基于多模型高斯过程回归的肺部四维计算机断层扫描超分辨率重建

肺部四维计算机断层扫描(4D-CT)能引导精确放疗,然而出于对患者安全性的考虑,4D-CT扫描间距不能太小,以至于图像的上下层间分辨率过低,因此图像冠、矢状面需要插值才能得到高分辨率图像。本文提出了一种基于多模型高斯过程回归的超分辨率重建技术,该方法利用高分辨率的横截面及对应的低分辨率图像作为训练集,通过构造多个高斯过程回归模型,预测出冠、矢状面的高分辨率像素点。实验结果表明,本文方法在边缘及细节的恢复上都优于双三次插值、凸集投影算法、稀疏表达方法、多相位相似的方法和基于自学习分块的高斯过程回归方法。研究结果表明,本文方法能有效提高肺部4D-CT图像的质量,对实现肺部肿瘤精确的个体化放疗有积极意义。     

旋转扫描超声心脏图像的中轴匹配与图像插值

研究旋转扫描超声医学图像多维重建中图像中轴匹配方法和插值算法。首先 ,根据图像中轴的特征点分析其时域曲线 ,实现中轴的轴向匹配 ;相似矩阵用来寻找两幅图像中轴附近匹配的像素线。自相关函数和 Fouri-er谱用来对图像中轴的匹配进行评价。其次 ,针对旋转扫描原始图像空间分布的特殊性 ,提出了分区插值法。实验结果表明 :我们提出的图像中轴匹配方法切实可行 ,插值算法快速、精确 ,基于匹配的插值算法可大大改善重建质量     

基于图像自相似性的多尺度稀疏表示肺4D-CT图像超分辨率重建

针对肺四维计算机断层摄影(4D-CT)数据层间分辨率远低于层内分辨率的各项数据异性问题,提出一种基于图像自相似性的多尺度稀疏表示超分辨率重建方法,用以提升肺4D-CT图像的分辨率。所提出的方法通过探索验证肺4D-CT数据横断面与冠矢状面图像的自相似性,以横断面图像代替冠矢状面图像,组成高分辨率和低分辨率图像块对,构建训练集;引入多尺度策略,根据四叉树原理划分得到不同尺度的图像块,训练得出全局多尺度字典,以捕获更多肺部解剖结构特征;通过稀疏表示超分辨算法重建得出冠矢状面的高分辨率图像。利用仿真数据和真实数据对提出的算法进行实验验证,量化评价与视觉效果均体现本研究算法在提升图像清晰度以及改善图像细微结构显示质量方面的优越性,同时还可有效避免对算法精度及耗时产生影响的运动估计过程。     

基于运动估计的肺4D-CT图像冠矢状面超分辨率重建

肺4D-CT在肺癌放射治疗中发挥着重要的作用,但肺4D-CT数据层间的分辨率低,导致每个相位3D数据的肺冠矢状面均为低分辨率图像。本研究提出一种基于运动估计的超分辨率重建技术,以提高3D数据的冠矢状面图像分辨率。首先,分析图像退化模型;然后,采用基于完全搜索块匹配的运动估计法,估计出不同“帧”肺冠矢状面图像之间的运动场;最后,以此运动场为基础,采用迭代反投影法（IBP）,重建高分辨率的肺部冠矢状面图像。使用一个公共可用的数据集来评价所提出的算法,该数据集由10组肺4D-CT数据组成,每组数据包含10个相位。在每组图像中,选取不同相位的冠矢状面图像进行实验。结果表明,与传统的插值方法（如最近邻插值、双线性插值法）相比,图像边缘宽度均显著降低（最近邻插值9.93±0.59,双线性插值8.04±0.69,新算法5.41±0.60, P<0.001）;较双线性插值,图像平均梯度显著提高（5.41±0.59 vs 7.49±0.75, P<0.001）,新方法不仅能获得视觉上清晰的图像,而且量化评价指标也有明显提高。主观和客观实验结果表明,所提出的新方法能有效提高肺4D-CT冠矢状面图像的分辨率。     

一种基于生成对抗网络的无监督域自适应磁共振图像分割方法EI北大核心CSCD

智能医学图像分割方法正在快速地发展和应用,但面临着域转移挑战,即由于源域和目标域数据分布不同导致算法性能下降。为此,本文提出了一种基于生成对抗网络(GAN)的无监督端到端域自适应医学图像分割方法。设计网络训练调整模型,由分割网络和鉴别网络组成。分割网络以残差模块为基本模块,增加对特征的复用能力,降低模型优化难度,并将分割损失与对抗损失相结合,在鉴别网络的作用下学习图像特征层面的跨域特征。鉴别网络采用卷积神经网络,并带入源域标签训练,用来区分生成网络的分割结果是来自源域或目标域,整个训练过程无监督。使用膝关节磁共振(MR)图像公开数据集和采集的临床数据集进行实验,与经典的特征级域自适应方法和图像级域自适应方法对比,所提方法的平均戴斯相似性系数(DSC)分别提高了2.52%与6.10%。本文方法有效提高了分割方法的域自适应能力,显著提高了对胫骨和股骨的分割精度,可以较好地解决磁共振图像分割中的域转移问题。     

