收缩性心力衰竭病人血清钠水平与肾素、血管紧张素及醛固酮的关系探讨

目的探讨收缩性心力衰竭病人血清钠水平对血浆肾素-管紧张素-醛固酮系统的影响。方法 62例收缩性心力衰竭病人按血清钠水平分为正常血钠组(32例)和低钠血症组(28例),测定并比较两组病人的血浆肾素(PRA)、血管紧张素(AngⅡ)、醛固酮(ALD)水平。结果低钠血症组病人血浆ALD、PRA、AngⅡ水平均较正常血钠组显著升高(P0.01);血钠与血浆ALD、PRA、AngⅡ呈显著负相关。结论低钠血症可能促进慢性心力衰竭病人血浆PRA、AngⅡ、ALD分泌增加,心力衰竭伴低钠血症病人的神经内分泌水平激活更明显。     

卡维地洛对慢性心力衰竭病人神经激素及镁代谢的影响

目的观察卡维地洛对慢性心力衰竭病人神经激素及镁代谢的影响.方法 57例慢性心力衰竭病人随机分为两组,分别予常规治疗、合用卡维地洛治疗,8周后评定疗效,两组均于治疗前后测定血浆去甲肾上腺素(NE)、肾素(PRA)、血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)、醛固酮(ALD)、血浆镁浓度(PMC)、外周血单核细胞镁含量(MMC)及24 h 尿镁排泄量(UME)指标,并选择26名健康者为正常组.结果病例组与正常对照组比较,心力衰竭病人血浆NE、PRA、AngⅡ、ALD及尿UME均明显升高,MMC降低(P<0.01),UME分别与ALD、AngⅡ、PRA呈正相关(r为0.41、0.42、0.38,P<0.01).经卡维地洛治疗后,血浆ALD、PRA、AngⅡ及尿UME降低(P<0.05),MMC增加(P<0.01).结论卡维地洛阻断神经激素激活,同时减少尿镁排泄,增加细胞内镁水平.     

高血压患者血清瘦素水平与肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统相关性分析

目的 分析高血压患者瘦素与肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS)的相关性及病理生理机制.方法 高血压组70例,对照组66例,采用放射免疫方法测定瘦素、血浆肾素活性(PRA)、血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)和醛固酮(ALD)浓度.结果 高血压组瘦素、PRA和AngⅡ高于对照组(P＜0.05).影响瘦素的因素是性别、体重指数(BMI)、收缩压(SBP)和PRA(P＜0.01).高血压组瘦素与PRA、AngⅡ、ALD、SBP正相关(P＜0.01).将高血压组分为高肾素组和非高肾素组,高肾素组瘦素高于正常肾素组(P＜0.01).结论 高血压患者存在瘦素抵抗,瘦素通过激活RAAS导致血压增高,主要表现为SBP升高.     

溶血反应对高血压患者肾素－血管紧张素－醛固酮系统检测的影响

目的 探讨溶血反应对高血压患者血浆中肾素活性(PRA)、血管紧张素Ⅰ(Ang Ⅰ)、血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)、醛固酮(ALD)及醛固酮/肾素活性比值(ARR)检测结果的影响.方法 将60例高血压患者血标本每例分成2份,每例标本各取l份施行模拟溶血,将溶血及非溶血样本离心后,分别取血浆,应用放射免疫法检测血浆PRA、Ang Ⅰ、AngⅡ、ALD及ARR水平,并对溶血组及非溶血组结果进行统计分析.结果 溶血样本PRA、Ang Ⅰ、AngⅡ、ALD水平均明显低于非溶血样本(P＜0.01),ARR假阳性率升高(P＜0.05).结论 溶血对血浆PRA、Ang Ⅰ、AngⅡ、ALD及ARR检测结果有显著影响,严重干扰临床诊断,在实际工作中应予以重视.     

缬沙坦和苯那普利联合治疗慢性心力衰竭患者的神经内分泌激活及其临床作用

目的研究苯那普利和缬沙坦联合治疗慢性心力衰竭后神经激素的变化及其临床效果.方法本研究选择39例慢性心衰患者(心功能NYHAⅡ～Ⅲ级),于口服利尿剂的基础上加服苯那普利和缬沙坦,治疗6个月比较心功能及血浆肾素活性(PRA)、血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)、醛固酮(ALD)浓度的变化;以21例口服苯那普利的慢性心衰患者为对照组.结果两组ALD均下降,苯那普利+缬沙坦组＞苯那普利组,且有统计学意义(P＜0.01).两组在用药后心功能均得到改善,但元统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论缬沙坦与苯那普利合用可更完全抑制慢性心衰患者过度激活的RAS,且心功能与治疗前相比得到进一步改善,以及有良好的耐受性.     

肥胖高血压患者血清瘦素与肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统的相关性研究

目的分析肥胖高血压患者瘦素与肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS)的相关性,并探讨服用盐酸贝那普利8周后RAAS活性变化与瘦素水平变化之间的关系。方法入选单纯肥胖患者、肥胖高血压Ⅰ级患者、肥胖高血压Ⅱ级患者、健康对照者各50例,每组男性、女性各25例。收集一般资料,包括年龄、体质指数、腰围、腰臀比和血压。检测血清瘦素、肾素(PRA)、血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)、醛固酮(ALD)水平,分析各组血清瘦素水平与RAAS活性的相关性,以及全部肥胖患者的血压水平与瘦素水平、RAAS活性的相关性。同时观察应用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂盐酸贝那普利治疗8周后,肥胖高血压患者的血清瘦素、PRA、AngⅡ和ALD水平的变化。结果肥胖高血压患者的血清瘦素、PRA、AngⅡ和ALD水平均明显高于单纯肥胖组和健康对照组,且与高血压分级有关,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。肥胖高血压患者的血清瘦素水平与PRA、AngⅡ和ALD水平呈正相关(r=0.497、0.861、0.628,P<0.05或P<0.01)。单纯肥胖组的血清瘦素水平与ALD水平呈正相关(r=0.675,P<0.01)。全部肥胖患者的血压水平与血清瘦素、PRA、AngⅡ和ALD水平呈正相关(r=0.519、0.629、0.875、0.539,P<0.05或P<0.01)。应用盐酸贝那普利治疗后,肥胖高血压患者的血清瘦素、AngⅡ和ALD水平明显降低(均为P<0.01)。结论肥胖人群存在瘦素抵抗,瘦素可能通过影响RAAS活性导致肥胖者血压升高。     

