宁夏海原县胃癌癌前病变危险因素分析

目的:探讨宁夏海原县胃癌癌前病变可能的危险因素,为预防胃癌提供相应依据。方法:以2018年1月至2019年1月于宁夏海原县人民医院和宁夏回族自治区人民医院宁南医院行胃镜检查的5 280例患者为筛选对象,将通过胃镜检查诊断为萎缩性胃炎,经病理诊断为肠化、异型增生的患者作为病例组。将同期行胃镜检查诊断为非萎缩性胃炎,经病理诊断无肠化、无异型增生的患者,按照1∶1配对作为对照组。用单因素、多因素非条件二元Logistic回归方法进行分析。结果:病例组与对照组单因素分析提示在体质量指数（BMI）、居住坏境、教育程度、吸烟、饮酒、饮绿茶、饮水来源、新鲜蔬菜、新鲜水果、肉蛋奶、豆类食品、腌制食品、油炸食品、烫热食品、大蒜、吃早餐、进食不规律、消化疾病史、幽门螺杆菌（Hp）感染、非甾体抗炎药服用史、睡眠时间因素方面差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。通过Logistic回归分析模型分析提示吸烟、饮酒、饮用地窖水、腌制食品、油炸食品、烫热食品及Hp感染是胃癌癌前病变发生的危险因素。而较高的教育程度、饮绿茶、新鲜蔬菜、新鲜水果、吃早餐、7~8 h睡眠时间是胃癌癌前病变的保护因素。结论:影响宁夏海原县胃癌癌前病变的因素是多方面的,Hp感染、腌制、油炸和烫热食品及饮用地窖水是当地发生胃癌癌前病变最重要的危险因素。所以改变生活习惯,根除Hp是预防宁夏海原县发生胃癌癌前病变的重要措施。     

饮食因素与胃癌关系的研究

目的 研究饮食因素与胃癌发生的关系,为制订胃癌的病因预防措施提供科学依据。方法 对哈市居民诊断为胃癌者进行病例对照研究。各因素的比值比和95％可信限的计算采用非条件Logistic回归方法,连续变量的趋势检验采用X~2检验法。结果 各变量经吸烟、饮酒、慢性胃疾病史及年龄调整后,可发现经常食用霉变食品、经常吃油炸食品、盐渍食品、饮食口味重盐等因素可明显增加胃癌相对危险性;而经常食用大蒜类、醋类和豆类食品可明显降低胃癌相对危险性。多因素分析结果表明,经常食用盐渍食品可增加胃癌相对危险性10倍;而经常食用大蒜、醋类及豆及其制品可降低胃癌相对危险性50％以上。结论 胃癌的发生与重盐、食品霉变等因素有明显的关系,而经常食用大蒜、醋类及豆制品可降低胃癌的发生。     

上海市区胃癌危险因素探讨

目的 探索上海市区胃癌的危险因素，为采取有效的预防措施提供科学依据。方法 采用全人群病例对照研究，共调查1999年4月～1999年10月期间诊断的30～74岁的上海市区新发胃癌病例311例(男性198例，女性113例)，对照1579例，获得环境暴露等资料。采用非条件logistic模型控制混杂因素计算各个因素的调整比值比(OR)和95％可信限(95％CI)。结果 男性中吸烟、热烫饮食、油炸面食、患病前精神压抑和自我调节能力差、慢性胃炎及一级亲属胃癌史等因素可增加患胃癌的危险性；女性胃癌则与腌制食品(尤其是腌制蔬菜)、油炸食品、酒精摄人、患病前精神压抑和自我调节能力差、溃疡病史、慢性胃炎史及一级亲属胃癌史等关系密切。新鲜蔬菜、水果，新鲜豆类，豆制品，植物油和蛋及蛋制品等对胃癌有保护作用。调整可能的混杂因素后，分析结果均达到显著水平。结论 上海市区胃癌近十年危险因素没有明显改变，吸烟、腌制食品和油炸食品、慢性胃炎史和胃癌家族史等可能是主要的危险因素，而多食新鲜蔬菜和水果、豆及豆制品等对胃癌有保护作用。     

