广州市越秀区常见恶性肿瘤的早发现及早诊断

目的：探索城市社区常见恶性肿瘤防治研究的模式。方法：以广州市越秀区（纯城市社区）为研究对象,从癌症健康教育和培训肿瘤防治骨干入手,以初级保健网为基础建立三级肿瘤防治网和肿瘤登记报告制度,通过筛查与基层咨询相结合手段,以求早期发现常见癌癌。实施的方法经质量评估,以求总结出一套可行的社区肿瘤防治模式。结果：建立了三级肿瘤防治网和肿瘤登记制度;培养了一批肿瘤防治骨干;设立了七个肿瘤监测中心和监测站,并开展了早诊早治工作;居民接受防癌健康教育后积极参与肿瘤筛查;总结经验撰写《社区肿瘤学》并正式出版发行。结论：城市肿瘤足于社区,在初级保健网的基础上建立肿瘤防治网,开展肿瘤三级预防,以达到了“三早”,降低癌症死亡率和提高癌症病人的生活质量。     

立足于社区的肿瘤防治

“九五”国家医药科技攻关专题“广州市越秀区（社区）常见恶性肿瘤的早期发现及早期诊断的研究”，自１９９６年开展工作以来，就将立足点放在社区。以社区常见的８种肿瘤为研究重点，通过加强初级卫生保健内涵建设，建立肿瘤登记报告制度，培训社区肿瘤防治人员，在社区内开展防癌健康教育，重点人群的肿瘤筛查等工作。本刊作专题报道，以供其它城市开展社区肿瘤防治借鉴。     

社区居民肿瘤防治知识知晓状况调查分析

[目的]研究社区居民肿瘤防治知识知晓状况,探索肿瘤预防健康教育的有效途径。[方法]对南京市雨花台区460名社区居民及大中专院校在校学生进行了肿瘤防治知识知晓状况基线调查。[结果]居民对肿瘤防治知识的总体知晓率72.5%,居民对肿瘤防治知识知晓率与居民的职业状况密切相关,也与居民年龄因素有关,与居民的教育程度的相关性未能获得统计学支持;居民对肿瘤预防健康教育途径首选公共媒体。[讨论]大众媒体的科普宣传、学校教育、社区医生的健康教育和肿瘤专科医生的专业宣教对肿瘤预防健康教育工作的开展具有十分重要的意义,应多方面工作相互结合,发挥协同效应。     

江西省开展社区肿瘤防治工作探讨

文章对江两省开展社区肿瘤防治工作进行了探讨,提出了建立健全的社区肿瘤防治机构;开展社区健康教育是早诊早治癌症的主要措施;交流癌症康复者的经验是树立癌症可防可治信念的最有效手段;必要的经费投入和敬业奉献精神是搞好社区肿瘤防治工作的重要保证.     

社区肿瘤监测

社区肿瘤监测是以社区医疗服务网和肿瘤防治网为依托，对社区主要肿瘤的分布和动态变化以及影响因素作长期连续地观察和分析，并将分析结果提供给社区卫生部门，为社区肿瘤的防治提供科学依据。社区肿瘤监测内容包括肿瘤发病和死亡监测，与肿瘤有关危险因素监测和肿瘤防治干预效果监测。社区肿瘤测系统必须与社区医疗服务网和肿瘤防治网相结合，形成长期持续的制度和体系，才能为社区肿瘤防治服务。     

河南省肿瘤防治30年成就概要

概述改革开放30年来河南省肿瘤防治工作的主要成就。侧重点在癌情监测、专科建设、科学研究、技术培训、信息交流、现场防治以及社区健康教育等方面。     

北京市三个社区肿瘤患者对健康宣教传播肿瘤相关防治知识的知晓情况分析与评价

目的探讨北京市三个社区肿瘤患者对肺癌和肾癌防治相关知识的知晓情况,为做好肿瘤防治健康宣教提供指导和借鉴意义。方法选取2018年6月至2018年10月在北京市潘家园街道社区、十八里店社区和垡头街道社区3个社区参加肺癌和肾癌防治健康宣教活动的102例肿瘤患者,进行肿瘤相关防治知识问卷调查并进行分析,分析不同疾病史肿瘤患者对肺癌和肾癌防治相关知识的知晓情况。结果 102例调查对象对肺癌和肾癌防治相关知识得分为(5. 10±2. 31)分。调查对象应答各项肺癌防治相关知识,知晓情况最佳的是"刺激性干咳为肺癌早期症状"(71. 6%),最差的是"胸部低剂量CT是早期发现肺癌最恰当的方法(0. 0%)";各项肾癌防治知识,知晓情况最佳的是"淡粉色/红色尿液可能是患肾癌的迹象"(64. 7%),最差的是"简单通过尿液检测、血液检测体格检查都不能发现早期肾癌"(4. 9%)。结论北京市三个社区肿瘤患者对肺癌和肾癌防治知识的认知普遍不足,应重视对肿瘤相关知识的宣传和普及,加强肿瘤防治知识宣传的力度。     

上海市疾病预防控制中心肿瘤防治科

肿瘤防治科的职责是对全市肿瘤防治工作进行组织、实施、管理、协调,规范防治行为,制订防治方案,建立、完善防治网络,组织实施防治工作,为区县和社区的工作提供业务指导和技术保证的部门.     

