Female vesical instability: etiologic problems in 209 cases

Based on a series of 209 cases, the authors investigate the aetiological factors responsible for vesical instability in adult females. Fifty five p. cent of patients suffered from incontinence due to isolated urgency. These patients presented a history of neurological disturbances in 21 cases, total hysterectomy in 22 cases and surgery for incontinence in 54 cases. Sixty p. cent of cases presented with genital prolapse. There were 7 cases of urinary tract infection, 2 cases of renal stones and 2 bladder tumours. Urodynamic studies revealed 60 dysuric syndromes. The responsibility of urinary tract infection or genital prolapse in the development of vesical instability is questionable. Nevertheless, the frequency of genital prolapse in the present series argues in favour of deficiency of the perineal musculature which decreases the capacity for inhibition of the detrusor. Lastly, 40% of patients did not have any neurological causes or any vesical or adjacent pathology. These cases were described as idiopathic vesical instability for which the aetiopathogenesis remains unknown.     

Clinical application of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripter (Dornier MFL-5000) for upper urinary tract stones]

The results of clinical application of an extracorporeal shock wave lithotripter (MFL-5000, Dornier, Germany) were presented. The treatments were performed from August 1989 to November 1989 at the University of Tokyo. A total of 40 sessions were carried out on 32 patients with 51 upper urinary tract stones. On the X-ray films obtained three months after the last sessions, 10 patients (34.5%) were free from stone fragments and 4 (13.8%) had stone fragments equal or less than 4 mm. After treatment no serious adverse effect was observed. Macroscopic hematuria was observed in almost all patients, pyrexia in 7 (21.9%), and flank pain in 6 (18.8%). On the laboratory data after treatments, there were slight and transient changes which were milder than those of the first generation lithotripter. It is concluded that MFL-5000 is useful and safe in the management of patients with upper urinary tract stones.     

Biliary extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy in the surgical treatment concept of cholelithiasis

Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (BESWL) using the "Obertisch" module Lithostar Plus (Siemens AG) was carried out in 100 patients, comprising a total of 189 gallbladder stones with a size range from 8 to 35 mm. Chenodeoxycholic and ursodeoxycholic acid was given as adjuvant litholytic therapy, beginning 14 days before treatment. 53% of the patients suffered from radiolucent solitary stones with an average size of 21 +/- 6 mm. 14% had more than 3 stones, another 12% had solitary stones with a small rim calcification. In 99 patients all stones could be disintegrated. In 90% we achieved a fragment size smaller than 5 mm, in 10% smaller than 8 mm. 68 patients were treated in a single session, in 32% a 2nd or 3rd treatment was necessary. In the average 4100 +/- 2200 shock-waves with energy level 9 (650 bar) were applied. During treatment 15 patients suffered from slight right kidney pain. In the following 48 hours after BESWL we observed a transitory significant elevation of transaminases (32%), urinary amylases without clinical symptoms (31%), bilirubin (31%) and white blood cells (71%). A microhematuria was seen in 33%, a macrohematuria in 2%. Post-BESWL sonographically we found a transitory edema of the gallbladder wall in 18%, in 15% a hydrops, in 10% a dilatation of the common bile duct and in 4% free fluid surrounding the gallbladder. After dismission 31% of the patients suffered from slight colicky pain. In 3 patients acute biliary pancreatitis was observed 4 and 8 weeks after BESWL which could be treated by EPT and endoscopic stone removal.     

In situ extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for obstructing ureteral stones with acute renal colic.