冠心病患者血浆肾素-血管紧张素Ⅱ-醛固酮活性变化及临床意义

目的检测冠心病患者血浆肾素-血管紧张素Ⅱ-醛固酮活性,并通过活性的变化探讨其在冠心病发生发展过程中的临床意义。方法采用放射免疫法检测稳定型心绞痛患者(A组,17例),不稳定型心绞痛患者(B组,15例)及心肌梗死患者(C组,20例),健康者(对照组,18例)的血浆肾素(PRA)、血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)、醛固酮(Ald)活性。结果A、B、C组血浆PRA、AngⅡ、Ald均明显高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01);C组血浆PRA、AngⅡ、Ald高于A、B组(P<0.05或P<0.01),B组血浆PRA、AngⅡ、Ald高于A组(P<0.05或P<0.01),差异均有统计学意义。结论冠心病患者肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS)被激活,且与病情严重程度相一致。     

氯沙坦对慢性心力衰竭大鼠循环与心脏组织去甲肾上腺素和RAAS的影响及心功能的保护作用

目的 研究AT1受体拮抗剂氯沙坦(Los)对循环和心脏局部组织去甲肾上腺素(NE)和肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS)的影响以及心功能的保护作用.方法 Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠40只,随机分为4组,即腹主动脉缩窄(COA)+Vehicle组;COA+Los组、假手术(Sham)+Vehicle组、Sham+Los组.Los干预8周后采用超声心动图和心室插管法评估各组大鼠的心功能,计算左、右心室质量指数(LVMI、RVMI),采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)和放射免疫法(RIA)测定血浆和心肌组织NE、血管紧张素Ⅱ(Ang Ⅱ)和醛固酮(ALD)含量.结果 COA+Vehicle组循环和心肌组织中Ang Ⅱ和ALD含量显著高于Sham组(P<0.05),循环NE水平增高而心肌组织NE含量降低;COA+Los组循环Ang Ⅱ水平增高,NE和ALD水平显著低于COA+Vehicle组(P<0.05);心肌组织NE含量增高,而Ang Ⅱ和ALD含量显著低于COA+Vehicle组(P<0.05).心肌Ang Ⅱ和ALD含量均与LVEDP呈显著性正相关(r1=0.825 1,r2=0.801 8,P<0.01),其相关性强于循环Ang Ⅱ和ALD.结论 心脏局部组织RAAS而非循环RAAS在慢性压力超负荷致心力衰竭中起重要作用,Los防止心肌肥厚和延缓心功能恶化的重要机制之一是阻断心脏组织RAAS,抑制心肌组织局部Ang Ⅱ生成和机体交感神经系统激活.     

高血压患者血浆肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统活性水平与降压效果的关系

目的:探讨高血压患者血浆肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS)活性水平与降压效果的关系。方法:选取2014-12-2016-12我院心内科收治的原发性高血压患者400例,按研究需要分为血浆肾素活性(PRA)升高组与PRA不高组、血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)升高组与AngⅡ不高组、醛固酮(ALD)升高组与ALD不高组,分析各对组间的临床参数;并按年龄分为低龄组与高龄组,分析2组间的RAAS水平,比较不同RAAS等级患者药物治疗的情况。结果:除年龄外,其他的临床参数均与PRA、AngⅡ、ALD无关(P0.05);低龄组患者的PRA、AngⅡ和ALD均显著高于高龄组(P0.05);随着RAAS等级的升高,血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)和血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂(ARB)、ALD拮抗剂的使用随之增加(P0.05),而利尿剂、钙拮抗体(CCB)的使用随之减少,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);出院时,不同等级之间的血压达标率均较理想,无明显差异(P0.05)。结论:低龄高血压患者的RAAS活性相对较高,根据RAAS活性的检测结果选择降压方案,可以获得理想的血压达标率。     

二尖瓣狭窄心力衰竭早期肾素—血管紧张素—醛固酮水平与血流动力学的关系

本文测定了16例无明显心功能不全的风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄(MS)患者血浆肾素(PRA)、血管紧张素Ⅱ(AT—Ⅱ)和醛固酮(ALD)水平,并行有创血流动力学测定。发现在血流动力学发生异常改变的同时,PRA、AT—Ⅱ和ALD均明显升高,但与血流动力学改变无线性关系。提示在心力衰竭早期已有肾素—血管紧张素—醛固酮系统过度激活,早期使用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂对阻止心力衰竭的进一步发展可能有所裨益。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Language of CTO interventions – Focus on hardware

The knowledge of variety of chronic total occlusion (CTO) hardware and the ability to use them represents the key to success of any CTO interventions. However, the multiplicity of CTO hardware and their physical character and the terminology used by experts create confusion in the mind of an average interventional cardiologist, particularly a beginner in this field. This knowledge is available but is scattered. We aim to classify and compare the currently used devices based on their properties focusing on how physical character of each device can be utilized in a specific situation, thus clarifying and simplifying the technical discourse.