社区防癌健康教育方式初探

[目的]评价广州越秀区开展防癌健康教育的方式和效果。探讨适用于社区开展的有效的防癌健康教育方式。[方法]对区内所辖居民进行为期4年的防癌健康教育，活动前后分别调查居民对肿瘤的认识及肿瘤知识来源，并进行统计分析。[结果]（1）防癌健康教育活动内容和方式包括新闻发布会，大型宣教资源活动，常见肿瘤宣传折页等。（2）活动后居民通过广播和电视，宣传板报/小册子等方式而获得癌症知识的人数明显增多，（3）居民最喜欢获得防癌知识方式依次是广播/电视，读报纸/杂志等，居民对肿瘤防治知识的知晓率从7.9%提高到82.9%，防癌健康教育的参与率由29.9%提高到87.0%。[结论]社区防癌健康教育是一项可显著提高社会效益的群体性活动；被动性的防癌健康教育方式居民易于接受，为最好的社区防癌健康教育方式；主动性的防癌健康教育方式有利于提高基层干部的肿瘤防治相关知识，有助于社区防癌健康教育网络的形成。     

北京市社区居民肿瘤防治知信行调查及影响因素分析

目的;了解北京市社区居民对肿瘤防治相关知识、态度及行为现状，分析影响社区居民对肿瘤防治知识，态度和行为的因素，为开展有针对性的防癌抗癌宣教活动提供参考依据。方法;采用方便抽样方法，对北京市社区健康居民进行问卷调查。结果∶调查结果显示，北京市社区居民对肿瘤防治知识了解的有 345 例，占87.1%。以初中及以下组为对照，大学【OR（95% CI）∶2.50（1.15～5.43）】、研究生及以上学历组【 OR（95%CI）;4.51（1.43～ 14.20）】的肿瘤防治认知水平更好，且有随学历水平提高，认知水平提高的趋势。以 20～29 岁为对照组，50～59 岁【OR（95%CI）∶3.85（1.36～10.88）】、60 岁及以上组【OR（95%CI）∶4.68（1.68～12.99）】的健康行为习惯得分较高，且有随年龄增长，健康行为习惯得分提高的趋势。社区居民中十分关注健康情况的为209 例，占 52.8%;非常愿意接受癌症防治健康教育的有 181 例，占 45.7%。不经常运动、喜欢吃肉、有熬夜习惯、感到紧张和压力大占比较高，分别为175 例、143 例、122 例111 例，占比分别为44.2% 、36.1% 、30.8% 和28.0%。结论∶需要有针对性、有策略性的开展社区健康宣教工作，社区健康宣教工作需要全社会的共同参与。     

The Mother–Daughter Health Collaborative: A Partnership Development to Promote Cancer Education

Creating meaningful partnerships with community partners to address cancer disparities remain challenging and a work in progress. This paper examines what started as the traditional formation of an academic–community partnership and evolved well beyond the initial research tasks. We evaluate the partnership process, which includes assessments by the members of the Mother–Daughter Health Collaborative, focusing on how partnership involvement in the data analysis process contributed to a sense of ownership and urgency about providing cancer education. The work of partnership is on-going, fluid, and challenging.     

PEG and home nutrition care

Recently, the concept of nutrition support team (NST) has been getting familiar in Japan. However, the activities of NST were confined to the patients staying in the hospital. The author has proposed a new concept of "NST for regional community". This NST is supposed to work in the hospital and in the community on the basis of the same nutritional care standard. The author has also built a "PEG system for regional community" as one of the activities of "NST for regional community". Since then, we have been providing the regional inhabitants with some options of PEG and nutrition care.     

A Community-Based Transformation

In the early stages of my medical training I wanted to be an academic. I saw little value in endeavours that extended beyond the tertiary-care hospital. This all changed when I was mandated to complete a community-based oncology research project as part of my second year of medical school. During that project, I had the good fortune to work with a motivated community agency and a strong focus group of individuals who were touched by cancer. This dynamic combination of mentors forced me to reevaluate my earlier assumptions about community-based research, and I ultimately left the project with a stronger sense of how my efforts as a clinician could make an impact in the community, supporting those who in turn support the patient outside of the hospital. Learning that the course of many illnesses is determined at least as much by caregiver support as it is by active intervention by the physician, I finally came to appreciate that community and hospital work support each other in modern medical care. By addressing the social determinants of health, physicians can improve the care of their patients, regardless of their prognosis, and increase the impact that they have on the health of entire families.     

