胆囊壁增厚造成胆石症的假阳性CT诊断

作者对7例胆囊壁增厚而被CT误诊为胆石症的病例进行了超声对照研究,男4例,女3例,年龄26～42岁。3例行腹部CT干扫,4例行增强扫描。CT后均行超声检查。7例CT均显示在胆囊凹有液体样密度结构。其中5例在低密度结构中央有高密度环,该环增强扫描时较平扫明显,CT诊断为结石,超声在5例均显示弥漫的胆囊壁增厚而无结石;另1例显示中央有弥漫的高密度区,提示为绕以胆汁的含量较少的结石,超声显示胆囊壁增厚,     

胆囊癌的超声表现

胆囊癌是一种不常见的但为一种致命的恶性病变,通常在相当晚期才能做出诊断。由于它的隐匿发作、胆囊炎样症状,口服或静脉胆系造影不显影而需其它影像学方法检查。作者应用B型超声正确地诊断了4例胆囊癌病人,并结合文献复习讨论了胆囊癌的超声表现。所报告的胆囊癌病例中,80～90%合并有结石,通常为阴性结石,而且常合并有炎症。因此许多病人有胆石症的症状。黄疸是晚期的症状。癌瘤还可直接侵犯十二指肠环、结肠的肝曲和肝实质。胆囊癌可有多种超声表现。其表现主要决定于肿瘤的大小,形状以及漫延的范围。基本特点为:(a)胆囊腔消失,在超声上表现为一肿块代替了含胆汁的胆囊;(b)局限性或弥漫性的胆囊壁增厚;(c)腔内息肉样肿块,伴有不同程度壁增厚,但有时可无壁增厚。     

超声诊断对结石性胆囊炎LC困难因素的预测价值

目的探讨超声诊断对腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）困难因素的预测价值。方法对2862例经LC手术的结石性胆囊炎患者术前超声诊断结果与术中发现进行对比,并对多种可能影响手术的因素作相关分析。结果增加手术难度的胆囊超声表现有8种,依次为胆囊轮廓不清或囊壁结构不完整、胆囊萎缩、胆汁透声差伴有点絮状强回声、胆囊肿大、胆囊颈结石嵌顿、胆囊壁增厚、胆囊腔结石充满型及肝硬化,其中胆囊轮廓不清或囊壁结构不完整、胆囊萎缩、胆囊颈结石嵌顿这3个因素导致LC中转开腹的比例为2.48%～5.13%。结论术前超声检测中,应重视对上述8种表现的观察,特别是存在胆囊轮廓不清或囊壁结构不完整、胆囊萎缩、胆囊颈结石嵌顿表现时,应提示术者术前做好中转开腹的准备。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的影像学表现研究

目的探讨超声造影对诊断黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎(xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis,XGC)的价值。方法选取术前行常规超声及超声造影检查的XGC 14例,同时行增强CT检查的9例,分析图像特点,总结其特征表现。结果14例病灶胆囊壁均增厚,13例伴囊腔内结石,1例伴胆总管结石。超声造影4例病灶增厚的囊壁动脉期出现小灶性不增强区,9例胆囊黏膜线完整清晰,6例浆膜线完整清晰,4例胆囊旁肝实质有减退区。增强CT组与超声造影组囊壁动脉期强化程度具有显著差异,超声造影(64.3%)诊断正确率较增强CT(44.4%)高。结论超声造影对胆囊病灶动脉期增强特点的观察更具优势,对XGC更具诊断价值。     

B超预测腹腔镜胆囊切除术的价值

通过８４例腹腔镜胆囊切除术术前Ｂ超与手术结果的对照，分析了在胆囊、胆囊壁、胆周和胆囊结石等方面Ｂ超声像图不同的病例的手术情况，阐明了Ｂ超预测腹腔镜胆囊切除术的作用，对于降低手术中转率，防止和减少手术并发症具有重要临床价值。应该指出，Ｂ超声像图显示胆囊颈部结石嵌顿伴胆囊增大或胆囊壁增厚、胆囊增大伴胆囊壁增厚的病例，腹腔镜胆囊切除术要慎重。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的诊断及鉴别诊断

