回压静脉法在静脉穿刺困难患者中的应用

目的 提高静脉血管充盈不佳患者的穿刺成功率,减轻患者痛苦.方法 采用自身对照法,对112例静脉穿刺困难患者按输液单双日采用不同方法进行静脉穿刺.双日采用传统方法如握拳、拍打局部使静脉充盈后进行静脉穿刺(传统法);单日采用从静脉远心端向近心端推压3～6次后行静脉穿刺(回压法).比较两种方法浅静脉充盈程度及一次穿刺成功率.结果 回压法浅静脉充盈良好率显著高于传统法(P＜0.01),一次穿刺成功率回压法与传统法比较,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05).结论 回压静脉穿刺方法可提高静脉穿刺成功率.     

外涂硝酸甘油加热敷在浅静脉穿刺困难患者中的应用

目的探讨浅静脉穿刺时解除血管痉挛更有效的方法。方法将80例血管条件差（血管痉挛、塌陷）但需静脉注射患者随机均分为对照组与观察组。对照组采用热敷法，观察组采用外涂1％硝酸甘油再加以热敷的方法。结果观察组患者一次穿刺成功率、静脉穿刺时间、血管充盈时间、血管充盈持续时间及血管充盈度与对照组比较，差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）。结论硝酸甘油加热敷对解除浅静脉穿刺时血管痉挛有显著疗效，且安全、舒适。     

改良静脉穿刺在下肢深静脉顺行造影中的应用

目的探讨改良静脉穿刺方法在下肢深静脉顺行造影中的应用价值。方法将224例患者（300肢）随机分为观察组（114例患者150肢）和对照组（110例患者150肢），观察组在踝部上方5cm处扎紧止血带，逆心穿刺踝部旁侧的大隐静脉；对照组向心穿刺拇趾基底部旁侧的浅静脉或足背浅静脉远端。比较两组一次穿刺成功率、推注造影剂时患者的疼痛感觉及显影效果。结果两组一次穿刺成功率、推注造影剂时患者的疼痛感觉比较，差异有显著性意义（均P〈0．01）；两组显影效果比较，差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）。结论下肢深静脉顺行造影时采用大隐静脉逆心穿刺可提高穿刺成功率，减轻患者的疼痛。     

针尖斜面向左静脉直刺法穿刺效果观察

目的 寻找减轻患者痛苦及减少对血管组织损伤的静脉穿刺方法。方法 对130例患者进行静脉穿刺，采用自身对照法，双日采用针尖斜面向左静脉直刺法（改良法），单日采用针尖斜面向上静脉直刺法（常规法），分别观察患者的疼痛程度、一次穿刺成功率及并发症发生情况。结果 改良法较传统法疼痛程度轻（P〈0．01）；一次穿刺成功率显著提高（P〈0．01）；血管周围淤血、液体渗漏、针头堵塞显著降低（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）。结论 针尖斜面向左静脉直利法对皮肤血管的机械性切割损伤小，可减轻患者疼痛及对组织血管的损伤，提高穿刺成功率。     

股静脉体表投影点斜角穿刺法用于小儿股静脉采血

目的提高小儿股静脉穿刺采血成功率。方法将78例股静脉采血患儿随机分为甲组（40例）和乙组（38例）。甲组采用传统方法穿刺采血，乙组采用股静脉投影点斜角穿刺法。结果乙组一次采血成功率显著高于甲组，采血时间显著短于甲组，局部瘀斑发生率显著低于甲组（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）。结论股静脉体表投影点斜角穿刺法进针部位较直观，可提高采血成功率。     

减压穿刺法在患儿头皮静脉输液中的应用

目的探讨减压穿刺法在患儿头皮静脉输液中的应用效果。方法将120例患儿按输液单双日分为两组各60例。对照组采用常规头皮穿刺输液;观察组采用减压穿刺法,即降低输液瓶、升高调节器高度进行患儿头皮静脉输液。结果两组一次穿刺成功率及穿刺回血时间比较,差异有显著性意义（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）。结论采用减压穿刺法进行患儿头皮静脉输液,静脉回血早,可提高一次穿刺成功率,有效保护患儿血管,提高其家属满意度。     

拔河式大角度快速穿刺法在肿瘤患者静脉穿刺中的应用

目的观察拔河式大角度快速穿刺法行静脉穿刺减轻肿瘤患者疼痛，提高一次穿刺成功率的效果。方法采用自身对照法对-169例肿瘤输液患者进行静脉穿刺．双日采用拔河式大角度快速法穿刺（快速法），单日采用常规方法操作（常规法）。结果快速法静脉穿刺时患者疼痛程度、一次穿刺成功率和满意度显著优于常规法（均P〈0．01）。结论使用拔河式大角度快速穿刺法行静脉穿刺．可减轻肿瘤患者疼痛程度．提高一次穿刺成功率和患者满意度。     

浅静脉穿刺两种不同握拳法的对比观察

对 5 0 0例浅静脉充盈不佳需行静脉穿刺的病人采用自身对照的方法 ,即双日采取常规扎止血带后反复用力握拳运动 6次 ,单日采取常规扎止血带握拳 1次即行静脉穿刺。结果反复握拳法病人静脉充盈度及静脉穿刺成功率均优于单次握拳法 (均P <0 .0 1)。提示静脉穿刺前反复用力握拳 ,能明显改善静脉充盈度 ,提高静脉穿刺成功率     

