从人源大容量天然抗体库中筛选到抗禽流感病毒H5N1单链抗体

目的从人源大容量天然抗体库中筛选到抗禽流感病毒H5N1单链抗体。方法运用噬菌体表面呈现技术,用纯化的H5N1禽流感血凝素蛋白HA（A/Anhui/1/2005）对人源大容量天然抗体库进行富集筛选,对获得的阳性克隆进行序列分析,并将其克隆入携带人源Fc段的表达载体,实现scFv-Fc融合抗体的分泌型表达。用ELISA、IFA对所获人源单抗的功能特性进行鉴定。结果经过3轮富集筛选,共获得了82株特异性结合H5N1禽流感病毒HA的人源scFv单链抗体,分别属于5个不同的抗体序列,ELISA、IFA表明从抗体库筛选获得的5株人源单抗与禽流感病毒H5N1及其HA具有较好的特异性,而与甲1型和甲3型人流感病毒无交叉反应。结论从人源大容量天然抗体库中利用高通量的筛选策略在短时间内获得抗禽流感病毒H5N1人源单抗,对于禽流感的紧急预防和治疗具有重要意义。     

长沙市首例人感染H9N2禽流感病毒的HA基因序列特征分析

目的对长沙市首例人源H9N2禽流感病毒进行病毒分离与HA基因特征序列分析。方法用细胞培养法在可疑病例标本中分离H9N2禽流感病毒毒株,RT-PCR方法扩增禽流感病毒HA基因全长并测序,对所得结果进行氨基酸同源性与进化树分析。结果分离的毒株命名为A/Hunan/44558/2015,GenBank登录号为KX595338。毒株存在2处新发突变位点,HAT197D、HAD483N,第313位出现与湖南省人源H9N2毒株A/Lengshuitan/11197/2013相同的糖基化位点NCS。与A/Wild Chicken/Shanghai/C1/2014和A/Environment/Hunan/28028/2014的同源性分别为97.9%和97.6%。进化树分析分离的毒株处于Y280分支。结论发现病毒2处新的基因突变位点,与2014年湖南省环境源毒株同源性较高,存在基因交换重组,从分子水平揭示病毒HA基因的进化趋势。     

新城疫病毒核蛋白单克隆抗体的制备及双抗体夹心ELISA的初步建立

目的制备新城疫病毒(NDV)核蛋白(NP)的单克隆抗体(单抗),并用于建立一种可定量检测NDV病毒含量的双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附试验检测方法(NDV NP ELISA)。方法基于NDV病毒株F48E9获得NP基因,经原核表达方式制备出重组抗原rNP;免疫小鼠制备NDV NP特异性单抗;单抗经HRP标记和配对筛选,建立NDV NP ELISA,分析其特异性、灵敏度、精密度、准确度和检测线性,并分析本方法定量检测的NP含量与PFU病毒滴度的定量相关性。结果建立基于单抗3C10和4E7的NDV NP ELISA,其定量检测NDV rNP的最佳线性范围为0.015~0.250μg/ml(R2=0.9974),回收率在88.4%~106.01%,变异系数小于3.4%;该方法具有良好特异性;该方法定量检测NDV抗原含量与PFU病毒感染滴度有较好的相关性(R2=0.9209)。结论建立NDV NP ELISA,可准确定量检测NDV病毒中的NP抗原含量,为NDV病毒含量的测定提供一种可靠简便的分析方法。     

