南宁市居民对器官捐献的认知度与认可度的调查分析

目的 了解南宁市居民对器官捐献的认知度和认可度,为制定提高南宁市居民器官捐献意愿的策略提供参考。方法 参考器官捐赠量表设计问卷,其中器官捐献知识共10道判断题,总分10分,得分越高表示知识掌握越好;器官捐献态度部分采用Likert 5分制,得分越高表示器官捐选的态度越正向。采用方便抽样方法,利用纸质问卷或问卷星二维码对南宁市居民的一般情况、器官捐献知识、器官捐献态度进行问卷调查。结果 共调查504名居民,有效份数499份,其中男性148人,女性351人。对于是否同意器官捐献:47.92%受访者选择“同意”,45.21%受访者选择“不确定”,6.88%受访者选择“不同意”。器官捐献知识得分为和态度得分分别为（6.61±0.17）分、（3.62±0.74）分。结论 南宁市居民器官捐献认知和愿意捐献器官率偏低,多渠道宣传可能提高器官捐献认知度与认可度。     

A Community-Based Study of Giving ACTS: Organ Donation Education for African American Adults

BackgroundTransplantation continues to be the therapy of choice for people experiencing end-stage organ failure. African Americans (AAs) are overrepresented among those awaiting an available organ for the purpose of a transplant, yet donate at rates lower than other races due to a list of well-studied barriers. The Giving ACTS (About Choices in Transplantation and Sharing) Intervention was developed to provide culturally appropriate messaging to AAs about organ and tissue donation and transplantation (OTDT). The purpose of this community-based study was to test the extent to which the intervention was effective in (1) improving donation-related knowledge and attitudes among AA participants, and (2) increasing registration on the state donor registry.MethodsUsing a single-group, pre-post design, 1,585 participants received the intervention in small groups hosted in community settings.ResultsFrom baseline to immediate follow-up, participants significantly increased in OTDT-related knowledge, beliefs and attitudes, endorsement of the positive consequences of donation, and willingness to donate (all ps < .001). Participants’ beliefs about the negative consequences of organ and tissue donation, however, did not significantly change, and registration on the state donor registry was negligible (1.3%).ConclusionResults suggest that Giving ACTS was generally successful in improving attitudes and beliefs; the intervention, however, was not effective in changing participants’ beliefs about the negative consequences of OTDT, or increasing actual registration behaviors. Future studies in this area should be conducted to empirically evaluate the role of distrust in healthcare systems among AAs and its possible mediating effect on the relationship between donation-related education and the desired health behaviors.     

器官捐献和移植教育影响医学生认知和态度的系统评价

背景：医务工作人员在器官捐献和移植过程中发挥着重要的作用,但作为未来的医务工作人员-医学生对器官捐献和移植呈现出知识的不足和矛盾的态度。 目的：系统评价器官捐献和移植教育对医学生认知和态度的影响。 方法：检索外文数据库PubMed、WILEY ONLINE LIBRARY、ProQuest Health、Medline、EMbase、中文数据库中国知网、维普及万方数据库,全面检索对医学生进行器官捐献和移植教育的研究,纳入符合标准的文献,应用澳大利亚JBI循证卫生保健中心对随机对照试验和类实验性研究文献真实性评价的原则进行评价,以GRADE指南进行质量分级,主要评价结局指标为医学生对器官捐献和移植的认知和态度。 结果与结论：来自3个国家的8篇文献符合纳入标准,1篇为随机对照试验,质量评价为高质量;1篇类实验研究评价为高质量;5篇类实验研究质量评价为中级;1篇类实验研究质量评价为低级。6篇研究评价了教育对医学生知识水平的影响,6篇研究评价了教育对医学生态度的影响。通过系统评价得出运用教育能够提高医学生对器官捐献和移植的认知,改变对器官捐献和移植的态度。由于纳入的文献多为类试验研究,结论有待于高质量的随机对照试验进一步验证。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植;肝移植;移植;心脏移植;组织移植;皮肤移植;皮瓣移植;血管移植;器官移植;组织工程全文链接：     

Perceptions and Attitudes Towards Organ Donation Among People Seeking Healthcare in Tertiary Care Centers of Coastal South India

Background:

Organ transplantation is the most preferred treatment modality for end-stage organ diseases. The need for the transplants is higher than the availability. Prerequisites for the success of transplantation program include awareness and positive attitudes.

