自制非那雄胺片剂临床生物等效性评价

目的评价自制非那雄胺片生物等效性。方法采用正交试验法确定制剂最佳配方,采用双交叉试验设计评价制剂的生物等效性;20例健康男性志愿者随机分为两组,各服用供试片或市售参比片,以HPLC-MS法测定血药浓度,并以3P97软件计算药动学参数和人体相对生物利用度。结果本剂配方合理、质量稳定,供试片和参比片的主要药动学参数分别为:药时曲线下面积(AUC_(0～t)):(334.19±117.94)、(364.51±155.99)ng·hr/mL;AUC_(0～∞):(352.34±129.88)、(380.14±164.66)ng·hr/mL;C_(max):(42.24±12.35)、(52.43±18.60)ng/mL;t_(max):(2.60±0.91)、(2.20±0.86)h;消除半衰期(t_(1/2)):(5.34±0.97)、(5.16±1.13)h;MRT:(6.83±0.86)、(6.51±0.77)h。供试片的平均相对生物利用度为(94.31±12.31)%和(95.19±12.69)%(n=20,以AUC_(0～t)计算),参比片和供试片的AUC_(0～t)和AUC_(0～∞)无显著性差异。结论经配方优化的自制非那雄胺片质量稳定,与市售参比片具生物等效性。     

液相色谱-质谱法研究马来酸替加色罗片在中国健康受试者中的药代动力学特征

目的:研究马来酸替加色罗片在中国健康受试者中的药代动力学特征。方法:采用LC-MS法研究单次和连续口服马来酸替加色罗片的药动学特征。结果:健康受试者分别单次口服6、12、18 mg马来酸替加色罗片后,药-时曲线符合二室开放模型,主要药代动力学参数t_(max)为(2.2±1.0)、(1.3±0.5)、(1.3±0.4)h;C_(max)为(3.4±0.4)、(8.5±1.4)、(12.0±2.4)ng/mL;t_(1/2α)为(5.5±6.4)、(4.6±5.6)、(2.0±2.0)h;t_(1/2β)为(16.2±2.4)、(15.2±1.8)、(14.9±2.0)h;AUC_(0→48)为(53±9)、(96±29)、(135±54)ng·h·mL~(-1);AUC_(0→∞)为(64±12)、(108±33)、(158±60)ng·h·mL~(-1);MRT为(16.3±1.0)、(14.8±1.1)、(14.6±0.7)h。C_(max)、AUC_(0→48)和AUC_(0→∞)在6～18 mg内与给药剂量呈线性关系。统计分析结果还表明t_(max)、t_(1/2α)、t_(1/2β)和MRT在上述不同剂量组间无统计学差异(P>0.05)。连续给药3 d后血药浓度达稳态,达到稳态后的t_(max)、C_(ss,max)、C_(ss,min)、C_(ss,avg)、DF值分别为(1.5±0.4)h、(8.1±1.3)、(2.6±0.7)、(4.4±0.8)ng/mL、(126±16)%。在相同剂量下,C_(max)、AUC_(0→48)、AUC_(0→∞)和t_(1/2β)等参数值较文献报道高。结论:在中国健康受试者中马来酸替加色罗片的体内过程符合二室开放模型,在6～18 mg范围内具有线性动力学特征。     

