电针对大鼠神经病理性疼痛及背根神经节中p38 MAPK蛋白表达的影响

目的:观察电针刺激“足三里”穴位对大鼠神经病理性疼痛的影响,及电针治疗对大鼠背根神经节中p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase,p38 MAPK)信号转导途径的影响.方法:40只雄性Wistar大鼠随机均分为4组(n=10):空白对照组(Con组);坐骨神经结扎组(CCI组);假电针治疗组(CCI+A组);电针治疗组(CCI+EA组).分别于实验前及坐骨神经结扎后第7、14、21 d,观察并记录大鼠的热缩足反射潜伏期(paw withdrawal latency,PWL)和机械缩足反应阈值(paw withdrawal threshold,PWT)变化和大鼠受累后肢的运动功能评分.在实验结束(即第21 d)时,处死大鼠,取出右侧L4～6节段的背根神经节,之后采用免疫组化的方法检测大鼠背根神经节中p38MAPK蛋白的表达.结果:PWT和PWL在Con组中没有变化,而在CCI组和CCI+A组中显著降低,并持续至实验结束.CCI+EA组在电针治疗后PWT和PWL与CCI组和CCI+A组相比显著升高(P＜0.05).电针治疗后,CCI+EA组大鼠受累后肢的运动评分显著低于CCI+A组和CCI组(P＜0.05).免疫组化结果显示:CCI+EA组大鼠背根神经节中的磷酸化p38MAPK (phosphor-p38 MAPK,p-p38 MAPK)阳性细胞表达均显著低于CCI组和CCI+A组(P＜0.05).结论:电针刺激“足三里”穴位能够减轻神经病理性疼痛大鼠的热痛和机械痛,改善大鼠受累后肢的运动功能评分;电针抑制CCI大鼠背根神经节中p38MAPK的表达.     

不同时间电针介入对痛记忆模型大鼠的干预效应

目的:观察不同时间电针介入对角叉菜胶足跖二次交叉注射诱导痛记忆模型大鼠的疗效差异,筛选电针干预痛记忆的最佳时间,并通过比较电针与非甾体类抗炎药(Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs,NSAIDs)干预痛记忆的效应差异,探讨针刺镇痛的可能优势。方法:将健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、电针组(EA)、吲哚美辛组(Indo)。每组按照电针和吲哚美辛的干预时间分为一次注射组和二次注射组两个亚组。电针1组和Indo1组的干预时间为首次注射后的4 h及1~5 d,电针2组和Indo2组的干预时间为二次注射后的4 h及1~3 d。采用动态足底测痛法观察首次造模后各组大鼠造模前、首次造模后4 h、3 d、5 d及二次造模前、二次造模后4 h、1 d、2 d、3 d的双后足底机械痛阈。电针刺激参数为2/100 Hz疏密波,强度1~2 m A(每10 min增加0.5 m A),时间30 min。吲哚美辛组采用吲哚美辛3 mg/kg剂量灌胃。结果:两次造模前,各组大鼠双侧足跖基础痛阈均无统计学差异。与对照组比较,首次注射角叉菜胶后,模型组造模侧(左侧)痛阈在4 h、3 d及5 d时均明显降低(P<0.05);未造模侧则无明显差异。14 d后痛阈恢复进行二次交叉注射,与对照组相比,未造模侧(左侧)痛阈在1~3 d均明显降低(P<0.05);造模侧在4 h、1~3 d均明显降低(P<0.05)。与模型组比较,二次造模后EA1组未造模侧(左侧)痛阈在1~3 d明显增高(P<0.05);Indo1组左侧痛阈仅模后1 d明显增高(P<0.05);EA2组左侧痛阈在2~3 d明显增高(P<0.05)。与Indo1组比较,二次造模后EA1组大鼠未造模侧痛阈在2~3 d明显增高(P<0.05)。与Indo2组比较,二次造模后EA2组大鼠未造模侧痛阈在2~3 d均明显增高(P<0.05)。与EA2组比较,二次造模后EA1组大鼠未造模侧(左侧)痛阈在2~3 d均明显增高(P<0.05)。结论:电针干预可有效减缓角叉菜胶二次注射诱导的痛记忆现象的发生,且早期干预比晚期具有更明显的治疗效应。非甾体抗炎药与电针均能有效缓解疼痛,但对痛记忆的影响不尽相同,提示两者的镇痛途径可能部分不同。     

