2010 - 2018年庆阳市手足口病流行特征分析

目的 分析庆阳地区2010 - 2018年度手足口病流行病学及病原学特征，为制定有效的预防和控制策略提供科学依据。方法 手足口病例资料来源于中国疾病预防控制信息系统2010 - 2018年期间庆阳市的手足口监测数据，对数据采用Excel 2007进行整理分析。结果 庆阳市2010 - 2018年累计报告HFMD病例5 093例，年均发病率为25.13/10万。发病呈现双峰流行模式，主高峰在6月份，次高峰在11月份。发病人群中男性（63.95%）多于女性（36.05%）；1～4岁病例占总发病数的75.59%，以1～组发病比例最高（30.59%）； 散居儿童病例占69.98%。西峰区（56.85/10万）和庆城县（45.35/10万）为高发病地区。2010 - 2018年共检测HFMD标本1 333份，检出阳性标本880份，总阳性率66.02%，EV71、CVA16和其他肠道病毒交替流行，2018年CVA6成为优势流行株。疱疹液标本检出阳性率最高，为72.35%。结论 庆阳市手足口呈现隔1年发病率回升的特点，有明显的季节性、地区性和人群性特征，不同年份优势流行株交替流行，相关部门应在高发时期采取积极有效措施做好防控工作。     

关于《中华流行病学杂志》的文献半衰期──与唐鸿等同志商榷

沂南县1992年4至6月份发生风疹流行，疫情波及面广，发病人数多，为证实及了解此次风疹流行概况，于1992年7月份在县城、乡村人群中，整群抽样进行了回顾性调查。共调查3565人，临床诊断298例，患病率8．36％。对县城小学调查376名，患病106例，患病率为28．9％，乡村小学365名，患病77例，患病率为21．0％（U＝2．44，P＜0．05），结果表明城市小学患病率显著高于乡村小学。发病298名，患者最小4岁，最大13岁，8岁年龄组患病率最高。本次流行自4月份开始有病例报告，发病54人，5月份达到高峰（532例），6月份12例，疫情基本终止。本次流行…     

湘西少数民族地区中小学伤寒暴发流行的调查

1986～1990年，我地区部分中小学师生中陆续发生了几起伤寒暴发流行，现将流调结果报道如下：1流行特征1．1发病情况：1986年5月始．我地区前后有5所乡镇级中小学（中学2所，小学3所）发生伤寒暴发流行，共发生伤寒458例，患病率为40．03％。其中以古丈县岩头寨乡中心完小患病率为最高．达48．26％；龙山县四中患病人数最多，为193例。男生发病291例，患病率为42.11％；女生发病167例，患病率为36．87％，男女病例之比为1．74：1。汉族、苗族、土家族学生患病率分别为45．06％（178／395）、39．95％（151／378）、3477％（129／371）。不同…     

河源市2008—2012年艾滋病监测结果分析

目的了解河源市艾滋病（AIDS）监测流行特征,为制定防控策略提供科学依据。方法对河源市2008—2012年AIDS监测资料进行分析。结果 5年共报告HIV/AIDS病例371例,年均患病率2.76/10万;报告死亡93例,平均死亡率0.69/10万;发病主要以农民为主（25.9%）,家务及待业次之（23.7%）;男性多于女性,病例集中在20~50岁（77.9%）;主要传播方式为异性性传播（60.5%）。结论河源市AIDS疫情处于低流行状态,但患病率有上升趋势。应加强重点地区、人群的宣传教育,做好AIDS防控工作。     

一起女兵疥疮流行的调查

一起女兵疥疮流行的调查任兵（３７００３部队后勤部防检所）１９９６年７月２７日～９月１９日，海军某话务连女战士发生了一起疥疮的流行。病人３１例，整个流行过程长达５７天之久。现将情况报告如下。１流行过程（１）发病时间分布：该连首例发病日期为７月２１日，随...     