齐墩果酸与二氢齐墩果酸灌胃及静脉注射给药后在大鼠体内的药动学研究

目的:研究齐墩果酸及其衍生物二氢齐墩果酸ig及iv给药在大鼠体内的药动学及绝对生物利用度。方法:12只SD大鼠随机分为齐墩果酸给药组和二氢齐墩果酸给药组,每组6只,两组大鼠均ig给药(50 mg/kg),1周后于尾iv给药(2 mg/kg)。分别于给药前及给药后(ig为0.1、0.25、0.5、0.75、1、1.5、2、3、5、7、9、12 h,iv为0.05、0.15、0.25、0.5、0.75、1、2、3、5、7、9、12 h)尾静脉取血0.3 mL,采用超高效液相色谱(UPLC)-四级杆串联飞行时间质谱法(QTOF)测定血药浓度,DAS 2.0药动学软件计算药动学参数与绝对生物利用度。结果:大鼠ig与iv齐墩果酸后,AUC_(0-∞)分别为(232.10±7.17)、(1 203.99±19.65)ng·h/mL,t1/2分别为(1.75±0.10)、(1.41±0.04)h;ig给药后c_(max)为(121.3±18.92)ng/mL,t_(max)为(0.54±0.10)h,绝对生物利用度为0.77%。大鼠ig与iv二氢齐墩果酸后,AUC_(0-∞)分别为(382.03±23.73)、(386.14±10.65)ng·h/mL,t_(1/2)分别为(2.47±0.45)、(1.44±0.03)h;ig给药后c_(max)为(124.52±12.28)ng/mL,t_(max)为(0.63±0.14)h,绝对生物利用度为3.96%。结论:在大鼠体内,二氢齐墩果酸的绝对生物利用度显著高于齐墩果酸。     

磷酸可待因缓释片人体药物动力学及生物利用度

目的:研究磷酸可待因缓释片在正常人体内的药物动力学和生物利用度.方法:采用RP-HPLC法测定可待因的血药浓度,研究8名志愿者单剂量po 90mg磷酸可待因缓释片及普通片后药物动力学及相对生物利用度;另对8例志愿者po 90mg磷酸可待因缓释片及iv磷酸可待因30mg后绝对生物利用度进行了研究.结果:单剂量po 90mg缓释片及普通片后,AUC_(0→∞)分别为(524.17±129.61)和(337.90±85.20)ng·h/ml;t_(max)分别为(2.75±0.46)和(1.31±0.26)h,C_(max)分别为(74.34±7.84)和(89.63±10.58)ng/ml,两种制剂的AUC_(0→∞)、t_(max)、C_(max)均有显著性差异(P<0.05).磷酸可待因缓释片相对及绝对生物利用度分别为(156.1±6.3)%和(84.1±4.8)%.结论:缓释片与普通片为生物不等效制剂.     

头痛宁鼻腔喷雾剂在大鼠体内的药动学及脑靶向研究

目的:研究头痛宁鼻腔喷雾剂经鼻给药后在大鼠体内的药动学及脑靶向情况。方法:84只SD大鼠分为鼻腔给药组和静脉给药组,每组42只,给药剂量均为1.2 mL/kg。分别于给药后5、10、15、30、60、90、120 min于腹主动脉取血5 mL,并取脑组织(每个时间点6只)。采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定各组大鼠血浆和脑组织中升麻素苷、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷的浓度,采用DAS 2.0软件计算药动学参数及脑靶向性指数。结果:鼻腔给药组大鼠血浆中升麻素苷、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷的c_(max)分别为(0.202 4±0.015 8)、(0.373 8±0.085 7)μg/mL,t_(max)均为(10.000 0±0.000 0)min,AUC_(0-∞)分别为(16.542 9±2.110 3)、(27.452 7±5.572 1)μg·h/mL;脑组织中升麻素苷、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷的c_(max)分别为(0.180 2±0.038 4)、(0.320 4±0.027 7)μg/g,t_(max)均为(10.000 0±0.000 0)min,AUC_(0-∞)分别为(17.105 3±2.432 9)、(24.541 6±3.753 4)μg·h/g。静脉给药组大鼠血浆中升麻素苷、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷的c_(max)分别为(0.300 2±0.016 1)、(0.526 7±0.044 1)μg/mL,t_(max)均为(10.000 0±0.000 0)min,AUC_(0-∞)分别为(28.010 5±4.112 8)、(60.294 1±11.290 2)μg·h/mL;脑组织中升麻素苷、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷的c_(max)分别为(0.149 8±0.031 5)、(0.199 8±0.040 1)μg/g,t_(max)均为(15.000 0±0.000 0)min,AUC_(0-∞)分别为(22.643 4±2.883 1)、(36.721 8±14.885 6)μg·h/g。升麻素苷、5-O-甲基维斯阿米醇苷脑靶向性指数分别为2.387 0、2.176 1。结论:头痛宁鼻腔喷雾剂鼻腔给药后一部分药物可经鼻腔吸收直接转运至脑,制成鼻腔喷雾剂科学合理。     