Aim:

To assess the perceptions and attitudes of the people seeking health care in tertiary care centers towards organ donation in Mangalore, India.

Settings and Design:

This cross-sectional study included 863 people seeking general healthcare as outpatients.

Materials and Methods:

Face to face interviews were carried out using pretested tools which included the socio demographic data. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 11.5.

Results:

Overall, 59.6% participants showed the willingness to donate organs. Females (64.1%) and participants from upper socio economic status (62.7%) had higher willingness rates for organ donations. Hindus (63.6%) and Christians (63.3%) had higher willingness rates for organ donations than Muslims (38.2%). Also, 23.7% participants showed willingness to donate eyes and 33.6% wished to donate any organ after death. Most of the participants (67%) were aware that money should not be accepted for donating organs, and 58.1% were aware that it is an offence to accept any benefit for organ donations. Forty percent participants had perceived risks associated with organ donation. Regarding donor cards, 42.3% of the participants knew about it and 3.7% already possessed it.

Conclusion:

It is apparent from the study that though there was high level of awareness about organ donation, a high proportion of the participants did not have positive attitudes towards organ donation.     

Public knowledge and attitudes regarding organ and tissue donation: an analysis of the northwest Ohio community

Residents of Ohio, a midwestern state of the United States, were surveyed to determine their knowledge and attitudes toward organ and tissue donation. Sources of information on donation and the role of health care providers were also explored. One thousand participants were randomly selected from northwest Ohio to receive a survey distributed by mail. A total of 383 valid questionnaires were obtained. Respondents were knowledgeable about donation, with a mean correct knowledge score of 86%. However, four questions were answered incorrectly by nearly 25% or more of participants, indicating deficits in the community's knowledge. Over 96% of respondents had favorable attitudes toward donation. Both knowledge and attitudes were positively associated with willingness as well as commitment to donate. Health care providers were infrequently reported as sources of information on donation, yet nearly 60% would like their provider to discuss donation. Misconceptions represent potential barriers to donation. Therefore, public education should focus on the knowledge areas that show deficits. Results of the present study suggest that health care providers can play a critical role in educating patients about donation.     

Do New Drivers Equal New Donors? An Examination of Factors Influencing Organ Donation Attitudes and Behaviors in Adolescents

Adolescent and parent organ donation attitudes, knowledge, communications, and donor card signing rates were assessed. Parent-adolescent dyads (N = 137) were recruited at a Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV). Using discriminant analysis, attitude, knowledge, and communication variables adequately classified adolescent donor status. Overall, adolescent positive attitude toward donation was the most powerful variable discriminating between donors and nondonors. Examining only participants who had discussed donation with parents, the nature of parent-adolescent discussions about organ donation became the most important variable in donor classification. Adolescent donors reported significantly more positive and less negative attitudes, had parents with more positive and less negative attitudes, and had engaged in more frequent and more positive communications with parents about organ donation.     