In situ (no instrumentation) extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL*) was used to treat 49 patients with obstructing ureteral stones causing acute renal colic. Ureteral obstruction was diagnosed on the delayed films of an excretory urogram and was classified as severe (dilatation above and no contrast medium seen below the stone) in 17 patients and partial (dilatation above and contrast medium seen below the stone) in 32. Upper third ureteral stones were present in 41 patients (obstruction severe in 15 and partial in 26) and lower third ureteral stones were present in 8 (obstruction severe in 2 and partial in 6). ESWL was performed within 14 days of the onset of the acute renal colic because of persistent pain with an unmodified Dornier HM3 lithotriptor in 17 patients and a Medstone STS device in 32. With single stones the stone-free rate at 3 months, the repeat ESWL rate and the secondary procedure (stone basketing) rate were 92%, 6% and 8%, respectively, with severe obstruction, and 78%, 6% and 6%, respectively, with partial obstruction. No urinary drainage procedures for sepsis were required after ESWL. Obstructing ureteral stones, which presented mainly in the upper third of the ureter, were successfully treated with in situ ESWL without the need for either bypassing the stone with a ureteral stent or for pushing the stone back into the kidney before treatment with ESWL.     

Imaging characteristics of indinavir calculi

PURPOSE: Indinavir sulfate is an effective protease inhibitor of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Use is associated with a significant incidence of crystallization and stone formation in the urinary tract, and these calculi are not visible on plain radiographs. Previously all urinary stones, including uric acid and matrix, were believed to be radiodense on computerized tomography (CT). We conducted a retrospective study to evaluate the radiographic appearance of indinavir calculi. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective chart review of 36 patients taking indinavir sulfate and presenting with renal colic was performed with attention to presentation, urinalysis, radiographic evaluation and management. Specifically, imaging characteristics on CT were addressed. RESULTS: All patients complained of ipsilateral flank pain and 35 had nausea and/or vomiting. Of 30 patients with dysuria or urgency the majority had hematuria, and most had pyuria and/or proteinuria. No stones were visualized on abdominal radiography. Diagnosis was confirmed on 1 of 13 excretory urograms and 4 of 11 renal ultrasounds. None of 12 CT scans was diagnostic of renal lithiasis. CONCLUSIONS: Indinavir sulfate is a protease inhibitor with poor solubility and significant urinary excretion. Crystallization and stone formation are demonstrated in as many as 20% of patients taking the medication. Most patients present with flank pain, nausea or vomiting and hematuria. Previously CT was thought to identify all urinary calculi with clarity but it cannot reliably confirm the presence of indinavir calculi.     

膀胱憩室的手术治疗

作者总结３１例膀胱憩室的手术治疗结果，并介绍一种处理巨大膀胱憩室的简易手术。多数憩室继发于膀胱流出道梗阻。憩室内并发肿瘤７例，结石形成９例。膀胱憩室多由膀胱造影或Ｂ超诊断。憩室切除常采用膀胱内外联合入路。本组２６例手术同时处理膀胱出口梗阻和膀胱憩室。获得随访的２３例中，２１例尿路症状消失。７例憩室肿瘤患者中，５例在两年半内死亡，余２例分别存活２年和６年。本组２例巨大膀胱憩室行经膀胱内憩室旷置术，无并发症，膀胱造影无异常。作者认为，膀胱憩室的治疗应依据每个患者的情况而选用不同的手术方式。对位于膀胱后下方，粘连广泛的巨大憩室，宜采用经膀胱内入路憩室旷置术。     

新疆南部维吾尔族尿石症患者病例对照研究

目的探讨新疆南部维吾尔族泌尿系结石发病的危险因素。方岳采用问卷调查的方式，研究了阿克苏地区90例维吾儿族泌尿系结石患者一般情况及生活习惯、饮食习惯，并对其结石成分进行分析。结果21—50岁为尿结石高发年龄组（74．4％），男性略多于女性，结石患者较对照组多口味偏咸，饮水量较少，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．001）；结石成分以草酸钙为主者81例（90．0％），磷酸钙结石1例（1．1％），尿酸结石5例（5．6％），磷酸镁铵结石2例（2．2％），胱氨酸结石1例（1．1％）。结论泌尿系结石发病主要受饮食习惯和饮水量的影响。     

Urinary ionized calcium in urolithiasis. Effect of cranberry juice

Urinary ionized calcium was determined by a calcium activity electrode in 32 normal persons and in 54 patients with calcium-containing renal stones and without urinary tract infection. It was found to be 38 per cent higher in patients with calcium-containing renal stone in comparison to normal persons. However, this was not statistically significant. No consistant change in total or ionized calcium excretion was produced in normal volunteers by the administration of as much as 5 pints of cranberry juice. In patients with renal stones, the urinary ionized calcium was reduced during the cranberry juice ingestion by 50 per cent, which was statistically highly significant.     

