西昌市社区居民中心性肥胖流行特征与影响因素分析

目的 了解四川省西昌市居民的中心性肥胖流行现况与影响因素,为后续当地相关的干预措施的制定提供理论依据与数据支持。方法 综合考虑经济水平、民族构成、地理位置等因素,在西昌市选择6个调查点,根据调查点社区人口数确定抽样比例,采用简单随机抽样的方法抽取18周岁及以上的成年居民进行问卷调查与体格检查,对所得数据进行描述性分析、单因素χ2分析与多因素logistic回归分析。结果 共纳入874名居民,中心性肥胖率为39.24%。单因素分析结果显示,不同饮酒情况（χ2=4.914,P<0.05）、高血压患病情况（χ2=15.869,P<0.001）、BMI（χ2=300.521,P<0.001）的成年居民中心性肥胖率不同。多因素分析结果显示,饮酒者（OR=1.545,95%CI:1.028～2.322）、高血压患者（OR=1.684,95%CI:1.093~2.592）发生中心性肥胖的风险所增加;相较于正常体重（18.5kg/m²≤BMI<23.9kg/m²）的居民,BMI<18.5kg/m²组别人群（OR=0.114,95%CI:0.015~0.843）发生中心性肥胖的风险更低,而BMI≥24.0kg/m²组别人群（OR=12.196,95%CI:8.630~17.234）则风险更高。 结论 西昌市成年居民中心性肥胖率较低。BMI<18.5kg/m²为中心性肥胖的保护因素,而饮酒、高血压患病、BMI≥24.0kg/m²为中心性肥胖的危险因素。     

藏汉不同骨密度人群肠道菌群及粪便短链脂肪酸差异研究

目的 比对研究四川红原藏族与成都汉族不同骨密度人群肠道菌群及粪便短链脂肪酸差异,为通过调节肠道菌群预防不同人群骨质疏松积累资料。方法 选取红原藏族与成都汉族居民,测定其足跟骨骨密度,收集粪便与人口学信息,以藏族低骨密度个体为基础,依据年龄、性别、民族、是否服用抗生素四个维度进行倾向性评分获得研究人群,并按骨密度水平分组,测定粪便16S rRNA序列及短链脂肪酸的浓度与构成比,对比分析各组的差异。结果 红原藏族肠道菌群的物种丰度高于成都汉族。与汉族人群相比,藏族人群拟杆菌门相对丰度较高,变形菌门相对丰度较低（拟杆菌门:z = - 4.156,P＜0.001;z = - 3.226,P = 0.001;z = - 2.990,P = 0.002;变形菌门:z = - 4.409,P＜0.001;z = - 3.287,P = 0.001;z = - 2.392,P = 0.016）。柯林斯菌属是藏族中骨密度组优势菌属,瘤胃球菌属2和乳球菌属分别是汉族中、高骨密度组优势菌属。两组人群粪便短链脂肪酸比较,藏族三组骨密度人群乙酸、异戊酸浓度均低于汉族人群（乙酸:t = - 3.119,P = 0.003;t = - 3.056,P = 0.003;t = - 5.104,P＜0.001;异戊酸:z = - 3.822,P＜0.001;z = - 3.497,P＜0.001;z = - 2.158,P = 0.031）,但高、中骨密度组异丁酸、异戊酸、戊酸和己酸构成比高于汉族人群（异丁酸:z = - 3.693,P＜0.001;z = - 3.388,P = 0.001;异戊酸:z = - 3.748,P＜0.001;z = - 3.844,P＜0.001;戊酸:z = - 3.778,P＜0.001;z = - 3.966,P＜0.001;己酸:z = - 2.535,P = 0.011;z = - 3.570,P＜0.001） 结论 红原藏族和成都汉族不同骨密度组的肠道菌群及粪便短链脂肪酸含量和构成比不同,其与骨密度的关系值得进一步探讨。     