1969—1999年上海市静安区痢疾疫情分析

对上海市静安区1960～1999年痢疾的流行特征进行分析,现报告如下. 1 流行特征 1.1 流行强度及地区分布 1960～1999年全区共发病262 062例,平均发病率为1 343.93/10万.疫情分布在区内各个街道,江宁、曹家渡、静安寺、石二、南西等街道,平均发病率波动于1 242.66/10万～1 468.02/10万. 1.2 季节分布全年均有发病,1960～1999年发病数按月构成比平均数分别为:1月6.17%、2月5.12%、3月5.20%、4月5.50%、5月6.66%、6月7.79%、7月10.97%、8月13.64%、9月13.88%、10月11.74%、11月7.51%、12月5.84%,发病高峰主要集中在8～10月.1960年,月发病率最高的8月份为570.1/10万,是月发病率最低的1月份的4.2倍;到1999年月发病率最高的9月份为10.75/10万,是月发病率最低的1月份的6.68倍.     

2014 - 2016年镇江地区流感病毒流行特征分析

目的 通过对镇江地区流感病毒监测结果进行分析,了解该地区流感病毒流行动态,为流感防控提供科学依据。方法 收集2014 - 2016年哨点医院流感样病例监测资料,采集咽拭子标本进行核酸检测和病毒分离。结果 2014 - 2016年镇江地区哨点医院共累计报告流感样病例65 201例,其中3年的流感样病例就诊比例分别为2.19%、2.64%和2.90%。共检测标本9 532份,检出阳性标本1 122份,阳性率11.77%。其中甲型H1N1型175份（15.60%）,甲H3型491份（43.76%）,乙型BY系400份（35.65%）,乙型BV系56份（4.99%）。男性和女性的阳性率分别为11.67%和11.87%,不同性别阳性率差异无统计学意义（χ2 = 0.106,P = 0.745）。不同年龄段流感病毒阳性率以60岁及以上人群最高(13.88%),其次为5岁～人群(12.38%),差异有统计学意义（χ2 = 21.933,P＜0.001）。对355份阳性标本进行流感病毒分离,获得毒株109株,其中甲型H1N1型44株,甲H3型17株,乙型48株（BY37株,BV11株）。结论 镇江地区的流感发病高峰主要集中在冬春季,夏季也会出现小的流行,每年呈现流感病毒多种亚型的混合流行,以老人和小孩阳性率最高。     

平阳县部份中学疥疮流行情况调查及药物治疗疗效观察

为了消灭疥疮,我站于1980、81两年对瑯份中学开展了疥疮普查普治工作。现将情况归纳于下: 普查结果 (一)患病率: 查了14所中学,11,929人,疥疮患者607人,患病率5％,最高的是万全中学24.9％。 (二)分布:主要对万全、敖江两中学的分析。 (1)与性别、居住方式的关系。(见表1)     

2005 - 2015年合肥市自然疫源性疾病流行病学特征分析

目的 分析2005 - 2015年合肥市自然疫源性疾病(Natural Focus Infection Disease,NFID)的流行特征,为预防控制该病提供科学依据。方法 对合肥市2005 - 2015年（含2005 - 2010年巢湖市和庐江县）传染病报告信息管理系统中报告的NFID病例数据进行描述性分析。结果 2005 - 2015年合肥市报告乙类、丙类和其他类NFID15种1 527例,死亡55例,年均发病率为1.97/10万,年均死亡率0.07/10万,以乙类为主（81.53%）,其他类次之（16.63%）、丙类最少（1.83%）。发病率居前三位的地区是肥东（4.08/10万）、长丰（2.20/10万）和蜀山（2.11/10万）。季节分布呈双峰特点,6 - 8月份为大高峰,10 - 11月份是小高峰。乙类、丙类的流行高峰分别为6 - 8月份和10 - 11月份,其他类是10 - 11月份。病例集中在35～49岁年龄组,40～49岁和60～74岁2个年龄组发病率高。发病率男女比为2.72∶1,且随着年龄的增长,发病率男女比先升后降,30～39岁组最高（＞7∶1)。职业以农民、民工居多,分别占38.57%和14.15%。结论 近年来,合肥市NFID发病呈上升趋势,疾病谱也有改变。针对性的防治措施,多部门协作,加强媒介生物与宿主动物的监测,有助于控制疾病流行。     