黑龙江省活禽市场6株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒全基因组序列分析

目的了解2018年黑龙江省活禽市场H9N2亚型禽流感病毒变异特点和进化规律。方法采集黑龙江省禽流感监测点活禽市场的环境标本进行H9N2亚型的核酸检测,阳性标本进行病毒分离,对分离的禽流感病毒毒株进行全基因组序列测定,应用生物信息学软件分析其基因特征。结果 6株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒HA基因裂解位点附近氨基酸序列均为PSRSSRGLF,符合典型低致病性禽流感病毒基因的特征,HA蛋白受体结合位点第226位Q→L,具有与α-2,6唾液酸受体亲和力增强的特性,第183位突变为天冬酰氨;NA蛋白中63-65位茎部全部缺失,使病毒的生长受到抑制,在3个可能的血凝素结合位点中,6株病毒发生变异(368N,369G,402D);另外,HA和NA基因潜在糖基化位点也存在增加或缺失的现象;与参考序列相比,PB1、PB2蛋白有3处发生突变,增强了病毒的致病性;M2蛋白发生V27G和S31N突变,对金刚烷类药物产生耐药;NP和NS基因在几个关键位点上均未发生变异。遗传进化分析显示,6株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒在NA、M和NP基因中相似度更高,HA、NA基因位于Y280/97-like分支,PB2、M基因位于G1/97-like分支,PB1、PA、NP和NS基因均位于F/98-like分支。结论 6株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒发生了3配体重组,可能成为高致病性禽流感病毒H5、H7亚型部分基因的供体。因此,应加强对H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的监测,密切关注其变异情况及重组趋势。     

黑龙江省活禽市场6株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒全基因组序列分析北大核心CSCD

目的了解2018年黑龙江省活禽市场H9N2亚型禽流感病毒变异特点和进化规律。方法采集黑龙江省禽流感监测点活禽市场的环境标本进行H9N2亚型的核酸检测,阳性标本进行病毒分离,对分离的禽流感病毒毒株进行全基因组序列测定,应用生物信息学软件分析其基因特征。结果 6株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒HA基因裂解位点附近氨基酸序列均为PSRSSRGLF,符合典型低致病性禽流感病毒基因的特征,HA蛋白受体结合位点第226位Q→L,具有与α-2,6唾液酸受体亲和力增强的特性,第183位突变为天冬酰氨;NA蛋白中63-65位茎部全部缺失,使病毒的生长受到抑制,在3个可能的血凝素结合位点中,6株病毒发生变异(368N,369G,402D);另外,HA和NA基因潜在糖基化位点也存在增加或缺失的现象;与参考序列相比,PB1、PB2蛋白有3处发生突变,增强了病毒的致病性;M2蛋白发生V27G和S31N突变,对金刚烷类药物产生耐药;NP和NS基因在几个关键位点上均未发生变异。遗传进化分析显示,6株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒在NA、M和NP基因中相似度更高,HA、NA基因位于Y280/97-like分支,PB2、M基因位于G1/97-like分支,PB1、PA、NP和NS基因均位于F/98-like分支。结论 6株H9N2亚型禽流感病毒发生了3配体重组,可能成为高致病性禽流感病毒H5、H7亚型部分基因的供体。因此,应加强对H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的监测,密切关注其变异情况及重组趋势。     

甲型流感病毒株H1N1(09pdm)的分离及HA和NA基因分析北大核心CSCD

目的对成都某部人感染甲型流感病毒进行分离鉴定和基因突变分析。方法采集甲型流感患者咽拭子标本,通过MDCK细胞分离病毒毒株;采用免疫荧光法鉴定其感染细胞能力,采用基因分型特异性引物鉴定病毒亚型,PCR扩增血凝素基因(HA)和神经氨酸酶基因(NA)后测序,与NCBI数据库在线比对并利用MEGA软件构建系统发育进化树,分析突变位点。结果从甲型流感患者咽拭子标本中分离出1株流感病毒,经型特异性引物PCR鉴定为H1N1(09pdm)亚型,该毒株在37℃时对细胞致病力较强。免疫荧光检测到分离毒株感染细胞内甲型流感病毒核蛋白(NP)高表达,甲型流感病毒NP蛋白在细胞核和细胞质中均有大量分布。利用反转录PCR和测序获得该毒株HA和NA全长基因序列。在线比对及系统发育树分析显示,该毒株HA和NA序列与2017-2018流感季其他国家流行株同源性均>99%。对HA氨基酸突变位点进行分析,其序列的155位点存在组氨酸-酪氨酸(H-Y)点突变,该点突变也发生Influenza A/Hawaii/24/2018(H1N1)(MH245873)、Influenza A/North Carolina/19/2018(H1N1)(MH245873)和In-fluenza A/Missouri/51/2017(H1N1)(MH083792)毒株上。NA氨基酸序列与近期流行的毒株均相同。结论本起流感病毒株H1N1(09pdm)的HA、NA基因序列与同期其他国家流行株高度相似,但在HA氨基酸序列的155位点存在一个组氨酸-酪氨酸的点突变,其意义尚不清楚。     