孤独症谱系障碍儿童与健康儿童粪便肠道菌群结构及短链脂肪酸的差异性研究

目的 分析孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)儿童与健康儿童粪便肠道菌群结构及短链脂肪酸变化差异,从肠道菌群角度为ASD的防治提供新思路。方法 选取2019年1—11月在江苏大学附属医院被诊断为ASD的25名儿童和同期体检的24名生长发育正常的健康儿童为研究对象,分别为ASD组和对照组。收集其粪便,采用16SrRNA测序分析肠道菌群结构;气相色谱法检测粪便短链脂肪酸含量。结果 与对照组比较,ASD组儿童肠道菌群丰富度(Chao1指数及Ace指数)及多样性(Shannon指数)显著降低,差异均有统计学意义(t=2.917、2.890、3.353,P<0.05);门水平上厚壁菌门、变形菌门丰度显著增高,拟杆菌门丰度明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(t=3.180、5.761、5.970,P<0.05);属水平上拟杆菌属、双歧杆菌属、布劳特氏菌属、链球菌属丰度显著降低,梭状芽胞杆菌属、萨特氏菌属丰度显著增加,差异均有统计学意义(Z=2.440、3.100、3.620、3.500、4.200、4.054,P<0.05);粪便短链脂肪酸中乙酸、丙酸及总短链脂肪酸含量显著增高,丁酸含量显著下降,差异均有统计学意义(t=3.040、3.220、2.560、4.100,P<0.05)。相关分析显示双歧杆菌属与丙酸及总短链脂肪酸呈负相关(r=-0.422、-0.412,P<0.05)。结论 ASD儿童粪便肠道菌群结构及短链脂肪酸含量发生明显改变,其中双歧杆菌属减少所致丙酸及总短链脂肪酸增高可能与ASD相关。     

2型糖尿病合并肥胖患者膳食结构及肠道菌群结构的差异性

  目的   观察2型糖尿病（type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM）合并肥胖患者膳食结构及肠道菌群结构与健康人群的差异,为T2DM合并肥胖患者通过营养治疗重建肠道菌群提供依据。   方法   选取32例新诊断为T2DM合并肥胖的患者及32例健康人员分别作为观察组和对照组。收集两组研究对象1年内的食物摄入情况并运用主成分分析法比较2组人群膳食结构差异,同时采集粪便提取DNA后使用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序平台分析两组研究对象肠道菌群的结构和丰度差异。   结果   膳食结构方面,观察组的主要膳食结构特点是油脂摄入较多蔬菜摄入较少,而健康对照组则是一种主食、蔬菜、优质蛋白比例较均衡的膳食模式。肠道菌群分析结果:观察组粪便样本中菌群多样性降低,菌属Welch's t检验发现与膳食纤维消化相关的瘤胃球菌属（P < 0.001,FDR=0.037）、豆类消化相关的梭菌属（P < 0.001,FDR=0.014）及短链脂肪酸产生相关的布劳特菌属（P=0.042,FDR=0.049）丰度较健康人群降低。   结论   膳食结构不均衡及膳食纤维摄入不足可能通过影响肠道菌群的结构和丰度从而与T2DM合并肥胖的发生相关,提示T2DM合并肥胖组人群的营养治疗应重视膳食结构平衡和膳食纤维的补充。     