Report of the United States cooperative study of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy effectively fragments urinary calculi in the upper urinary tract and upper ureter. These fragments pass completely by 3 months in 77.4 per cent of the patients with single stones. Risk of obstruction, increased postoperative pain, need for additional urological operations and retained fragments are low for stones less than 1 cm. in size. As the number of stones treated or single stone size increases above 1 cm. the risk for these factors increases. Adjunctive urological surgical management is required in 9 per cent of the patients preoperatively and 8 per cent postoperatively. Only 0.6 per cent of the patients require some type of open operation to resolve the stone problems after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Hemorrhage, obstruction by fragments, severe pain and urinary infection all constitute known complications and require careful urological management of all patients. Hospitalization averages 2 days after treatment and patients usually return to work within a few days after they are discharged from the hospital.     

Use of double-pigtail stents in extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

Double-pigtail stents are placed commonly in patients before extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy to prevent ureteral obstruction from steinstrasse. The use of double-pigtail stents in lithotripsy patients with a moderate stone burden was studied in a prospective randomized trial. Patients with unilateral renal stone(s) with at least 1 diameter between 7 and 25 mm. were eligible for the study. Fifty patients were randomized to a control or stented group. Double-pigtail stents with an attached suture were placed immediately before extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in the stented group. Stents were removed by the patients 1 week after lithotripsy. A survey on pain and associated symptoms was completed by patients at 1 and 14 days after treatment. There was no statistical difference in flank or abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, temperature or use of analgesics at 1 and 14 days after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in the control and stented groups. All patients in the stented groups complained of side effects attributable to the stent including urinary frequency and urgency, bladder pain, hematuria and flank pain with urination. Of 25 patients with stents 7 (27%) had early removal because of severe irritation, early migration or accidental removal. Among the patients with follow-up x-rays 1 month after treatment 17 of 21 (81%) in the control group and 12 of 19 (63%) in the stented group showed no evidence of remaining stones. The use of double-pigtail stents is not beneficial in patients with a moderate stone burden. Double-pigtail stents are associated with considerable patient discomfort but no decrease in symptomatic ureteral obstruction or final stone eradication rate.     

Investigations for recognizing urinary stone

This study was done to identify the value of the commonly performed investigations available for identifying urinary stone disease, namely X-ray of the kidney, ureter and bladder (KUB) regions and ultrasound scan (USS) to recognize stones in patients suspected to have the disease. Two hundred patients who attended the stone clinic with symptoms suggestive of urinary stone disease and had either stone retrieved or have been followed up for minimum of 6 months were interviewed. The final opinion on stone disease was made after follow-up to assess the efficacy of the initial opinion based on the plain X-ray KUB or USS. The patients were classified as proved stone patients only after retrieval of stones. The efficacy of the initial screening investigation was assessed to calculate the specificity and sensitivity of the two modalities of investigation. Of the 200 patients studied, all had plain X-ray KUB. Only 166 patients had USS for recognizing stones in the urinary tract; 74 patients showed positive evidence of stones either by X-ray or USS. The findings of the two modalities of investigation are given below. Number of X-rays done, 200; number positive, 24; proved positive, 24 (stone retrieved); proved negative, 0; number negative, 176; proved positive, 32 (stone retrieved); proved negative, 144; number of USS done, 166; number positive, 120; proved positive, 50 (stone retrieved); proved negative, 70; number negative, 46; proved positive, 14 (stone retrieved); proved negative, 32. USS showed back presence effects in 62 patients. Of these, 12% showed stones in the ureter, whereas the rest did not show evidence of stones. Those selected as positive stones finally had either passed stones or had PCNL, URS, cystolithotripsy or open surgery or were put on high-dose chemotherapy. Forty-six patients who had no ROS in KUB and no stones in USS passed stones subsequently. It is concluded that the plain both X-ray KUB and USS should be performed in patients with suspected stone disease for identifying stone disease and also to exclude other pathology which may produce similar urinary symptoms.     