甲型流感病毒株H1N1(09pdm)的分离及HA和NA基因分析

目的对成都某部人感染甲型流感病毒进行分离鉴定和基因突变分析。方法采集甲型流感患者咽拭子标本,通过MDCK细胞分离病毒毒株;采用免疫荧光法鉴定其感染细胞能力,采用基因分型特异性引物鉴定病毒亚型,PCR扩增血凝素基因(HA)和神经氨酸酶基因(NA)后测序,与NCBI数据库在线比对并利用MEGA软件构建系统发育进化树,分析突变位点。结果从甲型流感患者咽拭子标本中分离出1株流感病毒,经型特异性引物PCR鉴定为H1N1(09pdm)亚型,该毒株在37℃时对细胞致病力较强。免疫荧光检测到分离毒株感染细胞内甲型流感病毒核蛋白(NP)高表达,甲型流感病毒NP蛋白在细胞核和细胞质中均有大量分布。利用反转录PCR和测序获得该毒株HA和NA全长基因序列。在线比对及系统发育树分析显示,该毒株HA和NA序列与2017-2018流感季其他国家流行株同源性均99%。对HA氨基酸突变位点进行分析,其序列的155位点存在组氨酸-酪氨酸(H-Y)点突变,该点突变也发生Influenza A/Hawaii/24/2018(H1N1)(MH245873)、Influenza A/North Carolina/19/2018(H1N1)(MH245873)和In-fluenza A/Missouri/51/2017(H1N1)(MH083792)毒株上。NA氨基酸序列与近期流行的毒株均相同。结论本起流感病毒株H1N1(09pdm)的HA、NA基因序列与同期其他国家流行株高度相似,但在HA氨基酸序列的155位点存在一个组氨酸-酪氨酸的点突变,其意义尚不清楚。     

H5N1亚型禽流感病毒核蛋白NP的原核表达及抗体制备

目的制备H5N1亚型禽流感病毒NP重组蛋白和抗体,为研制含NP组分的人禽流感亚单位疫苗和建立评价方法提供检测抗原和抗体。方法以H5N1亚型禽流感病毒A/chicken/Hubei/489/2004(H5N1)NP基因cDNA克隆质粒pMD-NP为模板,PCR扩增获得NP基因抗原区片段,克隆到原核表达载体pET-28a,构建重组质粒pET-ΔNP,转化大肠杆菌BL21-CondonPlus(DE3)-RIL,IPTG诱导重组蛋白表达。采用Ni亲和层析方法纯化NP重组蛋白,免疫家兔,收集免疫血清,ELISA测定抗体效价;间接免疫荧光检测所制备抗体与真核细胞表达NP蛋白的反应性。结果与结论成功的制备了高效价兔抗NP抗体,抗体效价在105以上,该抗体能与原核和真核系统中表达的NP蛋白特异性反应,为研制以NP蛋白为抗原组分的人禽流感亚单位疫苗和建立评价方法奠定了基础。     

广州市人感染H7N9禽流感病毒高致病性变异株监测与基因进化分析

目的 通过对广州市人感染H7N9禽流感病毒高致病性变异株基因变异和进化特点进行分析,掌握本地区H7N9病毒病原学特点,为疾病防控提供参考。方法 选取2017年广州市人感染H7N9禽流感病毒阳性标本10份,提取核酸扩增HA、NA、M基因进行测序,通过生物信息学软件分析病毒重要蛋白突变情况和遗传进化特点。结果 广州地区H7N9禽流感病毒基因同源性差异较大,大部分毒株基因与广东毒株同源性最高,部分毒株基因与河南、内蒙古等地毒株同源性最高。监测到5株病毒为H7N9禽流感病毒高致病性变异株,部分病毒出现了HA蛋白Q226L的突变,提示对人呼吸道上皮细胞SAα-2, 6Gal受体结合能力增加。HA蛋白和NA蛋白上糖基化位点均有一定的增加和缺失突变。HA、NA和M1蛋白上毒力相关位点均突变增强。M2蛋白均呈现耐药突变,同时监测到2株高致病性突变株出现对神经氨酸酶抑制剂的耐药突变。遗传进化结果显示,HA基因和NA基因在华南和华东分支均有分布,M1基因进化特点相对复杂,分别与华南地区H9N2、H7N9病毒,及北方地区的H7N9病毒重组。结论 2017年广州地区发现2株对达菲耐药的人感染H7N9禽流感病毒高致病性变异株。H7N9禽流感病毒在广州地区不断发生进化重组,具有遗传多样性和复杂性,提示高致病性耐药株有向华南以外地区传播的风险。     