2013-2017年贵阳市部分高考人群超重及肥胖流行趋势

目的 分析2013-2017年贵阳市部分高考人群超重及肥胖流行趋势。方法 连续5年采集贵阳市部分高考考生(16~19岁)的身高和体重数据,共计32814人,计算超重、肥胖率,比较超重、肥胖人群与正常BMI调查对象的谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)和白介素-6(IL-6)水平。结果 2013-2017年贵阳高考体检人群超重检出率分别为:5.58%,7.45%,9.12%,11.4%和12.09%;肥胖检出率分别为:5.53%,6.43%,7.3%,6.9%和6.9%;男性肥胖检出率分别是:3.8%,4.3%,4.7%,4.3%和3.8%;女性肥胖率分别是:1.7%,2.2%,2.5%,2.6%和3.2%;男性超重检出率分别是2.5%,4.1%,4.9%,6.1%和6.5%;女性超重率分别是3.1%,3.3%,4.1%,5.3%和5.5%。2013-2017年超重人群的BMI分别为:26.0 ±0.7(kg/m²),26.0±1.1(kg/m²),25.7±1.3(kg/m²),25.8±0.8(kg/m²)和26.3±0.5(kg/m²);肥胖人群的BMI分别为:30.2±2.4(kg/m²),29.7±1.8(kg/m²),31.2±2.9(kg/m²),30.5±1.4(kg/m²)和29.9±3.1(kg/m²);肥胖/超重比值分别为:0.99、0.86、0.80、0.62和0.58。超重肥胖青少年人群外周血ALT、TG、TC异常率和IL-6水平明显高于对照人群。结论 近年来贵阳市青少年的超重及肥胖发生率呈上升趋势,男性高于女性,超重及肥胖已对青少年的身体健康产生了明显的影响。     

内蒙古在校大学生体质量指数与肠道菌群宏基因组浓度的关联

  目的  探索内蒙古地区在校大学生体质量指数(BMI)与肠道菌群的关联性,为揭示肠道菌群与肥胖之间的关联性提供参考依据。  方法  以内蒙古医科大学为试点,通过招募方式共收集88名志愿者。测量研究对象的身高和体重,并收集粪便样本。提取干粪便样本中的细菌宏基因组,并检测干粪便细菌宏基因组质量浓度(μg/μL)。统计分析BMI与肠道菌群宏基因组质量浓度的相关性,并比较不同BMI组的肠道菌群宏基因组质量浓度差异。  结果  大学生BMI与肠道菌群的宏基因组质量浓度呈负相关(r=-0.27,P < 0.05)。不同BMI大学生的肠道菌群宏基因组质量浓度差异有统计学意义(F=3.62,P < 0.05)。分性别分析,女生中,不同BMI的肠道菌群宏基因组质量浓度差异有统计学意义(F=1.87,P < 0.05),两两比较正常组与超重组、正常组与肥胖组差异均有统计学意义(P值均 < 0.05);男生中,不同BMI的肠道菌群宏基因组质量浓度差异无统计学意义(F=0.60,P>0.05)。  结论  内蒙古地区在校大学生BMI与其肠道菌群具有关联性,超重及肥胖人群肠道菌群宏基因组质量浓度显著降低。     

蒙古族儿童肠道菌群结构特征分析

比较不同体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)蒙古族儿童肠道菌群结构特征,为蒙古族儿童消化代谢研究提供基础数据.方法 采用整群抽样方法,调查包头市某地区712岁蒙古族儿童410名,严格按照纳入标准并进行同年龄和同性别1∶1匹配,筛选出肥胖、超重和正常体重儿童各30名为研究对象,采用试剂盒法提取研究对象粪便基因组DNA,通过聚合酶链式反应变性梯度凝胶电泳(poclymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,PCRDGGE)分析不同BMI分组蒙古族儿童肠道菌群的多样性,进而通过实时荧光定量PCR(real-time PCR)对肠道内优势菌群脆弱拟杆菌属、梭菌属、双歧杆菌属和乳杆菌属进行定量检测.结果 PCR-DGGE电泳图谱显示,不同BMI分组的蒙古族儿童肠道菌群构成差异有统计学意义.肥胖组细菌群落丰富度(7.40±0.55)低于正常体重组(11.00±1.22)和超重组(12.40±2.51)(F=14.71,P<0.05);肥胖组香农多样性指数(1.92±0.07)低于正常体重组(2.29±0.10)和超重组(2.33±0.21)(F=15.08,P<0.05).real-time PCR结果显示,随着BMI增大,蒙古族儿童肠道内脆弱拟杆菌属、双歧杆菌属的数量呈递减趋势,而梭菌属的数量呈递增趋势(F值分别为3.99,6.84,6.82,P值均<0.05);乳杆菌属的数量在蒙古族肥胖组、超重组和正常体重组儿童之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 不同BMI分组的蒙古族儿童肠道菌群构成存在差异.肠道菌群可能参与了蒙古族儿童肥胖的发生发展过程.     