食管癌发病影响因素Meta分析

[目的]定量综合评价各种危险因素在食管癌发病中的作用.[方法]从<中国生物医学文献数据库(1994～2003)>和<中国期刊网>上,搜集研究食管癌危险因素的文献,利用随机模型进行Meta分析.[结果]检索到符合纳入标准的文章12篇.病例组2161人,对照组3813人.Meta分析结果显示:有食管癌家族史的人患食管癌比值比(ORDL)为2.45(1.66～3.62);食用腌制食品ORDL为1.87(1.55～2.26);吸烟ORDL为1.43(1.09～1.87);饮酒ORDL为2.16(1.55～2.99);喜欢吃烫食ORDL为2.41(1.95～2.98);经常食用蔬菜和水果是保护性因素,OR.为0.52(0.40～0.67).[结论]食管癌家族史、吃腌制食品、吸烟、饮酒、喜欢吃烫食均增加患食管癌的危险性,吃蔬菜和水果是保护性因素.     

NQO1基因多态性与客家人群食管癌易感性关系的探讨

目的:通过对醌氧化还原酶（NQO1）基因多态性与客家人群食管癌遗传易感性关系的研究,探讨遗传因素在该人群食管癌发病中的作用。方法:采取病例-对照分子流行病的研究方法,选择经病理检查确诊后的梅州地区客家人群122例食管癌患者(食管癌组)和同时期123例正常对照人群（正常对照组）,对NQO1基因rs1800566、rs10517、rs1437135共3个位点进行基因型及等位基因检测,分析其在两组间的分布特征。结果:NQO1基因3个位点在梅州地区客家人群中均存在多态性的改变,但两组的基因型和等位基因分布频率差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。经性别、年龄分层分析结果显示也无显著性差异。同时对影响食管癌发生的多种因素研究显示,吸烟、饮酒、经常食用腌制食品、喜热烫饮食以及有消化道肿瘤家族史与食管癌发病呈正相关,其中,有消化道肿瘤家族史可能是该地区人群发生食管癌的最危险因素。结论:NQO1基因rs1800566、rs10517和rs1437135位点多态性可能与客家人群食管癌的易感性无关,而环境因素中饮酒、吸烟、常食腌制食品等可能是该地区食管癌发病的危险因素。     

上海市区饮食与胃癌病例对照研究

1988年12月1日～1989年11月30日在上海市区进行了基于全人群的胃癌病例对照研究。调查了1197例病人和1451例对照,年龄均在20～69岁。总结了胃癌与饮食的关系。胃癌与饮食关系单因素研究结果表明,高盐饮食、三餐不按时、进餐速度快、过饱饮食等因素增加胃癌的危险性,年龄调整OR值男性组分别为2.08、4.17、2.22和2.00;女性组分别为5.00、4.10、2.08和1.81;男性油炸食品及女性腌制食品摄入增加,提高了胃癌的危险性,OR值分别为2.47和2.97。植物类食品如新鲜蔬菜、鲜豆类、豆及豆制品、根茎类食品以及新鲜水果的摄入频度与胃癌存在负相关的关系;动物类食品如淡水鱼、禽蛋、奶及奶制品和鸡鸭肉的每月摄入频度增加也可降低胃癌的危险性,男性组表现更为明显。在Logistic多因素研究中发现,维生素C和维生素A对胃癌有较强的保护作用,进入模型的因素还有三餐不按时、过饱饮食、高盐饮食、热烫饮食、油炸食品等。在研究中还发现,文化程度愈低,胃癌的危险性愈大。     

江苏省淮安市高危人群上消化道早期癌影响因素分析

摘 要：［目的］ 分析2009—2017年淮安市淮河流域癌症早诊早治项目上消化道早期癌的影响因素。［方法］ 收集2009—2017年淮安市三个县（区）参加此项目的调查对象问卷内容及内镜检查信息。采用多因素Logistic回归分析调查问卷相关因素与上消化道早期癌之间的关系。［结果］最终纳入研究对象3961人,其中病例组351人,对照组3610人;男性1567人（39.6%）。单因素分析结果表明两组性别、吸烟、饮酒、教育、家庭人口数、家庭年收入、肿瘤家族史、饮水主要来源、新鲜水果、干果干菜、腌晒食品、烫热食品构成比存在统计学差异,P值均<0.05。多因素Logistic回归分析结果表明,女性人群,食用腌晒食品和烫热食品频次低的人群,患病风险显著降低,OR（95%CI）分别为0.41（0.30~0.57）,0.55（0.41~0.74）和0.53（0.37~0.75）;有肿瘤家族史、饮水主要来源为浅井水或湖河水,以及食用新鲜水果频次低的人群患病风险显著增加,OR（95%CI）分别为1.96（1.53~2.51）,2.24（1.05~4.78）,1.53（1.18~1.98）。［结论］男性人群、有肿瘤家族史人群、饮水主要来源为浅井水或湖河水人群、食用腌晒食品和烫热食品频率高的人群、食用新鲜水果频次低的人群,患上消化道早期癌风险较高。应对有上述特征人群进行健康教育,改善饮食结构和生活方式。     