DNA可逆甲基化对慢性炎性疼痛大鼠疼痛调节机制研究

目的:探讨腹腔注射S腺苷蛋氨酸(S-adenosyl methionine,SAM)对慢性炎性疼痛大鼠镇痛作用及其对脊髓水平脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)的表达变化影响。方法:SD雄性大鼠随机分为假手术组(Sham)、CFA(Complete Freund's Adjuvant,完全弗氏佐剂)组、SAM+Sham组、SAM+CFA组。分别于术后1、3、5、7 d测定热缩足潜伏期(thermal withdrawal latency,TWL)和机械缩足反射阈值(paw withdrawal threshold,PWT)。因术后3 d疼痛较为明显,处死并取术后3 d脊髓腰膨大部(L4-L6),采用甲基化特异性PCR(Methylmion Specific PCR,MSP)和Western blot方法测定BDNF基因甲基化以及BDNF蛋白表达情况。结果:与对照组相比,CFA组大鼠TWL/PWT明显降低(P<0.01);SAM组与对照组无明显差别,SAM+CFA组大鼠TWL/PWT与CFA组相比明显升高(P<0.01)。CFA组脊髓组织中BDNF蛋白表达水平高于sham组(P<0.05),SAM+CFA组BDNF蛋白表达水平低于CFA组(P<0.01)。BDNF启动子区不同部位甲基化水平表达有差异。结论:大鼠脊髓水平BDNF启动子区甲基化参与慢性炎性疼痛的发生,腹腔注射SAM减轻慢性炎性疼痛与降低脊髓水平BDNF、改变其启动子区不同部位甲基化有关。     

电针刺激足三里穴对甲醛溶液所致内脏炎症痛大鼠脊髓蛋白激酶C膜转位水平的影响

目的:探讨电针刺激足三里穴对甲醛溶液内脏炎症痛的镇痛作用及对大鼠脊髓蛋白激酶C(Protein kinase C,PKC)膜转位水平的影响。方法:实验随机分为:正常对照组(N);电针组(EA);内脏炎症痛组(VP);电针加内脏炎症痛组(EA+VP),每组大鼠18只。应用甲醛溶液大鼠直肠黏膜下注射复制的内脏炎症痛模型,注射后120 min内观察疼痛反应,15 min为一个观察时间段,计算疼痛评分;注射后30 min、60 min和120 min内取大鼠L_6~S_2阶段脊髓进行PKC膜转位水平检测。结果:VP组大鼠在甲醛溶液注射后,30 min内达疼痛反应的高峰,随后逐渐减轻;EA+VP组大鼠疼痛反应减轻,在前90 min内疼痛分数明显低于VP组,P<0.05或P<0.01。VP组大鼠在甲醛溶液注射后,30 min时PKC膜转位水平明显增加,随后膜转位水平明显降低;EA+VP组大鼠在前60 min内,PKC膜转位水平明显下降,与VP组相比有显著性差异,P<0.05。结论:电针刺激足三里穴明显减轻内脏炎症痛大鼠疼痛反应,可能通过抑制大鼠脊髓PKC膜转位水平起镇痛作用。     