结直肠癌发生与肠道菌群的相关性研究

目的 探索结直肠癌发生与肠道菌群的相关性。方法 分别收集在四川地区长期生活的33例结直肠癌患者（结直肠癌组）和33例健康人群（对照组）的粪便，采用16S rRNA测序分析比较两组人群粪便肠道菌群差异。结果 结直肠癌组患者Shannon指数较健康人低（P<0.05），而ACE指数、Chao指数、Observed species指数和Simpson指数均无统计学差异（P>0.05）。在门水平上结直肠癌组患者厚壁菌门（P<0.001）、放线菌门（P<0.01）降低，梭杆菌门（P<0.01）、疣状菌门（P<0.01）升高。在属水平上结直肠癌组患者毛螺菌属、瘤胃球菌、粪球菌、霍氏真杆菌等相对丰度降低（P<0.01或0.05）,UBA1819、毛螺菌科UCG.010、副拟杆菌属、另枝菌属等相对丰度升高（P<0.01或0.05）。属水平肠道菌群与血红蛋白的相关性分析显示，结直肠癌组患者多尔菌属与血红蛋白呈负相关。结论 四川地区结直肠癌患者肠道菌群多样性减少，呈现有益菌较少、有害菌增多的特征，其发生可能与副拟杆菌属、另枝菌属、颤螺科UCG.002等有关。...     

主观认知下降患者不同BMI水平与执行功能的相关性研究

目的 探讨主观认知下降（SCD）患者不同BMI水平与执行功能之间的相关性，及影响BMI的危险因素。方法 招募福建省福州市5个社区符合要求的174例SCD患者，根据BMI水平分为正常体质量组（18.5kg/m²≤BMI＜24kg/m²）、超重和肥胖组（24kg/m²≤BMI≤36.5kg/m²），并进行问卷调查、身体测量和Stroop色词测验。采用单因素分析比较不同BMI水平SCD患者执行功能，采用二元logistic回归模型分析影响SCD患者BMI的危险因素。结果 与正常体质量组相比，超重和肥胖组Stroop干扰量（SIE）反应时更长，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。二元logistic回归分析发现，男性患超重和肥胖的风险高于女性（OR=2.204, 95%CI:1.086~4.475, P=0.029），高血压患者患超重和肥胖的概率是无高血压患者的3.060倍（OR=3.060, 95%CI:1.194~7.838，P=0.020）。结论 与正常体质量组相比，超重和肥胖的SCD患者执行功能更差，而且受性别和高血压的影响。对男性SCD患者，控制高血压和体重可能可以有效预防其执行功能下降，降低患AD的风险。     

蒙古族肥胖儿童肠道菌群结构和短链脂肪酸含量的研究

目的 了解蒙古族肥胖和正常体重儿童肠道菌群结构及其代谢产物短链脂肪酸的含量,为蒙古族肥胖的研究提供一定基础数据。方法 采用随机整群抽样的方法按照性别年龄1:1配比,正常体重组和肥胖组各30人,取新鲜粪便提取肠道菌群总DNA,进行总DNA Illumina Miseq测序;用SYBR嵌合荧光法进行实时荧光定量PCR;通过气相色谱法测定各粪便样本中SCFAs的含量。结果 蒙古族肥胖儿童肠道菌群的多样性和丰富度均低于正常体重组（P<0.05）;门水平以Bacteroidetes（正常组56.49%,肥胖组47.08%）和Firmicutes（正常组38.61%,肥胖组48.73%）的相对丰度最高;两组的共同优势菌属有17种,在优势菌属中Pseudobutyrivibrio、 Parasutterella、Ruminococcaceae＿UCG＿014、Bifidobacterium在两组间的差异明显（P<0.05）;SCFAs的含量在正常体重组与肥胖组间差异明显(P<0.05)。结论 蒙古族肥胖儿童肠道菌群的结构及短链脂肪酸含量均发生改变,揭示肠道菌群结构变化对于蒙古族儿童...     