目的 探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎（XGC）的临床表现、实验室检查情况、影像学检查表现特点,旨在提高XGC的术前诊断率.方法 回顾性分析12例经手术病理证实XGC患者的临床表现、实验室指标及病变的超声、CT及MRI表现特点,例如,胆囊壁内结节、黏膜线、胆囊壁增厚情况及强化方式、是否合并结石、胆囊周围脂肪及肝实质是否受累以及胆道梗阻情况.结果 12例患者均出现右上腹痛,11例白细胞及粒细胞不同程度升高;7例CA 199轻度升高但低于正常值5倍,CEA轻度升高1例;超声、CT、MRI表现为胆囊壁增厚,其中弥漫性增厚9例,8例见多发壁内结节,部分结节超声表现为低回声（带）、CT为低密度、MRI呈较长T1长T2.CT及MRI增强结节未见明显强化,6例增强CT、MRI粘膜线完整强化,11例病例合并胆囊结石,仅1例出现胆道梗阻,1例邻近肝实质受累.结论 综合分析患者临床表现、实验室指标及影像学检查结果,能明显提高XGC诊断准确率,为手术方案选择提供有力依据.     

螺旋CT等诊断急性坏疽性胆囊炎并发亚急性胆囊穿孔价值研究

目的：探讨螺旋CT联合超敏C反应蛋白对急性坏疽性胆囊炎并发亚急性胆囊穿孔的诊断价值。方法：对经病理学检查确诊为急性坏疽性胆囊炎并发亚急性胆囊穿孔38例的CT表现和超敏C反应蛋白水平进行回顾性分析。结果：螺旋CT联合超敏c反应蛋白术前诊断为亚急性胆囊穿孔32例,诊断准确度为84．2％。急性坏疽性胆囊炎并亚急性胆囊穿孔CT表现初期为胆囊体积增大,胆囊壁增厚,部分可见双边征,胆囊内胆汁密度升高,胆囊周围筋膜反应性增厚;后期为胆囊体积减小,胆囊壁局部缺损,胆囊周围脓肿形成,少量胆囊周围积气、腹腔积气,少量腹腔积液等。超敏c反应蛋白表现为,初期显著升高（最高者〉39mg／L）;后期升高幅度显著降低（均〈18mg／L）。结论：螺旋CT联合超敏C反应蛋白诊断急性坏疽性胆囊炎并发亚急性胆囊穿孔诊断准确度较高。     

胆系结石的超声显像诊断

本文对超声显像诊断经手术证实的432例胆系结石进行了分析,总结了如何提高结石显现率的体会。认为：1．B超声的显像检查简便易行,显像率高,可做为胆系结石检查的首选方法;2．胆系结石可分为：①典型胆囊结石;②胆囊充满型结石;③胆囊泥砂样结石;④胆囊颈部结石;⑤胆囊嵌顿型结石;⑥肝内胆管结石;⑦肝外胆管结石;⑧胆系多发性结石八种类型。3利病人的体位变化,探头方向和角度的变化以及仪器前后场增益的调节等方法可提高胆系结石的显现率。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的螺旋CT表现

目的 探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎(XGC)的螺旋CT表现及其病理基础.资料与方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的16例XGC患者的CT和手术病理资料,着重观察胆囊壁的厚度、胆囊壁的强化方式、胆囊壁内低密度结节、胆囊内壁黏膜线、邻近肝脏组织受累情况,胆囊内有无结石,以及胆囊周围变化.结果 16例中均见不同程度的胆囊壁增厚及壁内低密度结节,12例胆囊增大,4例胆囊缩小,12例显示胆囊内完整黏膜线,11例伴有胆囊结石或胆总管结石,10例胆囊周围炎性浸润,4例累及肝脏,3例伴有胆管不同程度扩张.结论 胆囊壁增厚、增厚的胆囊壁内低密度结节和较完整的胆囊内壁黏膜线是诊断XGC较具特征性的表现.     

胆石性肠梗阻的影像诊断

目的研究胆石性肠梗阻影像表现及其诊断价值.方法回顾性分析15例经临床证实的胆石性肠梗阻患者的影像表现及其诊断价值.结果所有病例CT表现均见肠梗阻征象、肠腔内迷走结石（异位结石）及胆囊、胆系积气,2例显示腹腔游离积液,除1例胆囊切除者外另14例均见胆囊变形,胆囊与十二指肠分界不清,4例可见明确显示胆肠瘘.5例同时进行了腹部立卧位X线平片检查,其中1例碘水造影显示机械性肠梗阻、肠腔内充盈缺损、胆肠瘘,1例显示胆管积气,3例显示肠梗阻征象,2例未见异常.7例同时进行了腹部超声检查,均提示胆囊异常,其中3例显示胆系积气.结论胆石性肠梗阻有典型的CT表现,CT是胆石性肠梗阻最佳诊断方法,X线平片及超声可以作为筛查手段.     