临朐县0~14岁儿童哮喘流行病学调查分析

目的 研究临朐县0~14岁儿童哮喘的危险因素以及患病率,为本病的治疗及预防提供有力依据。方法 利用整群随机抽样的方法,在临朐县幼儿园、学校、防疫站抽取10 000名0~14岁儿童进行哮喘流行病学调查。结果 总共调查0~14岁儿童10 000人,收到9 765份有效问卷,有效率为97.65%。哮喘儿童152例,患病率为1.56%;患病率最高的是学龄前期的儿童,男童患病率高于女童,男女比例为1.50∶1,差异有统计学意义(χ²=5.648,P<0.05)。家族过敏或哮喘史、过敏性鼻炎史、皮肤过敏史、食物过敏史、个人药物过敏史、早产、超体重、使用抗生素可能为哮喘发病的危险因素。结论 2012年临朐县0~14岁儿童哮喘患病率较10年前全国哮喘患病率有所升高,儿童哮喘患病率最高的年龄段是学龄前期。儿童哮喘的发病与多种因素相关。     

Prevalence of skin disease among nursing home staff in southern Taiwan

To establish the prevalence of skin disease among nursing home workers in southern Taiwan, dermatological examination was performed on 75 nursing home staff from 11 institutions in Tainan county. Fungal infections were the most common skin diseases identified, affecting 21.4% of all employees. Other conditions included xerosis (13.3%), scabies (10.7%) and dermatitis (8.0%). Fungus was found mainly on the feet and hands (68.7% and 31.3% of all fungal cases respectively). Most xerosis sites were identified on the lower leg (90.0% of all xerosis cases), while all workers with scabies had the disease on their forearm. Dermatitis was diagnosed predominately on the forearm (50.0% of all dermatitis cases). The prevalence of fungus and scabies was higher than other studies, while dermatitis occurred less frequently than previous reports. Although not statistically significant, we believe that wet work and occupational contact with nursing home patients may have been important risk factors for these conditions.     

Epidemiological study of scabies in different environmental conditions in central poland

PURPOSE: The goal of the research was to determine the spreading of Sarcoptes scabiei and the incidence of scabies in the residents of particular districts of the Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship (Central Europe) from 1990 to 1998. METHODS: An epidemiological analysis of scabies incidents was performed, with a focus on the age and sex patterns of the population, seasonal incidence, and environmental conditions. In the entire area covered in the period studied, a total of 2064 cases of scabies were reported. The incidence of scabies was typically higher in rural areas than in cities. The most cases of scabies were noted in children and teenagers between 6 and 15 years of age. RESULTS: The research indicated that prevalence of the disease within a family is an important factor in scabies epidemiology in the Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship. The incidence of scabies is seasonal in its nature, as the majority of cases occurred in the autumn and winter months. CONCLUSION: The incidence of the disease can be reduced by improving socioeconomic and hygienic conditions and by implementing a proper system of social education, as well as by promoting more efficient health service.     

Incidence of scabies in Belgium

A prospective survey on scabies in Ghent, Belgium was performed in 2004. Sixty-four individual cases were reported, corresponding to a crude incidence rate of 28/100,000 inhabitants. The incidence was higher in the elderly (51/100,000 in persons aged >75 years) and a higher incidence was also found in immigrants (88/100,000). More than 40% of the registered scabies patients had symptoms for more than 4 weeks at the time of presentation. In 54% of the consultations, the patient had already consulted a physician for his/her skin problem. Of this group, 44% had not yet received any scabicidal treatment, indicating that scabies was not yet diagnosed or that an inappropriate treatment was prescribed. The observations suggest that the diagnosis and/or treatment of scabies in this region can still be improved.     