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for upper urinary tract stone using piezoelectric lithotripter (Piezolith 2200)

The results of clinical trial using the second generation extracorporeal shock wave lithotripter (Piezolith 2200, Wolf, West Germany) were presented. The treatments were performed between December 1987 and March 1988 at the University of Tokyo. In total 59 ESWL sessions were carried out on 32 patients with 48 upper urinary tract stones. The treatment could be performed without anesthesia or analgesic agent in every case. A double-J ureteral stent was indwelling in 6 patients with ureteral stones or large stones before ESWL treatment, and transurethral lithotripsy (TUL) was performed in two patients after the treatment. On the X-ray film obtained three weeks after the final ESWL treatment, 13 cases (40.6%) were completely free from stone fragments, while 9 cases (28.2%) had stone fragments less than or equal to 5 mm. Others had fragments greater than 5 mm. ESWL using this device was clinically useful in 71.9% in the three weeks follow-up period. No serious complication was observed after treatment except macroscopic hematuria for a few days in all cases, pyrexia in 4 cases (12.5%) and flank pain in 7 cases (21.9%). There were slight and transient changes in the laboratory data after the treatment, but these changes were milder than those with spark gap lithotripters. It is concluded that Piezolith 2200 is useful in the management of patients with upper urinary tract stones, and it is applicable more safely than the first generation lithotripters.     

Clinical application of Dornier Lithotripter Compact for upper urinary tract stones]

The results of clinical application of a Dornier Lithotripter Compact (Dornier Medical Systems Co., Ltd.) on upper urinary tract stones are presented. Between October 1991 and June 1992, 30 patients with upper urinary tract stones were treated with ESWL in the Department of Urology, Kyoto University. Although 49 sessions for 32 stones in total were carried out without anesthesia, analgesics such as indomethacin and/or pentazocine were required in 37 sessions (76%). Stone-free rate 3 months after the last session was 12/30 cases (40%) and the success rate, the ratio of the patients without residual stone or with residual stones less than 4 mm to total 30 patients, was 18/30 (60%) at the point. Macrohematuria was seen after the treatment in 42/49 (86%) sessions, but it disappeared within 3 days in all instances. Pain necessitating analgesics after the treatment was seen in 16/49 (33%) sessions. Subcutaneous bleeding and fever-up of less than 38 degrees C were seen in 15/49 (31%) and 8/49 (16%) sessions, respectively, but bacteremia after the treatment was not detected in any case. No serious adverse effects were observed in blood chemistry. The Dornier Lithotripter Compact is considered to be useful in the treatment of renal and upper third ureteral stones.     

Clinical studies on childhood urolithiasis during the past 22 years

We have studied retrospectively 68 children who presented with urolithiasis between 1965 and 1986. Male to female ratio was 1.83 to 1 and the mean age was 9.5 years. Fifty four children (79%) had calculi in the upper urinary tract, 9 (13%) had in the lower, and 4 (6%) had calculi both in the upper and lower urinary tract. The most common presenting symptoms were gross hematuria (53%) and abdominal or flank pain (38%). Predisposing factors could be found only in 21 children (31%). Twenty four of the 68 patients (35%) had open surgery and 16 patients (24%) passed their stones spontaneously. Twenty one stones were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy. Infectious stone was more frequent than in adult cases. Among children five years old and younger, infectious stone was the most frequent. Among children over five years old, the number of idiopathic calcium stone has been on the increase with the years.     