Tobacco cessation intervention during pregnancy among Alaska Native women

This paper describes a community-based participatory research program with Alaska Native people addressing a community need to reduce tobacco use among pregnant women and children. Tobacco use during pregnancy among Alaska Native women is described along with development of a community partnership, findings from a pilot tobacco cessation intervention, current work, and future directions. Among Alaska Native women residing in the Yukon Kuskokwim Delta region of western Alaska, the prevalence of tobacco use (cigarette smoking and/or use of smokeless tobacco) during pregnancy is 79%. Results from a pilot intervention study targeting pregnant women indicated low rates of participation and less than optimal tobacco abstinence outcomes. Developing alternative strategies to reach pregnant women and to enhance the efficacy of interventions is a community priority, and future directions are offered.     

Tobacco Cessation Intervention During Pregnancy Among Alaska Native Women

This paper describes a community-based participatory research program with Alaska Native people addressing a community need to reduce tobacco use among pregnant women and children. Tobacco use during pregnancy among Alaska Native women is described along with development of a community partnership, findings from a pilot tobacco cessation intervention, current work, and future directions. Among Alaska Native women residing in the Yukon Kuskokwim Delta region of western Alaska, the prevalence of tobacco use (cigarette smoking and/or use of smokeless tobacco) during pregnancy is 79%. Results from a pilot intervention study targeting pregnant women indicated low rates of participation and less than optimal tobacco abstinence outcomes. Developing alternative strategies to reach pregnant women and to enhance the efficacy of interventions is a community priority, and future directions are offered.     

Behavioral Health Aides in Rural Alaska: Their Experience in Caring for Alaska Native Cancer Survivors

The Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium conducted a statewide survey of rural community behavioral health aides (BHAs) within the tribal health system to assess their need for psychological and emotional support training for their work with cancer survivors. An electronic survey was distributed to all 114 rural BHAs in Alaska. They were asked about cancer survivors living in their community, whether they had been called to provide counseling to those survivors and about their comfort level in addressing cancer-related emotional issues and concerns experience by the patients and their families. Sixty-one (54 %) BHAs responded, 62 % knew of cancer survivors in their community, and 88 % of whom agreed that it is their job to provide support to those cancer survivors. Of the 47 % of BHAs who had provided counseling to cancer survivors, 63 % noted a lack of adequate training about how to provide that counseling. Dealing with “emotional concerns” was reported as the most difficult issue. Almost all (98 %) reported that they would likely participate in training to improve counseling skills. Most BHAs in rural Alaska know of a cancer survivor in their community and may be called on to provide mental health services, but few report adequate training in how to provide these services. Given the remote locations in which many BHAs work and the lack of local resources to guide them, more education is needed about how to support cancer survivors. This study provides information to help guide development of content of that education.     

Methodology and research by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG)

The studies of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group have contributed important evidence to improve the outcome of patients with cancer. The evidence has been compelling both to the scientific community and to practicing physicians a very large number of whom participated in the investigations. It is a tribute to the hard work of these many hundred volunteers that the studies mentioned above, and many other clinical investigations were completed, and patients throughout the world had improved outcomes.     

A study to explore the role of a community oncology nurse specialist

Cancer patients are increasingly being cared for in the community. However, the role of the community oncology nurse specialist (CONS) remains a rare appointment in the United Kingdom. There is little research evidence to substantiate the view that this is a worthwhile and effective role. This study aimed to explore the role of one CONS using a qualitative case study approach. The sample consisted of the CONS, seven patients, no relatives and five community nurses. Semi-structured interviews were used to elicit the view of these participants. In addition, documents containing details of the CONS's work to date were reviewed. A number of the CONS's role components were identified by the different respondent groups. Five themes were identified within the data collected: functions of the CONS, communication between the CONS and other health care professionals, structural and organizational factors, characteristics of the service and benefits to patients and their families. Furthermore, all respondent groups were positive about the service offered by the CONS, and felt that the role was valuable. Some negative features were identified and these were concerned with organizational aspects of the service. The findings suggest the need for further research and evaluation in this area.     

To know or not to know: archiving and the under-appreciated historical value of data

Surplus goods, produced by a community, allow individuals to dedicate their efforts to abstract problems, while enjoying the benefits of support from the community. In return, the community benefits from the intellectual work, say, efficiently producing goods or profound medical aid. In further elevating quality of life, we need to understand nature and biology on the most detailed level. Inevitably, research costs are increasing along with the need for more scientists to specialize their efforts. As a result, a vast amount of data and information is generated that needs to be archived and made openly accessible with the permission to re-use and re-distribute. With economies undergoing crises and prosperity in an almost cyclic manner, it seems that funding for science and technology follows a similar pattern. Another aspect to the problem of the loss of data is the human propensity, at the level of each individual researcher, to passively discard data in the course of daily life and through a career. In a typical laboratory, significant amounts of information is still stored on disks in file cabinets or on isolated computers, and is lost when a research group disbands. Being conscientious to one's data, to see that it reaches a place in which it can persist beyond the lifespan of any one individual requires responsibility on the part of its creator.