Gallbladder and bile duct abnormalities in AIDS: sonographic findings in eight patients

Gallbladder and biliary tract abnormalities were observed on sonography in eight patients with AIDS. The studies were obtained to evaluate right upper quadrant pain (two patients), tenderness (three patients), and abnormal liver function tests (eight patients). The two major sonographic findings were gallbladder wall thickening (eight patients), which often was marked, and bile duct dilatation (two patients). Gallbladder wall thickness varied from 4 to 15 mm and was greater than 1 cm in four patients. Follow-up sonograms in five patients showed increasing wall thickness in four and decreasing thickness in one, but these findings did not correlate well with the clinical status of the patient. Pericholecystic fluid was shown in three cases. None of the patients had gallstones. Common bile duct dilatation varied from 12 to 15 mm; no specific cause for dilatation was found by cholangiography. Mycobacterium avium intracellulare was recovered from the gallbladder in one patient, and Cryptosporidium was recovered from the duodenum in two patients. AIDS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of gallbladder wall thickening or bile duct dilatation in the appropriate clinical setting. These findings may indicate opportunistic infection of the biliary tract. A disparity may exist between the mild symptoms and signs (or lack of symptoms and signs) related to the gallbladder and bile ducts and the sometimes marked sonographic abnormalities.     

胆道闭锁的超声诊断

目的:总结小婴儿胆道闭锁的超声图像特点,探讨胆囊形态与胆道闭锁的关系.方法:回顾性分析40例经手术病理证实的胆道闭锁婴儿肝胆超声表现,并结合同期经手术证实的非闭锁性黄疸病例加以讨论.结果:胆囊未显示2例.胆囊显示38例,17例长径小于1.5cm,内径2～3mm,其中3例胆囊长径小于0.5cm,内径1mm.17例胆囊长径...     

Gallbladder ejection fraction: correlation of scintigraphic and ultrasonographic techniques

PURPOSE: The assessment of gallbladder function and ejection fraction using sincalide-enhanced biliary scintigraphy is a useful way to evaluate patients with recurrent right upper quadrant pain but no gallstones. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We wanted to determine whether gallbladder contraction measured by ultrasonography could be used in place of biliary scintigraphy. Biliary scans with an infusion of sincalide and concurrent ultrasonography were performed in 17 patients with histories of recurrent abdominal pain and no evidence of gallstones by ultrasound. RESULTS: Gallbladder ejection fractions calculated by ultrasound and scintigraphy using standard techniques showed only a weak correlation. The poor performance of ultrasound appears to arise because the variable shape of the gallbladder invalidates the calculation of its volume by the formula for a prolate spheroid. When gallbladders that were ellipsoidal were subselected, correlation was improved. The level of training of the sonologist did not have a significant effect on the results. CONCLUSION: Gallbladder ejection fraction calculated by ultrasonography cannot be used routinely as a substitute for biliary scintigraphy.     

The incidence of gallbladder stones and gallbladder function in beta-thalassemic children.

PURPOSE: To determine gallbladder motor function and gallstone prevalence in beta-thalassemic children. Abnormalities in gallbladder function or bile acid metabolism may contribute to gallstone formation in these patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In 17 beta-thalassemic patients and 12 normal healthy children with similar age, sex and weight, gallbladder size was measured using real-time US, and volume was calculated using the ellipsoid method. RESULTS: In the beta-thalassemic patients, cholelithiasis was present in 2 patients (11.8%). Sludge, which can be a predisposing factor for cholelithiasis and cholecystitis when it persists, was detected in 5 patients (29.4%). One of the patients had both cholelithiasis and sludge. Compared with the control group, beta-thalassemic children had larger fasting volume, residual volume, and smaller contraction index. CONCLUSION: Beta-thalassemic patients have enlarged gallbladders that retain an increased residual volume of bile. Gallbladder enlargement, bile stasis, and impaired emptying of sludge may be important events in the pathogenesis of pigment gallstones in beta-thalassemic patients.     