盐酸文拉法辛胶囊在健康人体内的药动学和生物等效性

建立了LC-MS/MS法测定人血浆中的文拉法辛,研究了24例男性健康受试者双周期、交叉、随机、单剂量口服盐酸文拉法辛胶囊50 mg后的药动学和相对生物利用度.受试与参比制剂的主要药动学参数分别为:c_(max)(71.1±29.9)和(71.2±26.6)ng/m1.t_(max)(2.31±0.67)和(2.31±0.75)h:t_(1/2)(4.68±1.30)和(4.83±1.39)h;AUC_(0→24)(534.7±334.6)和(543.9±370.3)h·ng·ml~(-1),相对生物利用度为(101.8±18.3)%,两种制剂具有生物等效性.     

厄贝沙坦片在中国健康人体内的生物等效性研究北大核心CSCD

目的研究厄贝沙坦片在中国健康人体内的生物等效性。方法采用单中心、随机、开放、单剂量、两周期、2×2交叉试验设计,空腹试验和餐后试验中分别有32例受试者口服厄贝沙坦片受试制剂或参比制剂0.15 g。LC-MS/MS法测定给药后不同时间厄贝沙坦的血药浓度,并用Phoenix WinNonlin 7.0软件计算主要药代动力学参数,判定两制剂是否等效。结果空腹试验受试制剂和参比制剂厄贝沙坦的主要药代动力学参数:C_(max)分别为(2242.4±631.5),(2327.3±821.0)ng·mL^(-1),AUC_(0-t)分别为(9953.2±3339.6),(10218.5±2985.3)h·ng·mL^(-1),AUC_(0-∞)分别为(10201.7±3377.9),(10516.5±2995.6)h·ng·mL^(-1),T_(max)均为1.50 h;t_(1/2)分别为(12.3±5.8),(15.1±10.3)h。餐后试验受试制剂和参比制剂厄贝沙坦的主要药代动力学参数:C_(max)分别为(2691.8±663.7),(2598.8±877.1)ng·mL^(-1),AUC_(0-t)分别为(10129.8±3783.9),(9538.6±3151.8)h·ng·mL^(-1),AUC_(0-∞)分别为(10353.1±3792.3),(9720.1±3162.0)h·ng·mL^(-1),T_(max)均为1.50 h;t_(1/2)分别为(12.5±7.6),(10.3±5.2)h。受试制剂与参比制剂C_(max)、AUC_(0-t)、AUC_(0-∞)几何均值比的90%置信区间均完全落在80.00%~125.00%。结论2种厄贝沙坦片在中国健康志愿者体内具有生物等效性。     

奥美拉唑胶囊的人体相对生物利用度和药代动力学研究

8名男性健康志愿受试者,随机交叉一次口服新昌制药股份有限公司产(受试药,C_1)和浙江金华制药厂产奥美拉唑胶囊(参比药,C_2)各40mg,进行人体生物利用度研究,血药浓度用HPLC法测定。研究结果表明:两种胶囊的药-时曲线符合一室开放模型。主要药代动力学参数如下:C_1组T_(max)=2.88±1.06h,C_(max)=0.38±0.39mg/L,t_(1/2)=1.84±0.95h,AUC_(0→∞)=1.89±1.94mg×h/L;C_2组T_(max)=2.54±0.80h,C_(max)=0.42±0.41mg/L,t_(1/2)=1.44±0.66h,AUC_(0→∞)=1.86±1.90mg×h/L;C_1的相对生物利用度为101.6％,经统计分析与C_2等效(P>0.05)。     