鞘内注射NF-κ B抑制剂对骨癌痛大鼠的抗伤害效应

目的:研究鞘内注射(it)NF-κB活化抑制剂二硫代氨基甲酸吡咯烷(pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate,PDTC)对骨癌痛大鼠机械痛敏及脊髓NF-κB表达的影响,探讨NF-κB在大鼠骨癌痛中的作用。方法:按照本实验室建立的大鼠胫骨癌痛模型建模。雌性SD大鼠96只,体重150¹80 g,按照数字表随机化的原则将大鼠分为4组(n=24):正常对照组(N组)、骨癌痛组(BP组)、生理盐水组(S组)和NF-κB抑制剂组(PDTC组)。BP组于大鼠左侧胫骨干骺端骨髓腔内注射5μl Walker256(1×105)乳腺癌细胞制备骨癌痛模型,N组仅左胫骨上端注入5μl Hank's液。于接种后9 d鞘内注射生理盐水10μl或PDTC 20μg/10μl(生理盐水溶解),2次/d,共3 d。于接种前、后2、4、6、9和12 d、鞘内给药后1、3、6、12、24 h采用von Frey丝测定大鼠术侧后爪机械缩足反射阈值(paw withdrawal threshold,PWT),PWT测定结束后处死大鼠,取L4180 g,按照数字表随机化的原则将大鼠分为4组(n=24):正常对照组(N组)、骨癌痛组(BP组)、生理盐水组(S组)和NF-κB抑制剂组(PDTC组)。BP组于大鼠左侧胫骨干骺端骨髓腔内注射5μl Walker256(1×105)乳腺癌细胞制备骨癌痛模型,N组仅左胫骨上端注入5μl Hank's液。于接种后9 d鞘内注射生理盐水10μl或PDTC 20μg/10μl(生理盐水溶解),2次/d,共3 d。于接种前、后2、4、6、9和12 d、鞘内给药后1、3、6、12、24 h采用von Frey丝测定大鼠术侧后爪机械缩足反射阈值(paw withdrawal threshold,PWT),PWT测定结束后处死大鼠,取L4⁶脊髓,采用real time-PCR法测定NF-κB p65 mRNA表达,免疫组化法测定NF-κB p65蛋白表达。结果:接种后6 d BP组大鼠的PWT值与基础值相比开始降低,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),随着接种时间的延长其下降更加显著。鞘内注射PDTC可显著提高骨癌痛大鼠的PWT值,且与没注射PDTC前PWT值比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与接种后6 d时相比较,骨癌痛大鼠脊髓NF-κB p65 mRNA和蛋白质的表达在接种后9 d(P<0.01)和12 d(P<0.01)时均显著上调,而鞘内注射PDTC可显著降低大鼠脊髓NF-κB p65 mRNA和蛋白质的表达(P<0.01)。结论:鞘内注射PDTC可减轻大鼠骨癌痛引起的痛敏,NF-κB的激活可诱导或促进大鼠的胫骨癌痛。     

CXCR4参与调控慢性神经病理性疼痛的机制研究

目的:探究CXCR4在外周神经损伤引起的神经病理性疼痛发生发展中的作用及其可能的机制。方法:雄性SD大鼠36只,随机分为3组(n=12):假手术组(Sham组),对照组(SNI组)、治疗组(AMD组)。采用保留性坐骨神经损伤术(Spared nerve injury,SNI)建立疼痛模型,AMD组鞘内连续注射CXCR4特异性拮抗剂AMD3100(1μg/10μl,每天一次,连续两周),Sham组和SNI组在同时间点鞘内注射等量生理盐水,采用von-Frey细丝测量大鼠患肢机械刺激缩足阈值(Paw withdrawal threshold,PWT)。于术后第14天、21天取大鼠L4~6脊髓,采用免疫荧光及western blotting技术检测脊髓CXCR4、甘氨酸受体α3亚单位(Gly Rα3)及蛋白激酶p-ERK的表达。结果:与Sham组相比,SNI组大鼠PWT值术后明显降低(P<0.01),脊髓CXCR4表达增高(P<0.01),同时伴有Gly Rα3表达下调(P<0.01)。鞘内连续注射AMD3100可显著提高大鼠PWT(P<0.05),并上调Gly Rα3的表达(P<0.01)。结论:CXCR4可能通过调控中枢敏化参与慢性神经病理性疼痛的发生和发展。     