中国医学生对活体肝脏捐献的态度

背景：了解中国大学生尤其是医学生对人体器官捐献的态度与认知对器官移植事业的发展具有重要的意义。 目的：调查中国医学生对活体肝脏捐献的态度,以及影响这种态度的相关因素。 方法：在中国医科大学临床医学专业随机选取250名学生作为研究对象,按年级进行分层,每年级50人。应用调查问卷评价医学生对活体肝脏捐献的态度及其影响因素。问卷调查采取匿名方式,由受调查者自行填写。使用SPSS统计分析软件,分别应用t检验和χ2检验进行双变量分析。 结果与结论：共回收有效问卷243份,回收率为97.2%。其中13.2%(n=32)的受调查者愿意对非亲属进行活体肝脏捐献,66.3%  (n=161)的学生只愿意捐献给自己的亲属,6.6%(n=16)的学生不愿意捐献给任何人,还有14.0%(n=34)的学生表示不确定。与医学生对活体肝脏捐献的态度有关的因素包括：医学生对捐献家人器官的态度、对尸体器官捐献的态度、对活体肾脏捐献的态度和接受他人捐献的活体肝脏的态度。总体看来,中国的医学生对活体肝脏捐献表示支持。但目前中国的医学生缺乏关于器官捐献和移植的教育,应在医学生的课程中引入这方面的内容。     

Evaluation of an educational,theater-based intervention on attitudes toward organ donation in Risaralda,Colombia

Introduction:

The shortage of organs for transplantation is a worldwide problem and the main cause is the refusal of family members to donate. Consent to donate is influenced by many factors and educational interventions are strongly recommended.

Objective:

To evaluate the impact of an educational, theaterbased strategy on the attitudes toward organ donation.

Methods:

This study employed an intervention using theater as the central tool. The impact of this intervention on the intention to donate was assessed through a controlled, prospective, nonrandomized designed study. The sample consisted of 1,038 people. All the participants answered a survey that asked about sex, age and intent to donate. Afterward, one portion of the sample was exposed to the play, The Gift of Life, and a subsequent discussion forum that was guided by experts. The same survey was administered again after the intervention.

Results:

Before the intervention, donation attitudes were positive in 68.3% of the responses, negative in 6.8% and uncertain in 24.9%. Females showed a greater intent to donate while age had no apparent influence on the donation decision. Those exposed to the intervention were found to be more likely to donate and show a favorable change in attitude toward donation than those who were not exposed to the intervention.

Conclusion:

An educational intervention using theater is an effective tool to generate a short-term change in the intent to donate. Educational strategies should be employed to increase the rates of organ donation.     

Attitudes and beliefs about organ donation among different racial groups.

Many people on the waiting list for organ donation die each year without receiving organs. The shortage of organs is even more pronounced in minority communities. Despite the fact that minorities are at higher risk, they may be less likely to support or consent to organ donation. This investigation was undertaken to study racial factors in organ donation, by focusing on differences in awareness, attitudes, and behavior. Three family practice centers in the Bronx with racially diverse but socioeconomically homogenous communities were studied. The study population consisted of a convenience sample of 163 patients who were approached for participation while they waited to see a doctor. Respondents filled out a 25-item survey that measured demographic information; their exposure to, awareness of, and attitudes toward organ donation; and whether they had signed an organ donor card. The results demonstrated overwhelming support for organ donation across all racial groups. Racial differences were found on awareness of and attitudes toward organ donation, and in the signing of organ donation cards. In contrast to other studies, racial minorities were not less likely than whites to support organ donation. These results suggest that making it easier for racial minorities to obtain organ donor cards could increase their rates of consenting to donate organs.     

Testing the utility of a modified organ donation model among African American adults

African Americans are overrepresented on the organ transplant waiting list because they are disproportionately impacted by certain health conditions that potentially warrant a life-saving transplant. While the African American need for transplantation is considerably high, organ and tissue donation rates are comparatively low, resulting in African Americans spending more than twice the amount of time on the national transplant waiting list as compared to people of other racial/ethnic backgrounds. There are a multitude of factors that contribute to the reluctance expressed by African Americans with respect to organ donation. This study proposes the use of an adaptation of the Organ Donation Model to explore the ways in which knowledge, trust in the donation/allocation process, and religious beliefs impact African American donation decision making. Bivariate and path analyses demonstrated that alignment with religious beliefs was the greatest driving factor with respect to attitudes towards donation; attitudes were significantly associated with donation intentions; and knowledge is directly associated with intentions to serve as a potential deceased organ donor. The significance of these variables speaks to the importance of their inclusion in a model that focuses on the African American population and offers new direction for more effective donation education efforts.     