外周血管充盈不佳者留置针负压穿刺置管的效果评价

目的 用负压穿刺置管法提高外周血管充盈不佳者浅静脉留置针穿刺置管的成功率。方法 随机将100例外周血管充盈不佳者分为两组，试验组采用负压穿刺置管法，对照组采用传统手法，比较两组穿刺成功率；对首次穿刺失败的两组病人采用试验组的方法重新负压穿刺置管，观察穿刺成功率。结果 试验组穿刺置管成功率明显高于对照组（P〈0.01），且二次重新负压穿刺置管成功率非常高。结论 对于外周血管充盈不佳者宜采用负压穿刺放置静脉留置针，以提高穿刺成功率。     

手臂下垂对手背静脉穿刺效果的影响

目的探讨手背静脉充盈方法 ,提高静脉穿刺成功率。方法对 14 7例住院输液病人采用自身对照法 ,单日采用常规法穿刺 14 7例次 (常规法 ) ;双日采用手臂下垂 2min后再扎止血带穿刺 14 7例次 (下垂法 )。结果两组静脉充盈度、扎止血带及进针时间 ,穿刺成功率比较 ,差异有显著性意义 (均P <0 .0 1) ,下垂法明显优于常规法 ;疼痛程度差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论采用手臂下垂法 ,能增加静脉充盈度 ,缩短扎止血带后寻找穿刺血管的时间 ,提高静脉穿刺成功率     

Internal Jugular Vein Occlusion Test for Rapid Diagnosis of Misplaced Subclavian Vein Catheter into the Internal Jugular Vein

Background : During subclavian vein catheterization, the most common misplacement of the catheter is cephalad, into the ipsilateral internal jugular vein (IJV). This can be detected by chest radiography. However, after any repositioning of the catheter, subsequent chest radiography is required. In an effort to simplify the detection of a misplaced subclavian vein catheter, the authors assessed a previously published detection method.

Methods : One hundred adult patients scheduled for subclavian vein cannulation were included in this study. After placement of subclavian vein catheter, chest radiography was performed. While the x-ray film was being processed, the authors performed an IJV occlusion test by applying external pressure on the IJV for approximately 10 s in the supraclavicular area and observed the change in central venous pressure and its waveform pattern. The observations thus obtained were compared with the position of catheter in chest radiographs, and the sensitivity and specificity of this method were evaluated using a 2 x 2 table.

Results : In 96 patients, subclavian vein cannulation was successfully performed. In four patients, cannulation was unsuccessful; therefore, these patients were excluded from the study. There were six misplacements of venous catheters as detected by radiography. In five (5.2%) patients, the catheter tip was located in the ipsilateral IJV, and in one (1.02%), the catheter tip was located in the contralateral subclavian vein. In the patients who had a misplaced catheter into the IJV, IJV occlusion test results were positive, with an increase of 3-5 mmHg in central venous pressure, whereas the test results were negative in patients who had normally placed catheters or misplacement of a catheter other than in the IJV. There were no false-positive or false-negative test results.     

Aneurysm of the Splenic Vein

Aneurysms of the portal venous system are increasingly reported in the past five years. Congenital weakness of the venous wall, trauma, pancreatitis and portal hypertension are possible etiologies. Surgical intervention is indicated in case of symptomatic aneurysms with or without progressive expansion of the aneurysm diameter. The treatment of asymptomatic splenic vein aneurysms remains debated. We report the case of an asymptomatic and uncomplicated splenic vein aneurysm for which a conservative approach was advocated with regular follow-up by means of Doppler ultrasonography. After six years of follow-up the aneurysm diameter has not changed and no complications were observed.     

Long-term Results of Vein Sparing Varicose Vein Surgery

The aim of this study was to assess the long-term functional outcome of vein sparing varicose vein surgery using handheld Doppler ultrasound (HHD). The series consisted of 171 consecutive day-case surgery patients operated on for uncomplicated lower limb varicose veins. Venous segments considered competent were spared based on clinical examination and HHD, which was performed preoperatively only when deemed necessary by the surgeon. After a mean follow-up of 8 years all patients were examined, a systematic HHD evaluation was performed, and the findings were classified according to the CEAP (Clinical, Etiological, Anatomical, Pathophysiological) classification, and disability scoring was performed. During the follow-up period 17% of the legs were reoperated or scheduled for reoperation. At follow-up 79% of all patients were asymptomatic without reoperation. In 24%, recurrent varicosities were present and venous reflux was demonstrated by HHD. Recurrence was two times more common when the saphenofemoral junction had originally been left intact. Of all recurrent cases, reflux was demonstrated in the long saphenous vein (LSV) above the knee in 62%, in the LSV below the knee in 7%, in the short saphenous vein (SSV) in 16%, in the posterior arch vein in 38%, and in a thigh perforator in 8%. Of the legs reoperated during the follow-up period 41% presented with venous reflux at the follow-up visit. We conclude that HHD efficiently reveals sites of reflux that have been missed during previous surgery and that a thorough preoperative HHD examination and marking of reflux routes is required.     

Great Mediastinal Vein Reconstruction Using Autologous Superficial Femoral Vein Superficial Femoral Vein Graft

Abstract Background and Aim: Great mediastinal veins may be reconstructed using autologous, synthetic, or allograft conduits. Autologous conduits have been found superior to other conduit options. The superficial femoral vein (SFV) offers excellent early patency, minimal lower limb morbidity, and ease of harvest without accessory suture lines. Although rarely used, the SFV provides an acceptable alternative for conduit in large vein reconstructions. Methods: Two recent cases using SFV for great mediastinal vein reconstruction were reviewed and operative technique of vein harvest detailed. Results: This is the first report of successful reconstruction of a left superior vena cava using SFV conduit. Both superior vena cava (SVC) reconstructions reported were perfectly patent at intermediate term follow‐up (20 and 14 months) as determined by computed tomography angiogram or magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusions: Successful and durable reconstruction of the SVC or a persistent left subclavian vein is possible with minimal morbidity using the SFV.