电针夹脊穴的抗炎镇痛和免疫调节作用

背景:临床观察证实,针灸具有确切的抗炎和免疫调节的作用,这是针灸防治各类免疫失调和急慢性炎症的基础。目的:观察电针夹脊(对佐剂性关节炎大鼠的抗炎镇痛作用及对其T细胞亚群的影响。设计:完全随机分组设计,对照实验。单位:山东中医药大学针灸基础实验室。材料:选用纯种Wistar大鼠30只。适应性饲养5d后,随机将大鼠分为3组:正常对照组,模型组,电针夹脊(组,每组10只。方法:①实验于2005-01/2005-05在山东中医药大学针灸基础实验室完成。模型组和电针夹脊(组用弗氏完全佐剂造成佐剂性关节炎模型。于造模当天,电针夹脊(组针刺双侧第3,5腰椎夹脊(,用28号0.5寸(约1.65cm)不锈钢毫针在大鼠第3,5腰椎棘突下旁开约0.3cm直刺进针,接G6805-2A型多功能电针治疗仪给予疏密波(频率约4Hz,密波频率约60Hz),强度约为1mA,30min/次,1次/d,连续治疗7d。正常对照组及模型组以相同的方式捆绑固定(用粗布绳将大鼠捆绑固定于大鼠固定器)7d。②于造模前,造模后1,7d进行痛阈测定:采用热痛刺激仪的强光照射大鼠足垫部,将大鼠的缩爪潜伏期作为痛阈值。③造模前,造模后1,7d采用鼠足容积测定器测定大鼠右后爪足容积(容积排水法),计算肿胀率(%)=(造模后鼠足容积-造模前鼠足容积)/造模前鼠足容积×100%。④于造模后8d,采用FACSCalibur流式细胞仪检测血清CD4 ,CD8 细胞表达率并计算CD4 /CD8 。⑤多个样本均数比较采用单因素方差分析和t检验。主要观察指标:电针夹脊(对佐剂性关节炎大鼠痛阈、足肿胀率及血清T细胞亚群的影响。结果:大鼠30只均进入结果分析。①造模后1d,模型组、电针夹脊(组大鼠右后足足容积明显高于正常对照组和造模前(P<0.01);肿胀率明显高于正常对照组(P<0.01)。造模后7d,模型组右后足容积及足爪肿胀率明显高于正常对照组(P<0.01),足容积明显高于造模前(P<0.01);电针夹脊(组右后足足容积和肿胀率明显低于模型组(P<0.05)。②正常大鼠造模前双后足痛阈无明显差异,造模后1d模型组和电针夹脊(组大鼠致炎侧足痛阈较致炎前显著降低(P<0.01),明显低于正常对照组(P<0.01);造模后7d模型组大鼠致炎侧足痛阈仍明显底于致炎前(P<0.05);电针夹脊(组痛阈明显高于模型组(P<0.05)。③模型组大鼠CD4 T淋巴细胞及CD8 T淋巴细胞百分率明显低于正常对照组显著降低(P<0.01),CD4 /CD8 的比值明显高于正常对照组(P<0.05)。电针夹脊(组CD4 细胞百分率高于模型组,但差异不明显,CD8 细胞百分率明显高于模型组(P<0.01),CD4 与CD8 比值明显低于模型组(P<0.05)。结论:电针夹脊(有明显的抗炎镇痛作用,并能调整佐剂性关节炎大鼠的细胞免疫。     