A Combined Analysis of Gut and Skin Microbiota in Infants with Food Allergy and Atopic Dermatitis: A Pilot Study

The gut microbiota in patients with food allergy, and the skin microbiota in atopic dermatitis patients differ from those of healthy people. We hypothesize that relationships may exist between gut and skin microbiota in patients with allergies. The aim of this study was to determine the possible relationship between gut and skin microbiota in patients with allergies, hence simultaneous analysis of the two compartments of microbiota was performed in infants with and without allergic symptoms. Fifty-nine infants with food allergy and/or atopic dermatitis and 28 healthy children were enrolled in the study. The skin and gut microbiota were evaluated using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. No significant differences in the α-diversity of dermal or fecal microbiota were observed between allergic and non-allergic infants; however, a significant relationship was found between bacterial community structure and allergy phenotypes, especially in the fecal samples. Certain clinical conditions were associated with characteristic bacterial taxa in the skin and gut microbiota. Positive correlations were found between skin and fecal samples in the abundance of Gemella among allergic infants, and Lactobacillus and Bacteroides among healthy infants. Although infants with allergies and healthy infants demonstrate microbiota with similar α-diversity, some differences in β-diversity and bacterial species abundance can be seen, which may depend on the phenotype of the allergy. For some organisms, their abundance in skin and feces samples may be correlated, and these correlations might serve as indicators of the host’s allergic state.     

Effects of Synbiotic Supplementation on Chronic Inflammation and the Gut Microbiota in Obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Controlled Study

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 24-week synbiotic supplementation on chronic inflammation and the gut microbiota in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. We randomized 88 obese patients with type 2 diabetes to one of two groups for 24 weeks: control or synbiotic (Lacticaseibacillus paracasei strain Shirota (previously Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota) and Bifidobacterium breve strain Yakult, and galactooligosaccharides). The primary endpoint was the change in interleukin-6 from baseline to 24 weeks. Secondary endpoints were evaluation of the gut microbiota in feces and blood, fecal organic acids, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, and glycemic control. Synbiotic administration for 24 weeks did not significantly affect changes in interleukin-6 from baseline to 24 weeks (0.35 ± 1.99 vs. −0.24 ± 1.75 pg/mL, respectively). Relative to baseline, however, at 24 weeks after synbiotic administration there were positive changes in the counts of Bifidobacterium and total lactobacilli, the relative abundances of Bifidobacterium species such as Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum, and the concentrations of acetic and butyric acids in feces. No significant changes in inflammatory markers were found in the synbiotic group compared to the control group. However, synbiotic administration at least partially improved the gut environment in obese patients with type 2 diabetes.     

Differences in the gut microbiota between young and elderly persons in Korea

The gut microbiota differs among countries owing to the prevailing diet composition. For the characterization of the gut microbiota of Koreans at different ages in future studies, e.g., in an in vitro human digestion model, we tried to investigate whether the gut microbiota differs between the young and elderly in Korea. Two hundred fecal samples were collected: 100 from elderly people (over 65 years old) at geriatric nursing hospitals and 100 from young people (university students, 20-25 years old) in Gyeonggi province, Korea. The composition of the gut microbiota in these fecal samples was analyzed by next-generation sequencing methods. There were significant differences in the taxonomic composition of the microbiota (the top 10 most abundant taxa) between the young and elderly people in Korea, especially in terms of relative abundance levels of bacteria in phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Tenericutes, and Fusobacteria (P < 001). The gut microbiota of young people contained higher relative abundance of Lactobacillus than did the microbiota of elderly people, while the microbiota of elderly people manifested higher relative abundance of Escherichia. Even though the sample size may not be large enough for this study to be representative of the entire population of Korea, the study still provides data that are suggestive of differences in the gut microbiota between young and elderly people in Korea. Furthermore, our findings may be applied to develop an improved age-based in vitro model of digestion of Koreans for future research.     

