complete eccentric excision and partial obliteration of the natal cleft using various adipo-fascio-cutaneous flaps ensured reliable wound healing with fewer dressings and morbidity, shortened hospital stay and early resumption of work, good cosmesis and prevention of early and late recurrence. The lateral advancement flap is a viable option in the treatment of chronic pilonidal sinus.     

A comparison of flap reconstruction vs the laying open technique or excision and direct suture for pilonidal sinus disease: A meta‐analysis of randomised studies

Many treatments have been described for pilonidal disease, but recurrence cannot be completely eliminated. The aim of this study was to perform a meta‐analysis of randomised, controlled trials comparing flap repair vs the laying open technique and/or excision and direct closure techniques in the treatment of chronic pilonidal sinus disease. The primary outcome measure was the recurrence rate. Secondary outcomes were complete wound‐healing time, duration of the incapacity to work, quality of life and patient satisfaction, postoperative pain, wound infection, bleeding or haematoma, skin wound complications, and duration of hospital stay. Seventeen studies were included. The meta‐analysis demonstrated a lower risk of recurrence, a shorter duration of incapacity to work, a lower risk of wound infections, a lower risk of skin wound complications, and a shorter duration of hospitalisation in favour of flap vs direct closure. A shorter time to complete wound healing and a shorter duration of incapacity to work for flap vs the laying open technique were observed. Superiority of flap repair vs direct closure in pilonidal sinus treatment was demonstrated in this meta‐analysis. These results suggest avoiding primary direct closure in clinical practice. Compared with the laying open technique, flaps result in faster healing and a shorter time to return to activities.     

Sticking to the facts: a systematic review of fibrin glue for pilonidal disease

Background: Pilonidal disease occurs when hair invading the natal cleft causes inflammation and abscess formation. Opinions vary on best practice, and most procedures have considerable morbidity and high recurrence rates of 6–40%. Objectives: This study systematically reviews the use of fibrin glue in the treatment of pilonidal disease. Outcomes measured were healing time and recurrence rate. Data source: ScienceDirect and PubMed databases were searched for relevant literature, yielding seven papers including five small trials. The total number of patients receiving fibrin glue treatments across all trials was 85. There were no exclusion criteria in this review. Results: Fibrin glue treatments had equivalent or better reported healing times than conventional therapies at an average of 2–6 weeks, and low recurrence rates between 0 and 17% at follow‐up periods between 4 and 28 months. Considerable heterogeneity in study methodologies and surgical techniques prevented statistical significance or aggregate figures from being determined. Conclusions: There appears to be early promise for the use of fibrin glue in the treatment of pilonidal disease and an impetus for definitive research.     

4种手术方法治疗藏毛窦的疗效比较

目的比较4种手术方法治疗藏毛窦的临床治疗效果。方法回顾性分析2008年1月至2013年3月期间江苏省中医院肛肠科收治的43例骶尾部藏毛窦患者的临床资料,均接受手术治疗,其中藏毛窦切除＋切口开放术4例（切口开放组）、藏毛窦切除＋切口直接缝合术7例（直接缝合组）、藏毛窦切除＋切口袋形缝合术19例（袋形缝合组）、藏毛窦菱形切除＋Limberg皮瓣转移术13例（皮瓣转移组）。结果①4组患者的一般临床资料比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,具有可比性。②切口开放组、直接缝合组、袋形缝合组和皮瓣转移组的住院时间分别为（16．70±8．69）d、（16．43±10．68）d、（15．84±11．29）d和（14．69±4．01）d,术后平均愈合时间分别为（64．75±6．50）d、（34．57±19．15）d、（35．16±15．49）d和（17．92±4．29）d。4组住院时间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。切口愈合时间皮瓣转移组明显短于其他3组（P〈0．05）,直接缝合组和袋形缝合组均明显短于切口开放组（P〈0．05）,直接缝合组与袋形缝合组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。③4组的并发症：直接缝合组有2例患者切口部分裂开,2例患者因切口感染行部分拆开;皮瓣转移组1例患者术后切口渗血行部分拆开引流,1例患者出现张力性水泡;其余2组没有发生并发症。切口愈合后随访半年均无复发。结论从本组有限的数据初步得出,藏毛窦术后的闭合方式根据切口张力大小而定,张力小者可行直接缝合,张力大者可行袋形缝合;病变范围广或术后复发的患者可行菱形切除＋Limberg皮瓣转移。     