Control of scabies, skin sores and haematuria in children in the Solomon Islands: another role for ivermectin

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of a 3-year programme aimed at controlling scabies on five small lagoon islands in the Solomon Islands by monitoring scabies, skin sores, streptococcal skin contamination, serology and haematuria in the island children. METHODS: Control was achieved by treating almost all residents of each island once or twice within 2 weeks with ivermectin (160-250 microg/kg), except for children who weighed less than 15 kg and pregnant women, for whom 5% permethrin cream was used. Reintroduction of scabies was controlled by treating returning residents and visitors, whether or not they had evident scabies. FINDINGS: Prevalence of scabies dropped from 25% to less than 1% (P < 0.001); prevalence of sores from 40% to 21% (P < 0.001); streptococcal contamination of the fingers in those with and without sores decreased significantly (P = 0.02 and 0.047, respectively) and anti-DNase B levels decreased (P = 0.002). Both the proportion of children with haematuria and its mean level fell (P = 0.002 and P < 0.001, respectively). No adverse effects of the treatments were seen. CONCLUSION: The results show that ivermectin is an effective and practical agent in the control of scabies and that control reduces the occurrence of streptococcal skin disease and possible signs of renal damage in children. Integrating community-based control of scabies and streptococcal skin disease with planned programmes for controlling filariasis and intestinal nematodes could be both practical and produce great health benefits.     

Association of body mass index with peripheral arterial disease in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study

The authors hypothesized that the absence of cross-sectional associations of body mass index (BMI; weight (kg)/height (m)(2)) with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in prior studies may reflect lower weight among persons who smoke or have poor health status. They conducted an observational study among 5,419 noninstitutionalized residents of 4 US communities aged ≥ 65 years at baseline (1989-1990 or 1992-1993). Ankle brachial index was measured, and participants reported their history of PAD procedures. Participants were followed longitudinally for adjudicated incident PAD events. At baseline, mean BMI was 26.6 (standard deviation, 4.6), and 776 participants (14%) had prevalent PAD. During 13.2 (median) years of follow-up through June 30, 2007, 276 incident PAD events occurred. In cross-sectional analysis, each 5-unit increase in BMI was inversely associated with PAD (prevalence ratio (PR) = 0.92, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.85, 1.00). However, among persons in good health who had never smoked, the direction of association was opposite (PR = 1.20, 95% CI: 0.94, 1.52). Similar results were observed between BMI calculated using weight at age 50 years and PAD prevalence (PR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.51) and between BMI at baseline and incident PAD events occurring during follow-up (hazard ratio = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.76) among never smokers in good health. Greater BMI is associated with PAD in older persons who remain healthy and have never smoked. Normal weight maintenance may decrease PAD incidence and associated comorbidity in older age.     

The prevalence and factors associated with obesity in women attended at First Aid Units of the Unified Health System in southern Brazil

Obesity is currently one of the major epidemics, representing an important public health problem that is associated with an increase in chronic disease. The scope of this study is to investigate the prevalence of excess weight and obesity and associated factors in 20 to 59-year-old women attended at First Aid Units of the Unified Health System. Standardized interviews and anthropometric measurements were conducted with 440 women. Factors associated with the presence of excess weight/obesity were investigated using the Poisson model with robust variance. The prevalence of excess weight and obesity (64.3%) as well as central obesity (44.1%) in women attended at First Aid Units is higher than that in the population in general and is associated with an increased incidence of health problems. Insufficient physical activity (PR=1.44; 95% CI 1.24-1.66), a history of three pregnancies or more (PR=1.45; 95% CI 1.05-2.00), age above 50 (PR=1.34; 95% CI 1.00-1.82) and central obesity (PR=1.92; 95% CI 1.64-2.25) are associated with a higher prevalence of obesity. The implementation of public health polices focused on the prevention of obesity would undoubtedly have a major impact on primary prevention of chronic diseases in the female population.     

