淮南市消灭脊髓灰质炎工作进展状况

国家卫生部《消灭脊髓灰质炎规划》指出,1992年全国脊髓灰质炎发病率应控制在0.01/10万以下,1995年达到无野毒株引起的麻痹型脊髓灰质炎病例。本文就淮南市围绕这一目标工作的进展情况及所取得的效果报告如下。     

呼伦贝尔盟1998-2000年急性弛缓性麻痹病例的流行病学分析和监测评估

呼伦贝尔盟自1992年建立AFP病例监测系统以来,通过监测系统的不断完善、口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗(OPV)常规免疫和强化免疫接种率的逐渐提高以及消灭脊髓灰质炎工作的不断深入,有效地阻断了脊灰野病毒的传播.1998-2000年全盟共报告AFP病例32例,15岁以下儿童非脊灰AFP病例年报告发病率稳定在1/10万左右,特别是2000年AFP病例报告发病率达2.69/10万,但具体监测指标中仍有薄弱之处,现将1998-2000年监测结果分析如下:     

乐清市1986～1994年脊髓灰质炎发病调查

1985年我市开展了儿童计划免疫按月接种,1986～1988年连续3年无脊髓灰质炎（简称脊灰）病例报告,但1989年突然出现了脊灰爆发流行,发病33例,年发病率为3.28/10万,1990、1991年分别发病9例、1例,发病率分别是0.88/10万与0.10/10万。1992年以后未发现脊灰病例。为了实现2000年无脊灰世界,我们对脊灰流行因素进行如下分析探讨。     

新罗区消灭脊髓灰质炎工作评价

新罗区 195 2～ 1981年报告脊髓灰质炎 (脊灰 )病例 119例 ,年平均发病率为 1 62 / 10万 ,1963年和1972年曾发生两次流行 ,分别发病 19例和 5 8例 ;1982～ 1990年报告 5例 ,年平均发病率 0 143/ 10万 ;1991年以后已连续 9年无脊灰野病毒病例报告。现对新罗区消灭脊灰工作情况进行分析 ,以促进今后的工作。1资料与方法疫情资料 1990年及以前来自法定传染病报告系统 ,1991年后来自急性迟缓性麻痹 (ＡＦＰ)病例监测系统 ;免疫资料来自新罗区卫生防疫站接种率年度统计报表 ;病原学资料来自福建省脊灰实验室及国家脊灰实验室 ;人口资料来自新罗…     

苍山县45年法定传染病发病动态

目的 探讨苍山县法定报告传染病发病动态。方法 对苍山县1956～2000年45 a间法定报告传染病。疫情资料进行统计分析。结果 法定报告传染病平均发病率为4 198.67/10万,最高年份为37 612.20/10万,最低年份为54.6/10万,发病率显著下降。其中布氏杆菌病、黑热病、白喉已20多年无病例报告;斑疹伤寒、恙虫病、森林脑炎已10a以上无病例发生;脊髓灰质炎从1991年即无新发病例。虫媒传染病、肠道、呼吸道传染病呈明显下降趋势。结论 传染病谱发生了变化,肠道传染病和疫源性传染病在发病总例数中的比例增大,肺结核发病率呈增长趋势。     

青岛市消灭脊髓灰质炎工作进展

青岛市曾是脊髓灰质炎(简称脊灰)高发地区,50年代平均发病率14.68/10万,最高年份达46.03/10万。自1960年应用脊灰疫苗免疫以来,脊灰流行逐步得到控制,70年代发病率降至1.38/10万,实行计划免疫后降低到0.13/10万。1988年开展消灭脊灰活动,发病率控制在0～0.06/10万,近4年无野毒株病例。为总结经验,改进工作,现把几年来消灭脊灰工作进展情况报告如下。     

湖北省消灭脊髓灰质炎策略研究

目的 湖北省消灭脊髓灰质炎规划实施策略评价，为其它疾病控制提供借鉴；方法 收集全省各市、县常规免疫、强化免疫及AFP监测报表，使用中国疾病预防控制中心下发的软件进行数据整理。结果 1994年以来，全省15岁以下儿童AFP报告发病率保持在1/10万以下，1995年以来，未监测到脊髓灰质炎野毒株的临床病例；结论 湖北省的脊髓灰质炎野病毒株的循环巳被阻断。     

深圳市1985～1990年脊髓灰质炎发病情况概要

自1985～1990年深圳市共报告发生脊髓灰质炎14例,其中1985年报告1例,发病率0.14/10万,1986年6例,发病率0.75/10万,病死1例,死亡率0.12/10万,1987及1988年无病例,1989年5例,发病率0.26/10万,1990年2例,发病率0.11/10万。病例分布在1～10     

苏联爱沙尼亚脊髓灰质炎活疫苗使用情况和1965—1970年肠道病毒的循环

近数十年来,脊髓灰质炎是爱沙尼亚传染病中的一个严重问题。1940年前,该病发病率很低,仅为1—10/10万。卫国战争以后,发病率即开始升高,达14.5/10万。南部地区出现了首批病例,发病率有周期性增高的趋势。1949—1954年为 16.7—20.5/10万,以后继续上升,直至1958年出现了大流行,病例遍及爱沙尼亚东南部地区(见图),至同年年底发病率达高峰,竞高达82.5/10万。该次大流行是由Ⅰ型脊髓灰质炎病毒所引起。1957年和1958年曾采取了一般综合性的防疫措施,并在儿童机构内有限地使用了索克灭活疫苗,但并未收到效果。     

罗源县1950—2013年疫苗可预防的4种传染病流行趋势

目的分析4种疫苗可预防传染病(脊髓灰质炎、白喉、百日咳、麻疹)流行趋势,评价免疫规划实施效果。方法用描述流行病学法对1950—2013年4种传染病疫情资料进行分析。结果 1950—2013年4种传染病共报告49 768例,年均发病率399.10/10万;死亡381例,年均死亡率3.06/10万,发病率与死亡呈明显下降趋势。计免前期4种传染病年均发病率(1132.16/10)和死亡率(8.61/10万)最高,1998年后的发病率均维持在较低水平,1987年后无死亡病例报告;免疫规划期年均发病率(0.81/10万)最低。1986—2000年的脊灰、麻疹和百白破疫苗常规免疫报告接种率均85%,2000—2013年均90%,其中2007—2013年均95%。结论应进一步完善预防接种管理体系,扩大服务内容,提高接种质量,保持高接种率,保证预防接种工作可持续发展。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.