Results of the Limberg transposition flap in the treatment of pilonidal sinus

The surgical treatment of pilonidal sinus with the Limberg transposition flap will be demonstrated in 40 patients (22 male; 18 female). First step is draining the infect by incision, followed by radical excision of the pilonidal sinus and covering of the defect by a rhomboid transposition flap. In 39 out of 40 cases primary wound healing occurred. No recurrence has yet been encountered. In one case a seroma was observed which was drained and showed secondary wound healing. The mean hospital stay was 7.9 days and the mean time until return to work was about 15 days. We consider the Limberg transposition flap to be an effective treatment of pilonidal sinus disease due to its technical simplicity and low complication rate.     

Inferiorly based lotus petal flap & laser therapy in difficult pilonidal sinus management

Aim

To assess the efficacy of the lotus petal flap in difficult pilonidal sinus management.

Failed pilonidal surgery: new paradigm and new operation leading to cures

HYPOTHESIS: Refractory pilonidal disease is due to damage of the epidermis in the deep gluteal cleft by moisture and bacteria, rather than to damage in deep tissues. A new paradigm suggests that a procedure to change the shape of the gluteal cleft will improve results. DESIGN: Before-and-after trial. SETTING: Community private practice with extensive experience in pilonidal disease, providing ambulatory and hospital care. PATIENTS: Thirty-one patients with severe refractory pilonidal disease, with a median follow-up of 20 months in 27 patients (87%). Patients had undergone a total of 141 operations with wounds still open for a combined total of 252 years. INTERVENTION: The deep gluteal cleft was reshaped with a skin flap. Deep tissue was left essentially intact. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number healed, time to healing, number of operations required. RESULTS: Wounds in all 31 patients healed, 28 after a single procedure. The time to healing was rapid, within 1 week in 22 patients. There were no recurrences. CONCLUSIONS: For refractory pilonidal disease, the cleft lift procedure produced rapid results by drawing intact skin over the cleft and bringing the suture line out to open air. The failures of old methods and success of this new one suggest a need for a paradigm shift in our understanding of pilonidal disease. The source of disease is not the deep tissue but rather the epidermis in the moist, hypoxic, and bacteria-laden gluteal cleft. This also has implications for initial treatment of pilonidal disease, where simple, nonoperative treatments are often effective.     

A comparison of the cleft lift procedure vs wide excision and packing for the treatment of pilonidal disease in adolescents

Background/Purpose

The cleft lift for pilonidal disease is a flap procedure designed to counteract suspected causes of closed-technique failure. This study compares cleft lift with wide excision and packing in adolescents with respect to complications, healing, and recurrence.

Methods

Charts of all patients surgically treated for pilonidal disease at our institution from August 2000 to August 2009 were reviewed retrospectively. Wide excision was routinely performed until May 2007 when the cleft lift as described by Bascom was instituted here. Factors examined were postoperative complications, wound healing, and disease recurrence.

Results

Seventy patients (49 males, 21 females; mean age, 16 years; mean weight, 170.5 lb) with pilonidal disease underwent a total of 39 cleft lift procedures and 34 wide excision procedures. All but 1 cleft lift patient (97.4%) healed completely, whereas 25 (73.5%) of 34 patients in the excision group healed (P < .001). The remaining 9 excision patients had chronic wounds, 3 of whom have undergone cleft lift with full healing. One cleft lift patient had recurrent disease (2.5%) compared with 7 (20.6%) of 34 excision patients (P < .02).

Conclusions

The cleft lift procedure is a superior treatment method of pilonidal disease in adolescents, resulting in primary healing, lower likelihood of recurrent disease, and simplified wound care.     

Does technique alter quality of life after pilonidal sinus surgery?