Bile Acid–Gut Microbiota Axis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: From Bench to Bedside

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract, with increasing prevalence, and its pathogenesis remains unclear. Accumulating evidence suggested that gut microbiota and bile acids play pivotal roles in intestinal homeostasis and inflammation. Patients with IBD exhibit decreased microbial diversity and abnormal microbial composition marked by the depletion of phylum Firmicutes (including bacteria involved in bile acid metabolism) and the enrichment of phylum Proteobacteria. Dysbiosis leads to blocked bile acid transformation. Thus, the concentration of primary and conjugated bile acids is elevated at the expense of secondary bile acids in IBD. In turn, bile acids could modulate the microbial community. Gut dysbiosis and disturbed bile acids impair the gut barrier and immunity. Several therapies, such as diets, probiotics, prebiotics, engineered bacteria, fecal microbiota transplantation and ursodeoxycholic acid, may alleviate IBD by restoring gut microbiota and bile acids. Thus, the bile acid–gut microbiota axis is closely connected with IBD pathogenesis. Regulation of this axis may be a novel option for treating IBD.     

Gut microbiota interactions with anti-diabetic medications and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi living in the gastrointestinal tract are collectively known as the gut microbiota. Dysbiosis is the imbalance in microbial composition on or inside the body relative to healthy state. Altered Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio and decreased abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila are the predominant gut dysbiosis associated with the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic syndrome. Pathophysiological mechanisms linking gut dysbiosis, and metabolic diseases and their complications include altered metabolism of short-chain fatty acids and bile acids, interaction with gut hormones, increased gut microbial metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide, bacterial translocation/Leaky gut syndrome, and endotoxin production such as lipopolysaccharides. The association between the gut microbiota and glycemic agents, however, is much less understood and is the growing focus of research and conversation. Recent studies suggest that the gut microbiota and anti-diabetic medications are interdependent on each other, meaning that while anti-diabetic medications alter the gut microbiota, the gut microbiota also alters the efficacy of anti-diabetic medications. With increasing evidence regarding the significance of gut microbiota, it is imperative to review the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of T2DM. This review also discusses the interaction between gut microbiota and the various medications used in the treatment of T2DM.     

Altered Gut Microbiota in Korean Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social and behavioral impairments. Recent studies have suggested that gut microbiota play a critical role in ASD pathogenesis. Herein, we investigated the fecal microflora of Korean ASD children to determine gut microbiota profiles associated with ASD. Specifically, fecal samples were obtained from 54 children with ASD and 38 age-matched children exhibiting typical development. Systematic bioinformatic analysis revealed that the composition of gut microbiota differed between ASD and typically developing children (TDC). Moreover, the total amounts of short-chain fatty acids, metabolites produced by bacteria, were increased in ASD children. At the phylum level, we found a significant decrease in the relative Bacteroidetes abundance of the ASD group, whereas Actinobacteria abundance was significantly increased. Furthermore, we found significantly lower Bacteroides levels and higher Bifidobacterium levels in the ASD group than in the TDC group at the genus level. Functional analysis of the microbiota in ASD children predicted that several pathways, including genetic information processing and amino acid metabolism, can be associated with ASD pathogenesis. Although more research is needed to determine whether the differences between ASD and TDC are actually related to ASD pathogenesis, these results provide further evidence of altered gut microbiota in children with ASD, possibly providing new perspectives on the diagnosis and therapeutic approaches for ASD patients.     

The Gut Microbiota during a Behavioral Weight Loss Intervention

Altered gut microbiota has been linked to obesity and may influence weight loss. We are conducting an ongoing weight loss trial, comparing daily caloric restriction (DCR) to intermittent fasting (IMF) in adults who are overweight or obese. We report here an ancillary study of the gut microbiota and selected obesity-related parameters at the baseline and after the first three months of interventions. During this time, participants experienced significant improvements in clinical health measures, along with altered composition and diversity of fecal microbiota. We observed significant associations between the gut microbiota features and clinical measures, including weight and waist circumference, as well as changes in these clinical measures over time. Analysis by intervention group found between-group differences in the relative abundance of Akkermansia in response to the interventions. Our results provide insight into the impact of baseline gut microbiota on weight loss responsiveness as well as the early effects of DCR and IMF on gut microbiota.