急性缺氧状态下苦菜总黄酮对心脑的保护作用

目的探讨急性缺氧状态下苦菜总黄酮对心、脑的保护作用。方法利用小鼠急性缺氧装置，测定小鼠的耐缺氧能力，并测定小鼠心脑超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）和一氧化氮（NO）的含量。结果苦菜总黄酮可使小鼠的耐缺氧作用明显加强，其作用具有剂量依赖性。苦菜总黄酮可使心脑SOD的含量呈剂量依赖性增加，而MDA的含量随着剂量增加而减少。随着苦菜总黄酮剂量的增加，心肌组织中NO的含量减少越明显；低、中和高剂量均明显降低脑中NO的含量。结论苦菜总黄酮在急性缺氧状态下对心、脑具有保护作用，其作用机制可能与提高SOD活性，降低MDA、NO含量有关。     

江苏地产白首乌C21甾苷抗衰老作用研究

目的研究江苏地产白首乌C21甾苷(C21 steroidal glycoside,CSG)抗氧化、耐缺氧、抗疲劳等抗衰老作用。方法以维生素E[VE,100mg/(kg.d)]为对照,观察CSG低、中、高剂量组[10mg/(kg.d)、20mg/(kg.d)、40mg/(kg.d),即CL、CM、CH组]对小鼠常压耐缺氧试验,负重游泳试验和D-半乳糖(D-gal)亚急性衰老模型小鼠的影响。测定小鼠常压耐缺氧和负重游泳时间,取血清、心、肝、脑组织,黄嘌呤氧化酶法测定超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,硫代巴比妥酸法测定丙二醛(MDA)含量,ELISA法检测端粒酶活性。结果与正常对照组相比,CSG和VE能够延长健康小鼠常压耐缺氧和负重游泳时间,提高D-gal模型小鼠血清、心、肝、脑SOD活性,降低MDA含量;中、高剂量CSG组小鼠血清端粒酶活性升高;CSG低、中、高剂量组及VE组小鼠心脏端粒酶活性均升高(P<0.01);CSG及VE对小鼠肝及脑组织端粒酶活性无影响。结论CSG能拮抗自由基损伤,提高健康小鼠常压耐缺氧和负重游泳时间,提高D-gal衰老模型小鼠血清、心、肝、脑组织SOD活性,减少MDA含量,提高心脏组织中端粒酶活性。具有抗氧化、延缓衰老、抗疲劳作用。     

郁金防治急性缺氧小鼠脑损伤的机制

目的 探讨郁金对急性缺氧小鼠脑损伤的保护作用及其机制.方法 用郁金水煎剂低、中、高剂量(10、20、40 g/kg)连续灌胃6 d,利用常压密闭耐缺氧和断头实验复制小鼠急性缺氧模型,检测脑组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)及一氧化氮(N0)含量;利用bcl-2、caspase-3抗体进行脑组织免疫组化染色.结果 与模型组比较,各剂量组均能不同程度地提高缺氧小鼠脑组织SOD活性,减少其MDA和NO含量,使caspase-3蛋白表达下调而bcl-2表达上调.结论 郁金水煎剂减轻急性缺氧小鼠脑组织损伤的机制可能与其减轻氧化应激损伤及抑制脑细胞凋亡有关.     

智脑胶囊对血管性痴呆模型大鼠行为学及脑组织SOD活性、MDA含量的影响

目的观察智脑胶囊对血管性痴呆模型大鼠学习记忆及脑组织超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量的影响。方法反复夹闭双侧颈总动脉（CCA）结合腹腔注射硝普钠制备拟血管性痴呆模型大鼠,检测模型大鼠学习记忆能力及脑组织SOD活性、MDA含量。结果与模型组相比,智脑胶囊组能明显改善模型大鼠学习记忆能力;智脑胶囊3剂量组均能提高脑组织中SOD活性,其中以中、高剂量组为著;智脑胶囊3剂量组、尼莫通组能够显著降低脑组织中MDA含量。结论智脑胶囊可改善实验性血管性痴呆模型大鼠学习记忆障碍,提高脑组织SOD活性,降低MDA含量。     

红毛五加对D-半乳糖脑老化模型小鼠的保护作用

目的研究红毛五加(AGH)对D-半乳糖脑老化模型小鼠的保护作用及其机制。方法以D-半乳糖致脑老化小鼠为模型,同时给予AGH4.0、2.0、1.0g/kg,6w后,采用开阔行为实验及Y-迷宫法测试小鼠的探究行为和学习记忆能力,并检测小鼠脑组织MDA、LF含量、SOD活性和DNA、RNA含量。结果AGH能有效提高脑老化小鼠在新异环境中的探究行为及学习记忆能力,显著降低其脑组织中MDA、LF含量,增强SOD活性,增加DNA、RNA含量。结论AGH对D-半乳糖致脑老化小鼠具有明显保护作用,其机制可能与抗氧化作用及增加DNA、RNA含量有关。     