通用H5N1亚型禽流感病毒样颗粒疫苗的制备

目的高致病性H5N1亚型流感病毒可感染人,并不断衍生出多个新的基因谱系,存在着大规模流行的可能性。我国现有的商品化疫苗无法对不同谱系的H5N1流感病毒感染提供有效的保护。病毒样颗粒(Virus-like particles,VLPs)疫苗具有良好的免疫原性和安全性,成为近年研究的热点。本研究旨在建立H5亚型禽流感病毒通用型病毒样颗粒疫苗的制备方法。方法将优化的H5N1 A/meerkat/Shanghai/SH-1/2012(clade 2.3.2.1)亚型流感病毒的HLHA(HA stem)/5M2e(5个M2e)/HL5M2e(5M2e替代HA的头部嵌入HLHA)、NP基因和M1基因分别插入pFastBacDual载体,得到相应的重组供体。然后将重组供体转化至含Bacmid的DH10Bac感受态细胞中,获得含有目的基因的重组杆粒。结果酶切和PCR鉴定表明成功构建了含目的基因的重组杆粒Bacmid-(HLHA/5M2e/HL5M2e、NP、M1)。将重组杆粒转染Sf9昆虫细胞,IFA试验和Western blot试验皆证实,优化的HLHA(HA stem)/5M2e/HL5M2e、NP基因和M1基因编码的蛋白均获得表达。透射电子显微镜观察VLPs转染Sf9细胞上清的浓缩液中,有球形结构和100 nm左右典型VLPs存在。结论在Sf9昆虫杆状病毒表达系统中成功表达H5N1 A/meerkat/Shanghai/SH-1/2012(clade 2.3.2.1)亚型禽流感病毒的HLHA(HA stem)/5M2e/HL5M2e、NP和M1蛋白,并组装成3种VLPs,为进一步研究流感病毒的VLPs疫苗奠定了基础。     

Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara-based vaccine induces protective immunity in mice against infection with influenza virus H5N1

Since 2003, the number of human cases of infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the H5N1 subtype is still increasing, and, therefore, the development of safe and effective vaccines is considered a priority. However, the global production capacity of conventional vaccines is limited and insufficient for a worldwide vaccination campaign. In the present study, an alternative H5N1 vaccine candidate based on the replication-deficient modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) was evaluated. C57BL/6J mice were immunized twice with MVA expressing the hemagglutinin (HA) gene from influenza virus A/Hongkong/156/97 (MVA-HA-HK/97) or A/Vietnam/1194/04 (MVA-HA-VN/04). Subsequently, recombinant MVA-induced protective immunity was assessed after challenge infection with 3 antigenically distinct strains of H5N1 influenza viruses: A/Hongkong/156/97, A/Vietnam/1194/04, and A/Indonesia/5/05. Our data suggest that recombinant MVA expressing the HA of influenza virus A/Vietnam/1194/04 is a promising alternative vaccine candidate that could be used for the induction of protective immunity against various H5N1 influenza strains.     