BACKGROUND: Pilonidal sinus is a common disease in young adults that carries high postoperative morbidity and patient discomfort. Controversy still exists about the best surgical technique for the treatment of the disease in terms of recurrence rate and patient discomfort. METHODS: From January 2000 to November 2003, 100 consecutive age- and sex-matched patients with chronic pilonidal sinus disease were randomized to receive surgical treatment in the forms of either excision and primary closure or rhomboid excision and Limberg flap. Time to return to work and to complete healing were recorded. To evaluate quality of life and patient comfort, all patients were asked to complete a questionnaire including short form 36, Visual Analogue Scale, time to sitting on toilet without pain, and time to walking without pain 3 months after surgery. RESULTS: Each group was composed of 50 patients. Mean follow-up was 19 months. There was a significant difference between the groups in terms of length of hospital stay (P=.005), time to complete healing (P<.001), time off work (P<.001), and wound infection rate (P=.03). Statistically significant differences were noted between the groups in items of general health perception (71.1+/-11.7 vs 78.2+/-14.1; P=.008), social functioning (87.3+/-32.8 vs 110.4+/-33.8; P=.001), and pain (54.5+/-14.0 vs 67.5+/-18.4; P<.001). Times to sitting on toilet and walking without pain showed significant differences between the groups (P=.006 and P<.001, respectively). The mean postoperative Visual Analogue Scale scores were 6.5+or= 1.7 and 7.4+/- 1.4, respectively (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Shorter hospital stay, earlier healing, shorter time off work, lower ratio of complications, lower pain perception, and improved general health perception are the main advantages of te Limberg flap technique in pilonidal sinus surgery. All together, these parameters add to patient comfort and satisfaction after surgical treatment.     

Is the cleft lift procedure for non-acute sacrococcygeal pilonidal disease a definitive treatment? Long-term outcomes in 74 patients

Purpose

No definitive surgical treatment for non-acute pilonidal disease has been established thus far. We herein report the short-term and long-term outcomes of 74 consecutive patients who underwent the cleft lift procedure for non-acute pilonidal disease.

Methods

A total of 74 consecutive patients who underwent the cleft lift procedure for the treatment of non-acute pilonidal disease were evaluated.

Results

Complete healing was achieved in 54 patients (73 %). Wound seroma was observed in 12 patients (15 %) in the first week, and this persisted until the second week in 10 patients (13 %). Partial dehiscence was found in eight patients (11 %). One patient presented with complete wound dehiscence (1 %), and another experienced early postoperative bleeding (1 %). Wound infection was observed in one patient (1 %). The median follow-up period was 51.5 months (range 15–88 months). Three cases of recurrences were observed, which occurred after 51, 42 and 12 months of follow-up.

Conclusions

If longer-term follow-up is achieved, definitive conclusions may be obtained. However, the present results suggest that the cleft lift procedure may become the gold standard technique for the surgical management of non-acute pilonidal disease.     

Cleft closure for the treatment of unhealed perineal sinus

OBJECTIVE: Despite improvements in surgical practice, persistent perineal wound sinus is still a common complication after proctectomy. This study presents the success of a modified cleft closure technique in dealing with this problem. METHODS: From May 1997 patients with a persistent perineal sinus after surgery underwent a cleft closure - similar to that performed for patients with pilonidal sinus disease. RESULTS: Eight patients (6 male, 2 female) with an average age of 52 years underwent a cleft closure for a persistent perineal sinus after surgery. Four patients had undergone a proctocolectomy (ulcerative colitis), 2 an abdominoperineal excision of the rectum (adenocarcinoma) and 2 a proctectomy (1 Crohn's disease, 1 complication of diverticular disease). Symptoms had been present for an average of 41 months (range 5-152 months) and 3 patients had undergone other procedures attempted previously to deal with the problem. The first three patients had the procedure as an inpatient with an average stay of 4.7 days. The next 5 patients had the procedure as a day case (2 local anaesthetic, 3 general anaesthetic). Two patients developed a postoperative wound infection and all but one wound had healed completely by 8 weeks. In this patient the procedure was repeated to achieve healing. There was no other associated morbidity and no postoperative deaths. There have been no recurrences to date. CONCLUSION: Modified cleft closure for persistent perineal sinus is a simple procedure with low morbidity that can be performed under local anaesthetic in the day surgery unit.