Biliary complications of gallstone lithotripsy detected by Tc-99m DISIDA scintigraphy

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) has been reported to be a safe and relatively effective non-invasive treatment for radiolucent gallbladder calculi in selected patients. Ideally, the goal of successful treatment is the passage of all fragments from the gallbladder into the intestinal tract. Biliary colic has been reported in up to 35% of treated patients, although complications such as cholecystitis, cholangitis, common bile duct obstruction, and pancreatitis are surprisingly infrequent. Cholescintigraphy is the procedure of choice in patients with biliary colic and suspected acute cholecystitis. It has proven to be more sensitive than ultrasound in detecting acute common bile duct (CBD) obstruction, since functional obstruction precedes morphologic dilatation of the CBD. This report reviews two cases of post-lithotripsy cystic and common duct obstruction and discusses the role of Tc-DISIDA scintigraphy following gallstone ESWL.     

胆囊胆汁成分对胆固醇息肉和结石形成的影响

 为探讨胆囊胆汁成分与胆固醇息肉和结石形成的关系,测定了12例胆固醇结石、8例胆固醇息肉和7例非肝胆疾病患者的胆囊胆汁成分.结果显示息肉组和结石组胆固醇浓度均较正常组明显升高,结石组糖蛋白及钙离子浓度明显高于息肉组和正常组,息肉组与正常组pH值接近,均明显低于结石组.提示胆囊胆汁中胆固醇浓度升高是胆固醇息肉和结石形成的病理基础.     

超声对华支睾吸虫感染所致胆道梗阻的诊断价值

目的 探讨华支睾吸虫感染所致胆道梗阻的超声影像特点及其诊断价值.资料与方法 回顾性分析43例华支睾吸虫感染患者的胆道梗阻声像图表现,并与胆总管病变引起的胆道梗阻作比较.结果 43例华支睾吸虫感染所致胆道梗阻患者均表现为肝内胆管轻至中度扩张,以次级胆管明显,胆管壁增厚,回声增强,胆囊肿大,胆总管轻度扩张,扩张程度与肝内胆管不成正比.胆总管病变引起的胆道梗阻其肝内胆管扩张程度与胆总管成正比.结论 华支睾吸虫感染所致胆道梗阻超声表现具有特征性,超声可作为该病的有效诊断方法.     

飞行人员胆囊结石的空中B超观察

旨在观察飞行中胆囊结石有无位移及能否诱发空中突然失能。采用日本SDL－32型B超诊断仪，对16名飞行人员胆囊结石患者进行了地面及空中观察。结果表明，地面观察未见胆囊结石有明显位移；跟班飞行观察，从飞机爬升经巡航到下滑几个阶段内，胆囊结石保持原位不动者9例（共有块状结石7枚，泥沙状结石3堆），其中结石位于胆囊颈部3例、胆囊体部6例，为滞留型；结石发生了位移者7例（共有块状结石13枚），其中结石由胆囊颈部降到胆囊体部者4例、由胆囊体部落到胆囊底部者2例，在胆囊体部前后壁间横向移位者1例，为游移型。游移型结石有可能速入胆道，引起突然失能，危及飞行安全，应密切观察。     

Biliary malignancies occurring in choledochal cysts

Eight cases of choledochal cyst associated with biliary malignancy (gallbladder carcinoma in three and bile duct carcinoma in five) were reviewed to evaluate the roles and limitations of computed tomography (CT) (n = 8), ultrasound (US) (n = 6), cholangiography (n = 8), and angiography (n = 6). In cases of gallbladder carcinoma, both CT and US revealed mass lesions in the gallbladder consistent with cancer. CT also depicted either a mass lesion or an irregular thickened wall in all cases of bile duct carcinoma; however, US failed to demonstrate a thickened wall in one of three cases in which CT findings were positive. Cholangiography universally revealed malunion of the pancreatico-biliary duct, and the findings were suggestive of malignancy in seven cases in which CT depicted abnormalities. Angiography showed tumor stain in three of six cases. Lymph node metastases were present in four cases but were detected preoperatively in only one. One case showing a thickened bile duct wall was erroneously diagnosed as malignancy among 27 cases of choledochal cyst unassociated with biliary malignancy.     

Contracted gallbladder: a cause of false-positive hepatobiliary scan in patients with cystic fibrosis

Gallbladder nonvisualization on hepatobiliary scintigraphy in cystic fibrosis is generally secondary to cystic duct obstruction from inspissated bile, mucus, or gallstones. We report gallbladder nonvisualization on hepatobiliary imaging in two patients with cystic fibrosis who had contracted gallbladders on ultrasonography. Repeat ultrasonography at 6 months revealed persistent gallbladder contraction. A contracted gallbladder therefore is a potential cause of a false-positive hepatobiliary scan which can be treated with conservative management.