British women's attitudes towards oocyte donation: Ethnic differences and altruism

ObjectiveThis study assessed the importance of altruism and willingness to donate oocytes in British Asian and Caucasian samples. The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) was used to test the importance of attitudes towards oocyte donation, normative and control beliefs to attitudes to donate oocytes.MethodOne hundred and one participants (55% Asian, 45% Caucasian) completed questionnaires measuring altruism and attitudes to Oocyte donation. There were no socio-demographic differences between ethnic groups.ResultsFew women were willing to donate oocytes, Asian women were least likely to donate oocytes, and altruism was not related to willingness to donate. Forty-one participants considered themselves ‘possible’ oocyte donors and 54 as definite ‘non’ donors. Possible donors reported significantly more positive attitudes towards egg donation; asking women to donate under various circumstances; to the consequences of donating their eggs; positively experiencing egg donation and to factors that would induce women to donate. Subjective norms and behavioural control also influenced intention to donate.ConclusionA number of components of the TPB were able to predict possible oocyte donation, and non-oocyte donation. Practice implications: This study provides some empirical support for specific factors influencing cultural differences in gamete donation in the UK. A future culturally appropriate targeted approach to donation education could redress the present imbalance in supply and demand of gametes in infertility treatment.     

Moving beyond attitudinal barriers: understanding African Americans' support for organ and tissue donation

PURPOSE: African Americans are disproportionately represented among individuals in need of an organ transplant, due in part to low donation rates in this population. The research literature has focused on attitudinal barriers to donation; however, the current study explores individual experiences and values that contribute to supportive attitudes toward organ and tissue donation. PROCEDURES: Focus group participants were 26 African-American clergymen and 42 African-American parishioners recruited from seven Christian churches in the metro Atlanta area. FINDINGS: Although a large number of participants had previous exposure to organ and tissue donation and transplantation, the majority of these experiences were negative, and participants felt a general fear and lack of knowledge about the process of donation and transplantation. Despite these negative experiences, respondents reported personal values (e.g., the desire to help others and acceptance of group responsibility) and religious values (e.g., the desire to carry out God's will and to have faith in God) that contribute to supportive attitudes toward organ and tissue donation. CONCLUSION: An understanding of supportive attitudes toward donation may help improve the development of effective culturally sensitive intervention messages targeting the African-American religious community with the ultimate goal of increasing the pool of organs available for transplantation.     

在校医学生器官移植与捐献态度及认知的调查

背景：在校医学生对器官移植的认知与态度影响着整个社会对器官移植和捐献的认知,进而影响中国器官捐献移植工作的进程。 目的：调查在校医学生对人体器官移植与捐献的态度与认知。 方法：选择济宁医学院400名学生为被试进行问卷调查。内容主要包括：①对器官移植、器官(遗体)捐献知识的掌握程度。②器官移植、器官(遗体)捐献知识的来源。③对捐献器官(遗体) 所持态度。 结果与结论：69.8%在校医学生了解器官移植捐献概念,44.6%赞成捐献自己身后器官。说明在校医学生能较好认同器官移植作为治疗终末期器官功能衰竭的有效手段,但对器官捐献所持态度不很乐观,影响其捐献态度的主要因素为家属情感和捐献程序和传统观念。一年级赞同率最低,为26.6%,五年级最高,为61.4%,赞同率随着年级的升高而增加,55.6%的在校医学生认为应该给予器官捐献者一定的奖励或补偿。     

More than nation and knowledge: Cultural micro-diversity and organ donation in Switzerland