电针对神经病理性疼痛大鼠谷氨酸受体1表达的影响

目的观察电针对大鼠神经病理性疼痛及谷氨酸受体1(GluR1)表达的影响,探讨电针镇痛效应机制。方法将36只SD大鼠随机分为假模组、模型组、电针组,每组12只。前两组采用脊神经结扎(SNL)的方法建立大鼠神经痛模型,假模组仅分离脊神经不结扎。电针组在造模后7d电针干预大鼠患侧"足三里""环跳"穴,其他两组仅给予固定,不予治疗,每次30min,1次/d,连续7d。在造模前1d及造模后第3、5、7、10、12、14天分别测定大鼠机械缩足反射阈值(MWT)及热缩足反射潜伏期(TWL),术后15d处死大鼠,取大鼠L4～L6段腰膨大脊髓,用免疫组化及Western blot检测GluR1蛋白的表达,采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测GluR1-mRNA的表达。结果与假模组相比,模型组大鼠痛阈值明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.01),出现痛觉过敏;电针干预后,电针组较模型组痛阈值明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.01),与假模组相比,模型组与电针组GluR1蛋白及mRNA表达水平明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P0.01),与模型组相比,电针组GluR1阳性蛋白表达水平明显下调,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论电针"足三里""环跳"穴可以缓解大鼠神经病理性疼痛,该作用可能与其下调大鼠脊髓背角AMPA受体GluR1的表达密切相关。     

臭氧对糖尿病神经病理性疼痛大鼠的镇痛作用

目的:探讨臭氧皮下注射对糖尿病神经病理性疼痛大鼠的镇痛作用。方法:Wistar大鼠,单次腹腔注射链脲菌素65 mg/kg,同时给予高糖高脂饮食复制糖尿病神经病理性疼痛模型。造模2周后,将20只模型大鼠随机均分为糖尿病神经病理性疼痛组(DNP组)和臭氧治疗组(O3组),另取同时饲养的10只大鼠作为对照组(C组)。O3组于模型成功后6周内每3天进行一次皮下臭氧注射(35μg/ml,0.5 ml),其余两组同样时间点注射同剂量空气。在气体注射前、注射后第2、4和6周分别测定大鼠右后足缩足反应阈值(paw withdraw threshold,PWT)、热缩足潜伏期(paw withdraw latency,PWL)、运动神经传导速度(motor nerve conduction velocity,MNCV)和感觉神经传导速度(sensorynerve conduction velocity,SNCV)。结果:与C组比较,DNP组大鼠在第2周末,PWT和PWL明显低于C组(P<0.05),差异有统计学意义。O3组在第2、4、6周注射臭氧后PWT和PWL显著升高,同时MNCV和SNCV也有显著升高(P<0.05)。结论:35μg/ml臭氧皮下注射可减轻DNP大鼠后足PWT、PWL,改善MNCV和SNCV,对糖尿病神经病理性疼痛大鼠有镇痛作用。     

鞘内注射转运蛋白配体对神经病理性疼痛的调节作用及其机制

目的:探讨鞘内注射18 k Da转运蛋白(18 k Da translocator protein,TSPO)配体对神经病理性疼痛(neuropathic pain,NP)的调节作用及其可能的机制。方法:雄性SD大鼠随机分为4组:假手术组(Vehicle+Sham组)、对照组(Vehicle+SNI组)、TSPO激动剂Ro5-4864组(Ro+SNI组)、TSPO拮抗剂PK11195组(PK+SNI组)。各组分别于术前、术后第三天(D 3)、第七天(D 7)、第14天(D 14)和第21天(D 21)测定大鼠50%的机械刺激缩足阈值(Paw withdrawl threshold,PWT),第三天行为学测试后,Vehicle+Sham组和Vehicle+SNI组鞘内注射溶剂20%DMSO 4μl,Ro+SNI组和PK+SNI组分别注射2μg激动剂Ro5-4864和2μg拮抗剂PK-11195。应用westernblot检测术后D5、D 7、D 14、D 21天的大鼠L4~6节段同侧脊髓,分别测定胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的表达水平。结果:(1)各组术前PWT无明显统计学差异(P>0.05);术后其余3组较Vehicle+Sham组相比,PWT值从D 3直至D 21明显降低,与Vehicle+Sham组同时间点相比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01);与Ro+SNI组比较,Ro+SNI组在鞘内给药后PWT有明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);而PK+SNI组在给药后的PWT较Vehicle+SNI组比较,差异无统计学意义。(2)神经损伤后,Vehicle+SNI组的GFAP和TNF-α的表达明显增高,与Vehicle+Sham组同时间点相比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01);与Vehicle+SNI组比较,Ro+SNI组在给药后D5的脊髓GFAP表达稍有增高,但在D 7、D 14、D 21表达明显降低(P<0.01),TNF-α的表达在给药后D 5直至D 14明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:鞘内单次注射TSPO激动剂Ro5-4864可缓解NP大鼠的痛觉超敏,调节星形胶质细胞的活性以及神经免疫反应是其可能的机制之一。     