上海市居民饮食与胃癌关系的病例对照研究

目的：探讨上海市居民饮食与胃癌发生的关系。方法：采用全人群病例对照研究，调查1999年4月－10月间诊断的上海市区新发胃癌病例311例（男性198例，女性113例），对照1579例（为“九五”课题中乳腺癌，肺癌及胃癌病例－对照研究之一，对照共用）。采用非条件logistic回归分析，调整可能的混杂因素，包括年龄，文化程度，吸烟（仅男性）慢性胃炎及一级亲属胃癌家族史等，分析饮食口味，热烫饮食，新鲜蔬菜和水果，豆及豆制品，蛋及蛋制品，家禽类，腌制食品，油炸食品，植物油等饮食因素，以估计胃癌发生的比数比和95％可信区间。结果：研究发现新鲜蔬菜（最高摄入量OR＝0．6），水果（OR＝0．6），新鲜豆类OR＝0．4），豆制品（OR＝0．4）和植物油（OR＝0．6）是男性胃癌的保护因素，而油面食（OR＝1．6）增加男性胃癌的危险性，新鲜蔬菜9OR＝0．3），水果（OR＝0．4），新鲜豆类（OR＝0．4，干豆类（OR＝0．5）和蛋及蛋制品（OR＝0．5）对妇性胃癌具有保护作用，而腌制食品（OR＝2．2）和油食品（包括油鱼／肉、油炸面食，油煎蛋和油煎花生米，OR＝2．6是女性胃癌主要的危险因素，重盐饮食和热烫饮食及早餐不规律增加胃癌发生的危险，未发现主食，新鲜肉类（包括鱼，家禽类，红肉类）等与胃癌妇生有联系，结论：高盐饮食，热烫饮食，腌制食品和油炸食品是上海市胃癌的重要危险因素，而新鲜蔬菜，水果，豆及豆制品和植物油等可降低胃癌的危险性。     

中国人群饮食因素与肝癌发病关系的Meta分析北大核心CSCD

目的探讨中国人群饮食因素与肝癌发病的关联性,为制定防治措施提供科学依据。方法系统检索2016年5月前国内外发表的有关中国人群饮食因素与肝癌相关性的文献资料,对各因素与肝癌发病关系的OR值及95%CI进行统计分析。结果最终纳入46篇文献,累计病例11 613例,对照为12726例,葱蒜类、豆制品、蔬菜类、水果类、茶类、鱼类因素合并的OR值及95%CI均<1;干硬食品、高盐饮食、禽蛋类、霉变食品、烟熏食品、腌制食品、酒类、肥肉、生鱼类因素合并的OR值及95%CI均>1;动物肉类、油炸食品、酸醋食品与肝癌的无关。结论在中国人群饮食因素中,摄入葱蒜类、豆制品、蔬菜类、水果类、茶类、鱼类可能为肝癌的保护因素;摄入干硬食品、高盐饮食、禽蛋类、霉变食品、烟熏食品、腌制食品、酒类、肥肉类、生鱼类饮食可能为肝癌的危险因素;动物肉类、油炸食品、酸醋食品与肝癌的关联尚不能确定。     

苏州市肝癌高危率及饮食相关影响因素分析

目的 了解苏州市常住居民肝癌高危率情况,分析肝癌高风险的饮食相关影响因素,据此提出可行性防控建议。方法 2021年苏州市城区通过整群抽样选取八个乡镇街道,使用江苏省肿瘤筛查项目的《防癌风险评估问卷(2020版)》进行问卷调查。比较不同特征居民的肝癌高危率,并分析饮食相关因素对肝癌高风险的影响。结果 2021年苏州市城区共收集有效问卷3 073份,其中肝癌高危者共727人,占总人数23.7%。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,食用肉蛋奶类、油炸食品和加工肉类与肝癌高风险相关(P<0.05)。结论 食用加工肉类、油炸食品与肝癌高风险有关,而每天食用肉蛋奶类可以降低肝癌发生风险。针对这些饮食行为的干预措施可能有助于降低患肝癌的风险。     