ObjectiveWhile recent studies of organ donation have recognized cultural factors, most analyses in developed countries have focused on awareness as the critical constraint. The present paper examines this assumption and assesses the number of potential organ donors as well as their knowledge and attitudes regarding organ donation.MethodsWe conducted a telephone survey of 1509 adults using a stratified random sample of the main three language groups (German, French, and Italian) in Switzerland with oversampling of the Italian language group to compensate for its relatively small size. Because our analyses are performed separately on each language group, the oversampling does not distort our findings.ResultsThe three language groups display substantial differences with respect to patterns of knowledge, motives, and concerns underlying their willingness to donate organs—differences that persist even in the context of strong national identity, relatively homogeneous cultural background, and the public good nature of organ donation.ConclusionThe results demonstrate a need to consider and address cultural factors and barriers when designing organ donation campaigns.Practice implicationsCentrally designed organ donation campaigns are not likely to be effective and efficient. Message strategies should rather be tailored to different (micro-) cultural groups.     

构建中国人体器官捐献社会宣教系统的策略

背景：分析中国目前人体器官移植所面临的困境及导致器官移植供体短缺的社会影响因素,发现民众对器官移植及捐献流程相关知识普遍缺乏。 目的：从器官捐献宣教系统构建的重大意义、现状总结、应遵循的伦理原则以及建议对策等4个方面进行了尝试性探索,为科学地进行器官捐献的宣传教育提供建议与参考。 方法：在CNKI和PubMed通过关键词“器官捐献、器官移植、伦理学原则、宣传教育”查阅相关文献,对来源于核心期刊的文章进行综合分析。以“器官捐献,器官移植,伦理原则,供体短缺,遗体捐献,宣传教育”为中文捡索词,以“organ donation,organ transplantation,shortage of donor,body donation,education system”为英文检索词,检索维普和中国知网(CNKI)期刊全文数据库万方、Pubmed,Medline,2005年1月至2014年11月有关器官捐献报告中主要涉及器官捐献宣传教育及协调员的相关报道。通过对文献归纳,总结分析目前中国器官捐献宣教的现况,提出构建器官捐献宣教系统的对策。 结果与结论：详细阐述了器官捐献宣教系统的必要性,系统分析了国内目前器官捐献宣传教育存在的问题及应该遵循的伦理原则,探索了国内器官捐献宣教系统建设应采取的路径和方法。缓解器官移植供体紧张,扩大供体来源,必须要赢得公民的广泛支持与理解,才能保证器官捐献工作的可持续发展。因此构建人体器官捐献社会宣教体系具有重要意义。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程全文链接：     

Development of a scale to measure African American attitudes toward organ donation

African American attitudes toward organ donation differ from other racial and ethnic groups. However, existing measures of organ donation attitudes do not adequately address ethnic identity and cultural factors. We examined the psychometric properties of a new 18-item organ donation scale among 1225 members of 21 African American churches in Southeast Michigan. We identified three factors: (1) Barriers; (2) Family/Race Benefits; and (3) Altruism. More positive donation attitudes on each subscale were observed for individuals who reported being enrolled as a donor. Among individuals not enrolled, higher scores were observed on scales two and three for those with stronger intentions to enroll.     

To be(come) or not to be(come) an organ donor,that's the question: a meta-analysis of determinant and intervention studies

Abstract

A meta-analysis was conducted to quantify profiles of posthumous organ donors. Bibliographic databases were used to identify 1280 psychosocial studies on organ donation published from 1970 until February 2007. Methodological quality of 220 studies with relevant abstracts was assessed. Twenty-four studies comparing registered organ donors and those who had not made their organ donation preference explicit were included in the meta-analysis. Log odds ratios (LOR) and standard errors (SE_LOR) were calculated for ‘demographic characteristics’, standardised mean differences (ES_sm) and standard errors (SE_sm) for ‘psychosocial factors’. A random effects model was used to pool the studies. ‘Education’, ‘religion’, ‘knowledge’, ‘attitude’, ‘social influence’, ‘family discussion’, and ‘altruism’ significantly predicted donor status in a positive way. The variables ‘fear of death’, and ‘organ donation-related fear’ were negatively related to registered donor status. mmb Organ donation promotion programmes should focus on fear reduction, emphasising positive aspects, and bringing about a positive social norm encouraged by altruistic motives. Lower educated people should be a specific priority group for organ donation promotion programmes.     