盐酸曲普利啶胶囊在中国健康志愿者体内的药物动力学

目的:研究单剂量和多剂量盐酸曲普利啶胶囊在中国健康志愿者体内的药物动力学特征。方法:健康受试者单次(2.5 mg)或多次(2.5 mg,tid,连续服药6d)口服盐酸曲普利啶胶囊,用LC-MS法测定血浆中曲普利啶浓度,用DAS 2.0处理数据。结果:本法线性良好,精密度、准确度、回收率均符合要求。所得药物动力学参数如下,单剂量:t_(1/2)=(5.88±1.62)h,t_(max)=(2.21±0.62)h,C_(max)=(27.50±6.32)ng·ml~(-1),AUC_(0-∞)=(216.74±67.18)h·ng·ml~(-1),MRT_(0-∞)=8.64±1.24 h。多剂量:t_(1/2)=(6.38±2.58)h,t_(max)=(1.71±0.58)h,AUC_(8S)=139.29±47.22 h·ng·ml~(-1),C_(max)=(27.78±6.52)ng·ml~(-1),C_(min)= (10.12±9.26)ng·ml~(-1),C_(av)=(17.41±5.90)ng·ml~(-1),DF=1.13±0.60。结论:该法灵敏度高,操作简便,盐酸曲普利啶胶囊多剂量给药与单剂量给药的药物动力学参数基本一致,无蓄积,给药后安全性良好。     

石杉碱甲缓释片犬体内药动学研究

目的:测定石杉碱甲缓释片在杂种犬体内的药物动力学。方法:采用两制剂两周期交叉试验设计,6只杂种犬分别口服自制的石杉碱甲缓释片(2片,受试制剂)和市售石杉碱甲普通片(4片,参比制剂),各相当于石杉碱甲200μg。用HPLC法测定给药后不同时间血浆中的药物浓度,采用非隔室模型计算药动学参数。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂的t_(1/2)分别为(11.01±2.66)和(4.71±1.00)h;T_(max)分别为(9.33±1.63)和(3.00±0.92)h;C_(max)分别为(1.95±0.29)和(6.23±0.91)ng·mL~(-1),AUC_(0～t)分别为(28.29±2.03),(27.45±1.83)ng·h·mL~(-1)。受试制剂相对生物利用度为(103.06±3.72)%。结论:石杉碱甲缓释片呈现明显的缓释特征,在杂种犬体内吸收程度与参比制剂相当。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Hyperkalaemia in patients in hospital

A survey of all laboratory blood specimens with a plasma potassium concentration greater than or equal to 5.5 mmol/L was conducted over a three month period. Of 331 specimens with hyperkalaemia, 71 were excluded because the specimens was haemolysed, old or contaminated. The laboratory served a population of 348,561 and during this time measured the plasma potassium on 25,016 occasions. Sixty-six outpatients and 20 neonates were not evaluated. The survey was undertaken on 86 of 102 inpatients (46 males), 48 of whom were over 66 years of age. Fifty-seven patients were admitted under a medical service and 29 under a surgical service. Fifty-nine had a single episode of hyperkalaemia. Thirty-two underwent a surgical procedure. The commonest contributing factor was impaired renal function which was present in 71 (83%) patients. Although a definitive causative role for drugs could be identified in only five patients, in 52 (60%) patients drugs were a contributing factor (potassium supplements 24, ACE inhibitors 16, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs 12). Thirty-five of the 86 (41%) patients died during their hospital admission. Nineteen of the 35 deaths occurred within three days of the hyperkalaemia being recorded. A normal plasma potassium was eventually documented in 50 of the 86 patients. Of the remaining 36 patients, 25 (69%) subsequently died. In general the treatment of patients with hyperkalaemia focused on identifying and treating the underlying cause. Hyperkalaemia must always be considered seriously and regard given to the overall clinical status of the patient, with particular attention to drug therapy, renal and cardiac function, acid base status and the possibility of sepsis.