胆囊结石及胆囊切除与结直肠癌的关系探讨

目的 探讨胆囊结石及胆囊切除与结直肠癌的关系.方法 回顾性分析347例结直肠癌及608例其他消化道癌的临床资料.结果 结直肠癌患者胆囊结石发生率及既往胆囊切除率显著高于对照组(P<0.05).结论 胆囊结石及胆囊切除可能是结直肠癌的高危因素.     

Experience in the treatment of synchronous and metachronous carcinoma of the oesophagus and the head and neck

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Treatment of multiple primary squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck and oesophagus is controversial. The poor prognosis of these 2 types of carcinoma taken individually and their anatomic proximity complicate the therapeutic strategy and limit the treatment choices for each location. METHODS: From 1986 to 1998, 43 patients received curative treatment for multiple synchronous (n = 30) or metachronous (n = 13) primary neoplasms of the oesophagus and head and neck. For synchronous cancers, the therapeutic strategy consisted of first curing the head and neck cancer and then planning oesophagectomy according to the type of head and neck cancer therapy. RESULTS: Ten total oesopharyngolaryngectomies and 33 subtotal oesophagectomies were performed. The postoperative mortality rate was 9.3% (4/43). The rate of anastomotic leakage was 30% (13/43), and all such leaks were cervical. Pulmonary infection occurred in 19% of cases (8/43). A past history of cervical radiation therapy or cervicotomy did not appear to be a significant risk factor for anastomotic leakage or pulmonary complications. Oesophagectomy did not affect the functional results in the 31 patients whose larynx could be preserved. CONCLUSIONS: Oesophagectomy after head and neck cancer treatment is possible with a low mortality rate and acceptable morbidity.     

Ductal lavage and ductoscopy: the opportunities and the limitations

Two related techniques of breast epithelial sampling have emerged in the past several years: ductal lavage, in which fluid-yielding nipple ducts are cannulated at their orifices and lavaged with saline while the breast is intermittently massaged; and ductoscopy, in which discharging or fluid-yielding duct orifices are dilated, intubated with a microendoscope, and the lumen directly visualized. Both of these techniques have significant potential in terms of allowing the repeated sampling of ductal epithelium over time and, as such, have generated considerable enthusiasm. However, data regarding the impact of these techniques on the detection of significant breast disease is very scant. It is important at the outset of the assessment of this new technology that breast cancer clinicians and clinical researchers think carefully about the standards of evidence that need to be met regarding the benefits of these procedures before they are widely adopted. In this review of the rationale and early results of these procedures, we attempt to define some of these evidentiary requirements.     

类癌及结肠癌、肺癌中神经内分泌细胞免疫组织化学研究

应用铬粒素 A、NSE、S-100蛋白及 Leu7单克隆抗体免疫组织化学方法,对24例结肠癌和肺癌、8例类癌、4例小细胞肺癌进行研究,结果表明除类癌外,结肠腺癌和肺癌中也存在神经内分泌细胞,阳性率为铬粒素 A 20.8%(5/24 3,NSE 33%(8/24),S-100蛋白33%(8/24),Len7 12.5%(3/24)。探讨了神经内分泌源性肿瘤与结肠癌、肺癌之间的关系和组织发生学。初步提出了类癌可能起源于壁内内分泌细胞,但须进一步研究和证实。     

直肠癌ER／PE受体表达及预后关系的病理学分析

 本文应用石蜡切片免疫组化PAP法，回顾性观察了61例直肠中分化管状腺癌组织ER、PR表达情况。ER(+)/PR(+)为42.6%；ER(-)/PR(-)为57.4%。ER/PR的存在表明该癌组织具有了依赖性激素的特性。ER(+)/PR(+)者的中位生存期为4.5年，一、三、五年生存率为88.5%、53.9%、38.5%，均高于ER(-)/PR(-)者的生存率。　ER(-)/PR(-)者的中位生存期为2.4年，一、三、五年生存率为65.7%、42.8%、28.6%。表达阳性与阴性两者的生存期有明显差异(P<0.01)。检测ER/PR受体亦可做为判定预后的指标之一。本实验证实ER、PR表达与年龄、性别以及LNM之间无明显差异(P>0.05)。     