THE EFFECT OF PULMONARY CONGESTION ON THE ON THE VENTILATION OF THE LUNGS

1. A method is described for producing pulmonary congestion, together with what may be termed a differential spirometer method for studying lung ventilation. 2. The method utilized permits an approximately accurate prediction of degrees of pulmonary edema in the living animal, and suggests avenues of approach for the very difficult problems of pulmonary capillary pressure. 3. It is shown that intravascular blood can encroach markedly upon the pulmonary air space. Although the methods used in these animal experiments do not resemble vital capacity measurements in man, their result is so definite that their applicability to clinical conditions may be considered. 4. The similarity between the experiments described and certain conditions of cardiac decompensation, of which mitral stenosis is the best example, is pointed out.     

ON THE ACTION OF SUBSTANCES OF THE DIGITALIS SERIES ON THE CIRCULATION IN MAMMALS

In summing up the contents of the preceding pages it may be stated that the action of digitalis has been divided into two stages according to the changes evinced by the ventricles under its influence; of these the first is characterized by marked inhibitory action together with modification of the cardiac muscle, while in the second the inhibitory action is less marked and the muscular action becomes the more prominent feature. The inhibitory action is due to direct stimulation by this series of the pneumogastric centrally in the medulla oblongata and peripherally in the heart. The extent to which the inhibitory mechanism is stimulated varies in different animals and with different members of the digitalis series. The muscular action of small quantities betrays itself in a tendency to increase the extent of the contraction, while in some cases the degree of relaxation reached in diastole is also lessened by it. In larger quantities the series increases the irritability of the cardiac muscle very considerably, and the spontaneous rhythm of the ventricles therefore becomes developed. Through the interaction of these two factors in the first stage the rhythm of the whole heart is slowed, the contraction of the ventricle is more complete, and the diastolic relaxation is generally increased, although it may be unchanged or lessened. The systolic pressure is increased and the fall from maximum to minimum pressure is slower than normal owing to the increased completeness and longer duration of systole (Rolleston). The auricles generally contract with less force and may relax more completely than normally. Sometimes, however, their contractions also are more complete than before the injection of the drug. This latter condition generally precedes the diminution of the force of the auricular contraction. This variation of the effects of digitalis in the auricle explains the changes in intra-auricular pressure noted by Kaufmann. The contraction volume of the ventricles is always much increased, and the output per unit of time is generally augmented, and this together with the contraction of the peripheral arterioles causes an increase in the tension in the systemic circulation, an acceleration of the circulation, and possibly a temporary increase in the pressure in the great veins and in the auricle and ventricle in diastole (Kaufmann). The pressure in the pulmonary artery is practically unaffected by some members of the series, while by others it is considerably increased. This difference in the reaction of the pulmonary circulation is due to the varying extent to which these drugs act on the peripheral arteries and not to any difference in their action on the two sides of the heart. If the inhibitory action be very strongly marked the slowing of the heart may be extreme, the ventricles assuming their own spontaneous rhythm and all connection with the auricles being lost. While the contraction volume of the ventricle is still greater than normal, their output per unit of time may become less than normal, the aortic tension therefore fall and the rapidity of the circulation be lessened. The ventricles maintain their association throughout, and probably the rhythm of the two auricles also remains equal. The ventricular rhythm, however, becomes irregular owing to the variation in the duration of the diastolic pause. The auricles may cease altogether in diastole, or may continue to beat with a slower or faster rhythm than the ventricles. During the second stage the rhythm of the heart becomes accelerated owing to the increased irritability of the heart muscle. The ventricle tends to assume a rapid spontaneous rhythm, while the auricular rhythm is also quicker than in the first stage. When these two rhythms interfere by the passage of impulses across the auriculo-ventricular boundary in either direction, irregularity of the heart is produced, generally bearing a distinctly periodic character. The ventricles continue to maintain their common rhythm, while the auricles and ventricles may contract at quite different rates. The two ventricles, however, do not necessarily contract with equal force, and the contractions of one may present periodic variations in strength, while those of the other may be almost perfectly uniform. The contractions of the auricles vary in the same way as regards each other and the ventricles. The inhibitory nerves are no longer able to slow the ventricular rhythm, but may affect the completeness of systole and diastole in the ordinary way. The auricular contractions can still be lessened in force and possibly be abolished by their stimulation, and the impulses passing between the auricle and ventricle may therefore be blocked and regularity of the heart produced by powerful inhibition. The irregularity of the contractions is therefore due indirectly to the increased irritability of the cardiac muscle and the acceleration must be attributed to the same cause. An extreme phase of this stage produced by the interference of the rhythms is a temporary standstill of one of the chambers, generally the auricle. The irregularity leads to a lessened efficiency of the work of the heart. The output varies extremely in successive observations and the contraction volume of every individual beat may differ. The various chambers often show a tendency to dilate during this stage. The blood pressure in the systemic arteries at first remains high, in fact may be higher than in the first stage owing to the increased rapidity of the heart rhythm, but afterwards falls continuously as the periodic variations become shorter in duration. The auricles generally cease contracting before the ventricles, but not invariably. There is no fixed order in the cessation of the ventricles or auricles. Each division comes to a standstill in a position somewhat nearer diastole than systole and then passes into delirium and dilates to the fullest extent.     