Neutralizing and protective epitopes of the 2009 pandemic influenza H1N1 hemagglutinin

Aims and Methods To facilitate antigenic characterization of the influenza A 2009 pandemic H1N1 [A(H1N1)pdm09] hemagglutinin (HA), we generated a panel of murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) using as the immunogen mammalian‐derived virus‐like particles containing the HA of the A/California/04/2009 virus. The antibodies were specific for the A/California/04/2009 HA, and individual mAbs suitable for use in several practical applications including ELISA, immunofluorescence, and Western blot analysis were identified. Results and Conclusions As the panel of mAbs included antibodies with hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralizing activities, this allowed identification and characterization of potentially important antigenic and neutralizing epitopes of the A/California/04/2009 HA and comparison of those epitopes with the HAs of other influenza viruses including seasonal H1N1 viruses as well as the A/South Carolina/1918 and A/New Jersey/1976 H1N1 viruses. Three mAbs with the highest HI and neutralizing titers were able to provide passive protection against virus challenge. Two other mAbs without HI or neutralizing activities were able to provide partial protection against challenge. HA epitopes recognized by the strongest neutralizing mAbs in the panel were identified by isolation and selection of virus escape mutants in the presence of individual mAbs. Cloned viruses resistant to HI and antibody neutralization were sequenced to identify mutations, and two unique mutations (D127E and G155E) were identified, both near the antigenic site Sa. Using human post‐vaccination sera, however, there were no differences in HI titer between A/California/04/2009 and either escape mutant, suggesting that these single mutations were not sufficient to abrogate a protective antibody response to the vaccine.     

Discrimination of influenza A subtype by antibodies recognizing host-specific amino acids in the viral nucleoprotein

Please cite this paper as: Miyoshi‐Akiyama et al. (2012) Discrimination of influenza A subtype by antibodies recognizing host‐specific amino acids in the viral nucleoprotein. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 6(6), 434–441. Background Nucleoprotein (NP) of influenza viruses is utilized to differentiate between the A, B, and C viral serotypes. The availability of influenza genome sequence data has allowed us to identify specific amino acids at particular positions in viral proteins, including NP, known as “signature residues,” which can be used to discriminate human influenza A viruses from H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza in human cases (HPAI) and pandemic H1N1(2009) (H1N1/2009) viruses. Methods Screening and epitope mapping of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against NP of influenza A, which reacted differently with NP from human influenza A virus from HPAI and H1N1/2009 A virus. To identify the epitope(s) responsible for the discrimination of viral NP by mAbs, we prepared mutant NP proteins in the 293 cell expression system because some of the mAbs reacted with non‐linear epitopes. Results and Conclusions In the present study, we identified 3 mAbs. The results of epitope mapping showed that the epitopes were located at the signature residues. These results indicated that signature residues of NP could discriminate influenza A viruses from different origin.     

鸡胚法分离福建省甲型H1N1流感病毒及分离株特征

目的建立甲型H1N1流感病毒鸡胚分离方法,了解病毒分离株特征,为疫苗制备和开展实验室常规监测等奠定基础。方法呼吸道标本接种鸡胚尿囊腔;血凝(HA)法测定收获的尿囊液中病毒滴度;逆转录PCR法检测病毒亚型特异性。使用甲醛灭活鸡胚分离物,灭活效果采用鸡胚接种法评价。血凝抑制(HI)实验检测急性期和恢复期血清,评价检测病毒感染后的免疫应答情况。结果从13份患者的呼吸道标本中分离出12株甲型H1N1流感病毒。多数病毒可在第二次传代鸡胚中分离到。病毒分离株的血凝滴度较低,为1∶1～16。阳性分离物再次接种鸡胚无法显著提高其HA效价。同鸡和人"O"型红血球比较,使用豚鼠红细胞可得到更高的血凝滴度。1‰甲醛可在24h内完全灭活病毒,但同时病毒的HA效价显著降低。病毒感染后,恢复期的HI滴度较急性期有2～16倍升高,HI抗体4倍增长需要约3w时间。结论鸡胚分离可应用于甲型H1N1流感病毒的分离,病毒的HA滴度较低。尽管甲醛可迅速灭活病毒,但灭活后病毒抗原血凝效价难以维持。病毒感染后,特异性血凝抗体产生较慢,同时滴度较低。基层实验室采用豚鼠血球更适合于病毒的HA滴度测定。     

Genomic and Phylogenetic Characterization of Novel,Recombinant H5N2 Avian Influenza Virus Strains Isolated from Vaccinated Chickens with Clinical Symptoms in China