Examining students’ intention to perform voluntary blood donation using a theory of planned behaviour: A structural equation modelling approach

ObjectiveThis study aims to examine the behavioural intention of students to make voluntary blood donations. Moreover, it uses a theory of planned behaviour as its guiding principle and does so within the context of Malaysia, a developing nation.MethodsData were collected via a self-administered questionnaire from a sample of 500 students at a public higher learning institution in Malaysia. Structural equation modelling approach (SEM) was performed to assess the strength of the hypothesized relationships of the proposed model simultaneously via the two-stage model-building process.ResultsThe SEM approach revealed that knowledge was the most influential predictor of students’ intention to make a voluntary blood donation. With the knowledge that the more blood they donate, the more lives will be saved, the inclination to donate blood is intensifying among students. Moreover, all of the TPB constructs applied were also seen to significantly influence students’ response to voluntary blood donation.ConclusionsThe nexus of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control, and knowledge about students’ intention to perform voluntary blood donation are evidenced in a developing nation. The implications of the study and directions for future research are provided.     

Trends in Deceased Organ Donation and Utilization in Korea: 2000-2009

Continuous efforts have been made by the organ donation and transplantation community in Korea to increase organ donation by the deceased. The authors detailed trends of organ donation and utilization over the past 10 yr using data provided by the KONOS. The yearly number of deceased donors has grown gradually since 2003. The number and percentage of old donors (≥50 yr) and donors dying from intracranial hemorrhage has increased continuously. Therefore, the percentage of standard criteria donors (SCD) has been declining significantly, from 94% in 2000 to 79.2% in 2009. The number of organs transplanted per donor (OTPD) has also declined slightly since 2007, from 3.28 in 2007 to 2.95 in 2009. This decline may be attributable to increases in the number and percentage of extended criteria donors (ECD) and donors after cardiac death (DCD), since the OTPD was 2.25 for DCD, 2.5 for ECD, and 3.09 for SCD in 2009. In summary, the makeup of donors has changed significantly. There is an urgent need for establishment of an institutional framework including an independent organ procurement organization and for improvement for the National Transplant Act to increase deceased donor pool and to optimize management of ECD and DCD.     

British women's attitudes towards oocyte donation: ethnic differences and altruism

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the importance of altruism and willingness to donate oocytes in British Asian and Caucasian samples. The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) was used to test the importance of attitudes towards oocyte donation, normative and control beliefs to attitudes to donate oocytes. METHOD: One hundred and one participants (55% Asian, 45% Caucasian) completed questionnaires measuring altruism and attitudes to Oocyte donation. There were no socio-demographic differences between ethnic groups. RESULTS: Few women were willing to donate oocytes, Asian women were least likely to donate oocytes, and altruism was not related to willingness to donate. Forty-one participants considered themselves 'possible' oocyte donors and 54 as definite 'non' donors. Possible donors reported significantly more positive attitudes towards egg donation; asking women to donate under various circumstances; to the consequences of donating their eggs; positively experiencing egg donation and to factors that would induce women to donate. Subjective norms and behavioural control also influenced intention to donate. CONCLUSION: A number of components of the TPB were able to predict possible oocyte donation, and non-oocyte donation. Practice implications: This study provides some empirical support for specific factors influencing cultural differences in gamete donation in the UK. A future culturally appropriate targeted approach to donation education could redress the present imbalance in supply and demand of gametes in infertility treatment.