颈源性头痛致痛因素的临床研究

目的:分析颈源性头痛患者的颈椎曲度、颈椎稳定性及MRI表现等致痛因素.方法:颈源性头痛(CEH)组135例,男性31例,女性104,年龄16.3～69.5岁,平均43.2±19.8岁,应用VAS评分对头痛评估,健康对照组86例;应用Borden法测量颈椎侧片上的曲度;应用椎体角度位移(AD)和水平位移(HD)对颈椎失稳评估.结果:CEH组中颈椎反曲及变直的发生率、C2～3,及C3～4椎体失稳发生率和颈椎后缘骨赘形成发生率均高于对照组(P<0.05);CEH组患者疼痛程度VAS与C2～3和C3～4,即上位颈椎稳定性相关(P<0.05).结论:通过本研究发现,颈椎反曲、变直、C2～3及C～4椎体失稳及颈椎后缘骨赘形成可能是CEH的潜在因素,疼痛越重,上位颈椎失稳越重.     

ON BIMOLECULAR LAYERS OF LIPOIDS ON THE CHROMOCYTES OF THE BLOOD

We have examined the blood of man and of the rabbit, dog, guinea pig, sheep, and goat. There exists a great difference in the size of the red blood cells of these animals, but the total surfaces of the chromocytes See PDF for Structure from 0.1 cc. blood do not show a similarly great divergence, because animals having very small cells (goat and sheep) have much greater quantities of these cells in their blood than animals with blood cells of larger dimensions (dog and rabbit). We give all the results of our experiments, omitting only those in which we were unable to avoid losses in the procedure of evaporation of the acetone. It is clear that all our results fit in well with the supposition that the chromocytes are covered by a layer of fatty substances that is two molecules thick.     