Infection of poultry with diverse lineages of H5N2 avian influenza viruses has been documented for over three decades in different parts of the world, with limited outbreaks caused by this highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. In the present study, three avian H5N2 influenza viruses, A/chicken/Shijiazhuang/1209/2013, A/chicken/Chiping/0321/2014, and A/chicken/Laiwu/0313/2014, were isolated from chickens with clinical symptoms of avian influenza. Complete genomic and phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that all three isolates are novel recombinant viruses with hemagglutinin (HA) and matrix (M) genes derived from H5N1, and remaining genes derived from H9N2-like viruses. The HA cleavage motif in all three strains (PQIEGRRRKR/GL) is characteristic of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus strain. These results indicate the occurrence of H5N2 recombination and highlight the importance of continued surveillance of the H5N2 subtype virus and reformulation of vaccine strains.     

Structural basis for receptor specificity of influenza B virus hemagglutinin

Receptor-binding specificity of HA, the major surface glycoprotein of influenza virus, primarily determines the host ranges that the virus can infect. Influenza type B virus almost exclusively infects humans and contributes to the annual "flu" sickness. Here we report the structures of influenza B virus HA in complex with human and avian receptor analogs, respectively. These structures provide a structural basis for the different receptor-binding properties of influenza A and B virus HA molecules and for the ability of influenza B virus HA to distinguish human and avian receptors. The structure of influenza B virus HA with avian receptor analog also reveals how mutations in the region of residues 194 to 196, which are frequently observed in egg-adapted and naturally occurring variants, directly affect the receptor binding of the resultant virus strains. Furthermore, these structures of influenza B virus HA are compared with known structures of influenza A virus HAs, which suggests the role of the residue at 222 as a key and likely a universal determinant for the different binding modes of human receptor analogs by different HA molecules.     

1株重组H6N2禽流感病毒全基因组特征分析

目的 掌握广州地区禽类市场H6N2亚型禽流感病毒的分子遗传特征,为禽流感的科学防控提供研究数据.方法 对禽类市场外环境分离株A/EN/Guangzhou/13565/2018(H6N2)进行全基因组序列测定,应用生物信息软件分析分子遗传特征.结果 A/EN/Guangzho u/13 5 6 5/2018(H6 N2)...     

A novel highly pathogenic H5N8 avian influenza virus isolated from a wild duck in China

Migrating wild birds are considered natural reservoirs of influenza viruses and serve as a potential source of novel influenza strains in humans and livestock. During routine avian influenza surveillance conducted in eastern China, a novel H5N8 (SH‐9) reassortant influenza virus was isolated from a mallard duck in China. blast analysis revealed that the HA, NA, PB1, PA, NP, and M segments of SH‐9 were most closely related to the corresponding segments of A/duck/Jiangsu/k1203/2010 (H5N8). The SH‐9 virus preferentially recognized avian‐like influenza virus receptors and was highly pathogenic in mice. Our results suggest that wild birds could acquire the H5N8 virus from breeding ducks and spread the virus via migratory bird flyways.     

H5N1 influenza: a protean pandemic threat

Infection with avian influenza A virus of the H5N1 subtype (isolates A/HK/212/03 and A/HK/213/03) was fatal to one of two members of a family in southern China in 2003. This incident was preceded by lethal outbreaks of H5N1 influenza in waterfowl, which are the natural hosts of these viruses and, therefore, normally have asymptomatic infection. The hemagglutinin genes of the A/HK/212/03-like viruses isolated from humans and waterfowl share the lineage of the H5N1 viruses that caused the first known cases of human disease in Hong Kong in 1997, but their internal protein genes originated elsewhere. The hemagglutinin of the recent human isolates has undergone significant antigenic drift. Like the 1997 human H5N1 isolates, the 2003 human H5N1 isolates induced the overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines by primary human macrophages in vitro, whereas the precursor H5N1 viruses and other H5N1 reassortants isolated in 2001 did not. The acquisition by the viruses of characteristics that enhance virulence in humans and waterfowl and their potential for wider distribution by infected migrating birds are causes for renewed pandemic concern.