Supermarkets, other food stores, and obesity: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a leading public health concern, and although environmental factors have been hypothesized to play a role in the prevention of obesity, little empirical data exist to document their effects. The purpose of this study was to examine whether characteristics of the local food environment are associated with the prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of men and women participating in the third visit (1993-1995) of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study was conducted in 2004. The analyses included 10,763 ARIC participants residing in one of the 207 eligible census tracts located in the four ARIC-defined geographic areas. Names and addresses of food stores located in Mississippi, North Carolina, Maryland, and Minnesota were obtained from departments of agriculture. Multilevel modeling was used to calculate prevalence ratios of the associations between the presence of specific types of food stores and cardiovascular disease risk factors. RESULTS: The presence of supermarkets was associated with a lower prevalence of obesity and overweight (obesity prevalence ratio [PR] = 0.83, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.75-0.92; overweight PR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.90-0.98), and the presence of convenience stores was associated with a higher prevalence of obesity and overweight (obesity PR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.05-1.27; overweight PR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.02-1.10). Associations for diabetes, high serum cholesterol, and hypertension were not consistently observed. CONCLUSIONS: Results from this study suggest that characteristics of local food environments may play a role in the prevention of overweight and obesity.     

疥疮的流行因素调查

[目的]分析疥疮流行的主要影响因素,为公共卫生干预和临床防治提供参考。[方法]抽取2005年1月～2009年12月丹东市中心医院皮肤科收治的疥疮患者为研究样本。[结果]共调查1586例疥疮患者,年龄在1个月～86岁之间。病例数呈逐年上升趋势,寒冷的秋末、冬季和春季较多。流行具有一定群体特征,男性(65.13%)高于女性(34.87%);城镇及郊区(75.03%)是农村的3倍;输入性病例279例。传染源主要是疥疮病人(62.29%)和疥螨污染物(25.09%)。易遭受传染的场所是家庭(29.76%),集体宿舍(14.25%),餐饮旅店服务场所(14.06%),娱乐、性服务场所(13.49%)。1016例曾有1～5个诊所或医院的诊治史,其中357例(35.14%)患者被误诊为湿疹、过敏性皮炎、丘疹性荨麻疹、瘙痒症、毛囊炎等。初次就诊的患者75.20%没有听说过"疥疮"。患者自主购药错用药比例高达79.13%。[结论]疥疮流行与个人和公共卫生不良、防治知识缺乏、公共卫生干预空白、生物和环境因素有关。     

Self-reported vaginal discharge among pregnant women in an urban area in Southern Brazil: prevalence and associated factors

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with self-reported vaginal discharge among pregnant women in the city of Rio Grande, South Brazil. Using a cross-sectional design, a standard interview was applied to pregnant women at home by previously trained interviewers, covering the following: demographic, reproductive, and socioeconomic data, household conditions, health care, and illnesses during pregnancy, including vaginal discharge. The chi-square test was used to compare proportions, and Poisson regression was used in the multivariate analysis. Among the 339 pregnant women interviewed, 52% reported vaginal discharge. The following variables were significantly associated with the outcome: age (prevalence rate, PR = 1.49), marital status (PR = 1.31), urinary tract infection (PR = 1.56), hyperglycemia (PR = 1.48), use of an intrauterine device (PR = 2.35), and history of preterm delivery (PR = 1.37), with oral contraception showing a protective effect (PR = 0.79). Prevalence of self-reported discharge was high among this group of pregnant women. Several risk factors were also identified for the disease under study. These findings can contribute to the implementation of preventive interventions.     

住校学生疥疮患者152例分析

目的 分析学校住宿生疥疮流行情况和感染因素,评价临床治疗效果。方法 入选病例均为本中心皮肤科门诊收治的住校学生疥疮患者,填写《住校生疥疮感染情况调查表》;外用林旦乳膏均匀擦全身,擦药后24 h洗澡,同时更换衣物,首次治疗1周后,未愈,按同方法重复治疗,疥疮结节外用氟芬那酸丁酯软膏。治疗后观察2周,记录皮损改善程度、治疗效果、不良反应,调查患者疥疮防治知识知晓率。结果 共纳入152例疥疮患者,其中男119例, 年龄10～21岁, 平均(15.59±2.58)岁;女33例,年龄12～20岁,平均(15.97±1.74)岁,男女比例3.61:1。病程1～8周,平均(3.75±1.45)周。规范治疗2疗程,患者治愈率96.71%。患者治疗前对疥疮传播途径和用药方式的知晓率较低,通过健康教育,疥疮防治知识知晓率普遍提高。结论 疥疮传染性强,学生集体生活易于传播,应加强学生卫生健康教育,及时规范治疗。