ON THE CAUSE OF THE HEART BEAT

1. The cause of the rhythmic contraction of the ventricle lies within the ventricle itself. 2. The cause of the rhythmic contraction is not a single, localized, co-ordination centre; the co-ordination mechanism, whatever it may be, is present in all parts of the ventricle. 3. The integrity of the whole ventricle is not essential to the coordinated contractions of a part of the ventricle. 4. The apex of the mammalian heart possesses spontaneous, rhythmic contractility. 5. Assuming that the general belief in the absence of nerve cells from the apical part of the ventricle is correct, these experiments demonstrate that nerve cells are not essential to spontaneous, long-continued, co-ordinated contractions of the ventricle.     

ON THE INFLUENCE OF ACID GROUPS ON THE SEROLOGICAL SPECIFICITY OF AZOPROTEINS

The method of partial synthesis of antigens as employed in the foregoing experiments obviously cannot be substituted for the chemical study of natural antigens. But some questions of a rather general nature not easily accessible to investigations of the latter sort, may be approached by the use of artificial protein compounds. Thus the results reported indicate a peculiarity of certain chemical structures such as acid radicals. The group of immune sera obtained by injecting azoproteins made from non-acid azo components had a wide range of activity. Substituents like CH₃, OCH₃, NO₂, Cl, Br, I, in the aromatic nucleus altered the reactions to a moderate degree only, in most cases. The effects were dependent more on the position than on the nature of the substituents. Two substances were found, however, which had a pronounced effect on the specificity of the compound protein, namely acetyl-para-phenylenediamine and para-aminoacetophenone. In consideration of the above facts it is uncertain whether the antigenic changes noticed by Obermayer and Pick (7) after treating proteins with nitric acid, nitrous acid or iodine are mainly due to the substitution of hydrogen in the benzene ring by NO₂ and I, as is the general belief, or to other changes of the protein. This question had been raised already by the observation that the proteins treated with HNO₃ or HNO₂ containing respectively the nitro or the diazo group, did not differ substantially in their serological properties (8). The antigens made from acid compounds form a group with distinctive features. In the first place the presence of acid radicals destroys the reactivity with the immune sera for the non-acid substances. This influence is so marked that even the reaction with the species specific part of the protein, if such is present, appears to be diminished. Also the sera produced with the acid antigens react but feebly with the non-acid azoproteins. Accordingly it was possible to show that by hydrolysis of the ester of an aromatic acid contained in an azoprotein the serological reactions of the antigen underwent a radical change. The presence of a free carboxyl group in the antigens not only determines the characteristics mentioned but there is reason to believe that it increases markedly the degree of specificity exhibited by the antigens and the corresponding immune sera, when cross-tests are made with a number of acid azoproteins and their antisera. This is brought out by a comparison of the results of the present investigation with those described previously (3). It is of interest in this respect that the specific carbohydrates found by Avery and Heidelberger in pneumococci and pneumobacilli are mostly, if not in all cases, compounds of distinctly acid character.     

一种复方含氯消毒剂现场消毒试验研究

目的观察复方含氯消毒剂现场消毒效果及其对环境物品和植物的影响。方法采用现场消毒试验方法,对该消毒剂杀灭物体表面细菌的效果及其对物体和生长植物影响进行了试验观察。结果用含有效氯1 000mg/L以上的复方含氯消毒剂,喷洒消毒作用20 min以上,对物体表面和新鲜植物表面上污染的自然菌杀灭率可达100%。该消毒剂喷洒到物体表面无损坏作用,不损害植物生长。结论该消毒剂对环境物体表面上细菌杀灭效果可靠,无腐蚀性,对植物无损害。     

己酮可可碱改善血液流变性作用的研究概况

己酮可可碱（PTX）及代谢产物改善全血滤过性，过去认为与改善红细胞变形性有关，现在研究认为可能与改善白细胞的变形性更直接相关。此外还表明，ＰＴＸ不仅能改善血液的流变性，而且还能抑制白介素－Ｉ和肿瘤坏死因子，在机体内起免疫调节作用。