Cancer and systemic inflammation: treat the tumour and treat the host

Determinants of cancer progression and survival are multifactorial and host responses are increasingly appreciated to have a major role. Indeed, the development and maintenance of a systemic inflammatory response has been consistently observed to confer poorer outcome, in both early and advanced stage disease. For patients, cancer-associated symptoms are of particular importance resulting in a marked impact on day-to-day quality of life and are also associated with poorer outcome. These symptoms are now recognised to cluster with one another with anorexia, weight loss and physical function forming a recognised cluster whereas fatigue, pain and depression forming another. Importantly, it has become apparent that these symptom clusters are associated with presence of a systemic inflammatory response in the patient with cancer. Given the understanding of the above, there is now a need to intervene to moderate systemic inflammatory responses, where present. In this context the rationale for therapeutic intervention using nonselective anti-inflammatory agents is clear and compelling and likely to become a part of routine clinical practice in the near future. The published literature on therapeutic intervention using anti-inflammatory agents for cancer-associated symptoms was reviewed. There are important parallels with the development of useful treatments for the systemic inflammatory response in patients with rheumatological disease and cardiovascular disease.     

Clinicopathological study of carcinomas of the lip and the mucosa of the upper and lower lips

BACKGROUND: Lip carcinomas are rare oral tumors, and there have been few reports of lip carcinoma in Japan. METHODS: Of 914 patients with oral carcinomas treated between January 1980 and December 1998, 12 (1.3%) had lip carcinoma and 5 (0.5%) had lip mucosal carcinoma. We investigated the clinicopathological features of these 17 patients. RESULTS: Of the 12 patients with carcinoma of the lip, 10 had squamous cell carcinomas (9, external lower lip; 1 commissures) and 2 had mucoepidermoid carcinomas (external upper lip). Of the 5 patients with lip mucosal carcinoma, 3 had squamous cell carcinomas (2, mucosa of the lower lip; 1, mucosa of the upper lip), 1 had mucoepidermoid carcinoma (mucosa of the lower lip), and 1 had acinic cell carcinoma (mucosa of the lower lip). Of the 12 patients with lip carcinoma, 9 were classified as stage I, 2 as stage II, and 1 as stage III; all 5 of the patients with lip mucosal carcinoma were stage I. Five patients with lip carcinoma were treated by resection, 5 by a combination of resection and reconstruction, and 2 by radiotherapy alone. All patients with lip mucosal carcinoma were treated by resection. After the initial therapy, 3 patients without neck dissection had regional recurrences and received delayed neck dissection, and 2 died with neck regional recurrence after dissection. The 5-year cumulative survival rates of the patients with lip carcinoma and those with lip mucosal carcinoma were 82.5% and 80.0%, respectively. CONCLUSION: We suggest that early-stage carcinomas of the lip and of the mucosa of the upper and lower lips are frequent, and we found that the outcome of these patients was excellent. However, an aggressive therapeutic approach to the lip carcinoma patient with cervical metastasis appears warranted, in an attempt to improve locoregional control and ultimate survival.     

瘦素与胃癌及胃相关疾病的关系

  瘦素（Leptin）是脂肪组织表达的一种调节能量的激素。其受体分布广泛，影响机体许多生理系统及代谢通路。随着对Leptin的进一步研究，人们对其作用已不再限于肥胖和消瘦的范畴。Leptin与胃黏膜功能密切相关，参与了胃癌及胃相关疾病的病理生理过程。     

Cutaneous head and neck melanoma: the old and the new

The incidence rate of malignant melanoma has shown a rapid worldwide rise in recent years. The staging and management of head and neck melanoma presents some unique challenges. Surgery remains the cornerstone of treatment, while sentinel node biopsy is the most accurate staging modality for regional disease. The complex regional anatomy and lymphovascular drainage of this region may account for the increased biologic aggressiveness and treatment challenges of this disease. Improved understanding of the radiobiology of melanoma has resulted in new adjuvant radiotherapy approaches, yielding improved control rates. The treatment outcomes of metastatic head and neck melanoma remain disappointing but important progress has been made in the understanding of melanoma biology.