Bacteriology of upper urinary tract stones

Extensive cultures of stones and urine were performed in 215 patients who underwent an operation for upper urinary tract calculi. Microorganisms could be cultured from the stone in 1 of every 3 patients. Despite the extended culture technique urease-producing microorganisms could be cultured from the stone in only 48% of the patients with calculi that contained magnesium ammonium phosphate. This finding suggests that an infection with urease-producing microorganisms is not obligatory for the formation of this type of stone. Of the patients with calcium oxalate phosphate stones 32% had positive stone cultures, which distinguished them from patients with pure calcium oxalate stones, only 8% of whom had a positive stone culture (p less than 0.001).     

膀胱白斑的临床诊断

目的:探讨膀胱白斑的临床特点及诊断方法,提高诊断水平。方法:分析160例膀胱白斑患者的临床资料。结果:诊断膀胱白斑160例,其中增生型147例,增生、萎缩混合型11例,萎缩型2例。患者膀胱镜检、病理检查、电子显微镜检查可见特征性病理改变。结论:膀胱白斑发病率明显高于文献报道,及时对有间断尿频、尿急、尿痛、血尿、下腹部不适、疼痛的患者进行膀胱镜检,病灶活检是早期发现和诊断膀胱白斑的有效方法。电子显微镜检查可进一步了解病变特点,指导临床诊断治疗。     

饮食结构调整对预防泌尿系结石复发的影响

目的研究根据结石成分分析结果调整饮食结构与结石复发的关系。方法 290例泌尿系结石患者进行结石成分分析,并随机分为2组,一组根据结石成分分析结果调整饮食,另一组则按传统方法嘱患者多饮水等,不进行特别的饮食结构调整。观察2组的复发率。结果饮食结构调整组复发11例（7.5%）,对照组复发23例（16.1%）,饮食结构调整组结石复发率明显低于对照组（χ2=5.181,P=0.023）,差异有统计学意义。结论根据患者代谢及结石成分分析结果进行调整饮食结构,可有效预防泌尿系结石的复发。     

The impact of contemporary bladder management techniques on struvite calculi associated with spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence, risk factors and complications of upper tract struvite calculi, often associated with spinal cord injury (SCI), as such patients have a high incidence of urinary infection complicating their neurogenic voiding dysfunction, by reviewing a large population of patients with SCI in whom modern techniques of bladder management were used. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1982 and 1996, 1669 patients with SCI were admitted to our institution; 1359 of these patients sustained their injuries during the study period. During this time, their bladder management was based on urodynamic and imaging criteria, using techniques such as early intermittent catheterization, sphincterotomy and bladder augmentation where possible to create a catheter-free, low-pressure reservoir. All instances of upper tract struvite calculi in this population were documented. Risk factors for stone development, presentation and complications, management and recurrence rates were assessed. RESULTS: Over the 15 years, 58 patients (3.5% of the SCI population) were treated for a total of 144 episodes of struvite calculi. The incidence of stones in those injured since 1982 was 1. 5%; 67% of these patients had complete spinal cord lesions, 54% had lesions of the cervical cord and 53% developed their first stone >10 years after injury. Only 22% presented within 2 years of injury. The group of patients developing stones had a significantly higher incidence of indwelling catheters (49%), bladder stones (52%) and vesico-ureteric reflux (28%) than those who were stone-free. The development of recurrent urinary tract infections was the most common mode of presentation. The stone-free rate after treatment was 87%. Normal renal function was preserved in 72% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: In a large population of patients with SCI managed using contemporary bladder techniques the incidence of upper tract calculi was 3.5%; 30% of these stones were complete or partial staghorns. Those patients with complete cord lesions, permanent indwelling catheters and vesico-ureteric reflux were at the highest risk. Stone clearance was 87% and recurrent stones occurred in 69% of patients. Struvite renal calculi continue to be a significant problem in the spinal cord injury population.