基于结构自适应归一化卷积的磁共振图像超分辨率重建

目的 探讨一种针对磁共振图像超分辨率重建的有效算法.方法 根据图像间存在的微小结构差异,应用结构自适应归一化卷积算法,对重复扫描获取的磁共振图像进行超分辨率重建,同时运用其他4种常用超分辨率重建算法进行相同处理,计算峰值信噪比,比较重建效果.结果 结构自适应归一化卷积算法与其他算法相比,能够更好地保留磁共振图像的边缘和细节特征.结论 结构自适应归一化卷积算法结合了局部结构信息,可获得质量较好的高分辨率磁共振图像.     

基于医学图像的超分辨率重建算法综述

随着临床对医学图像高分辨率的要求,基于低分辨率医学图像的超分辨率重建算法已成为研究热点,该类方法在不需要改进硬件设备的情况下,可以显著提高图像分辨率,因此对其进行综述具有重要意义。针对医学图像领域中特有的超分辨率重建算法,首先分析了该类算法的研究现状,并将其分为三类:基于插值的超分辨率重建、基于重构的超分辨率重建和基于学习的超分辨率重建。同时,基于MR图像、CT图像、超声图像等细分医学图像领域,深入分析了超分辨率重建算法的研究进展,并对不同类型的算法进行了归纳总结和比对分析。其次,对超分辨率重建算法所对应的评价标准也进行了介绍。最后,展望了超分辨率重建技术在医学图像领域的发展趋势。当前应用于医学图像领域的超分辨重建算法已经发展到一定水平,逐步突破基于单一方法的研究形式,通过与机器学习和稀疏表示等理论的深度融合,形成了更高效的算法。     

基于图像域的PROPELLER磁共振仿射运动校正新算法

在对人体腹部或其他软组织进行PROPELLER磁共振成像(MRI)过程中,成像结果会有不同程度的仿射运动伪影。迄今为止提出的比较好的仿射运动校正方法是基于频率域的,即用仿射运动信息对k空间条进行校正后网格化重建得到最终图像。但结果中会有混叠现象,并且在一些细节上有伪影存在。本文提出一种新的PRO-PELLER仿射校正方法,将仿射运动模型加入到基于图像域的PROPELLER磁共振图像重建过程中,首先在图像域通过图像配准算法获得仿射运动信息,然后利用仿射信息校正k空间坐标从而完成对k空间条的密度补偿,再通过逆傅立叶变换得到各个子图像并在图像域进行仿射校正,最后通过旋转完成线性叠加得到最终结果。仿真实验表明,相对于现有的PROPELLER仿射校正算法,本文所提算法对于仿射运动造成的伪影具有更好的校正效果。     

核磁共振图像分割算法及应用进展

核磁共振成像(MRI)以其无辐射、多方位成像、空间分辨率高等优点在影像医学领域广泛应用,核磁共振图像的分割也发挥着越来越重要的作用.对应用较广的核磁图像的分割算法的原理和应用进行了系统的综述,将核磁图像分割算法分为5个主要研究方面:基于阈值,基于模式识别,基于活动轮廓模型,基于马尔科夫随机场(MRF),基于图切割;给出了不同算法分割特点和相关应用范围,并将部分算法应用在腹部核磁图像上进行分割实验,展示了不同算法分割核磁图像后的效果和特点.最后,展望了核磁图像分割的未来的发展趋势.     

基于计算统一设备架构的高斯径向基图像插值快速实现方法研究

在医学图像的处理及分析中,常常需要对图像进行插值运算。尽管高斯径向基(GRBF)插值有插值精度高的优点,但运算时间长的不足仍限制了它在图像插值中的应用。因此,本文提出采用基于计算统一设备架构(CUDA)的方法实现二维和三维医学图像的GRBF快速插值。根据CUDA单指令多线程(SIMT)的执行模型,采用合并访存、共享内存等各种合适的内存优化措施。并且在应用对数据空间进行二维分块,三维分体策略的过程中使用基于重叠区域的自然缝合算法来消除图像插值连接边界的失真现象。在保持较高图像插值精度的基础上,二维和三维医学图像GRBF插值各基本计算步骤都得到了极大的加速。实验结果表明:基于CUDA平台的GRBF插值执行效率与传统CPU运算相比明显提高,对其在图像插值中的应用具有相当的参考价值。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.