神经生长液对缺血性脑损伤的保护作用

目的观察神经生长液(NGD)对大鼠实验性脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法采用大脑中动脉线栓法建立大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,观察NGD对大鼠神经功能的恢复、血清总超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、梗死体积、病理组织损伤及细胞超微结构改变的影响。结果NGD能改善大鼠的神经功能评分,增加血清SOD活性,降低血清MDA含量,减少梗死体积(P<0.05或0.01)。NGD能改善大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注3d后的病理组织学损害及细胞超微结构改变。结论神经生长液对实验性脑缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用。     

刺五加对痴呆模型小鼠记忆障碍及MDA含量、SOD和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的影响

目的 观察刺五加提取液对老年性痴呆(AD)模型小鼠学习记忆障碍及脑组织生化学改变的保护作用.方法 50只健康昆明种小鼠雌雄各半,随机分为5组,对照组、AD模型组、刺五加低剂量组、刺五加高剂量组、脑复康组.50 d隔日腹腔注射三氯化铝100 mg/kg小鼠,建立拟AD模型,采用跳台实验和水迷宫测试方法和生化学检测方法,观察刺五加提取液对AD模型小鼠学习记忆障碍的影响以及脑组织丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、乙酰胆碱酯酶(TChE)活性改变的影响.结果 模型组跳台实验潜伏期缩短、错误反应率增加(P＜0.05);水迷宫实验中小鼠全程游泳时间延长、无误率减少,脑组织MDA含量增高、SOD活性降低、TChE活性增加(P＜0.05).同时给予低、高剂量刺五加提取液不同程度地缓解学习记忆能力障碍及脑组织生化学改变(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 刺五加提取液通过提高小鼠脑组织中SOD活性和抑制脑中TChE活性,明显改善AD模型小鼠的学习记忆障碍及脑组织生化学改变,对AD有一定的改善和保护作用.     

珍龙醒脑胶囊对小鼠脑缺氧及脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨珍龙醒脑胶囊对脑缺氧、脑缺血再灌注损伤小鼠的影响.方法 采用常压密封法、断头法分别测定脑缺氧小鼠的喘息时间;结扎双侧颈总动脉复制脑缺血再灌注模型,观察珍龙醒脑胶囊对缺血再灌注小鼠脑含水量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、Na+-K+-ATP酶、Ca2+-ATP酶活性的影响.结果 与模型组比较,珍龙醒脑高剂量(400 mg/kg)能明显延长缺氧小鼠的存活时间;高、中剂量(400、200 mg/kg)能明显延长断头小鼠喘息时间,降低缺血再灌注小鼠脑含水量、MDA含量,升高SOD、Na+-K+-ATP酶、Ca2-ATP酶的活力.结论 珍龙醒脑胶囊对脑缺氧、脑缺血再灌注小鼠具有良好的保护作用,其机制与增加脑组织ATP酶活性、抑制脂质过氧化反应和减轻自由基损伤有关.     

松果菊苷抗氧化作用研究

目的 研究管花肉苁蓉中松果菊苷(echinacoside,ECH)抗氧化、耐缺氧、抗疲劳等抗衰老作用.方法 以维生素E[VE,100mg/(kg*d)]为对照,观察低、中、高剂量[10mg/(kg*d)、20mg/(kg*d)、40mg/(kg*d)]ECH对正常健康小鼠和D-半乳糖亚急性衰老模型小鼠的影响.测定正常小鼠常压耐缺氧和负重游泳时间,检测衰老小鼠血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,丙二醛(MDA)含量,放射免疫法测定外周血白介素-2(IL-2)含量.计算亚急性衰老模型小鼠的脾指数和胸腺指数.结果 ECH和VE能够延长健康小鼠常压耐缺氧和负重游泳时间(P＜0.01);ECH和VE能提高衰老小鼠血清SOD活性(P＜0.01),降低血清MDA含量(P＜0.01),升高外周血IL-2含量(P＜0.05),增加脾指数(P＜0.01)和胸腺指数(P＜0.01).结论 ECH能拮抗自由基损伤,提高健康小鼠常压耐缺氧和负重游泳时间,增加脾指数和胸腺指数,具有抗氧化,增强免疫力,延缓衰老,抗疲劳作用.     

运动训练对老年痴呆小鼠的改善作用

目的 考察运动训练对老年痴呆小鼠学习记忆障碍的影响,并探讨其作用机制.方法　昆明种小鼠采用被动转笼法训练4 w后,采用Morris水迷宫法测试小鼠学习记忆能力;比色法检测脑组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量,HE染色观察海马组织形态学改变;BI-2000图像分析系统测定小鼠微循环;采用耐缺氧实验观察小鼠耐缺氧能力.结果 与空白对照组比较,模型组小鼠定向游泳实验潜伏期显著延长(P< 0.05),SOD活力显著降低,MDA含量显著升高(P<0.05),海马神经元变性、脱落,耐缺氧存活时间显著延长;与模型组比较,运动训练对上述指标均有显著改善作用.与空白对照组比较,运动训练显著改善微循环、提高耐缺氧能力.结论 运动训练能不同程度地改善小鼠学习记忆障碍,其作用机制可能与运动能提高小鼠清除自由基能力、改善微循环、提高耐缺氧能力有关.     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.