改良式上颌窦手术的临床应用解剖

目的为改良式上颌窦手术提供应用解剖学基础.方法在98侧成人颅骨和30侧成人颅正中矢状切面的标本上用海克斯康(global 7-10.7型)三坐标测量仪等器械测量与手术入路有关的解剖结构.结果眶下孔与尖牙槽前缘、眶下缘、鼻骨内侧下缘、眶下外侧缘交界处的距离分别约(34.3±3.3)mm、(8.2±1.7)mm、(34.0±2.7)mm、(20.0±2.2)mm;上颌尖牙、侧切牙、第1前磨牙槽的深度分别约(13.0±2.2)mm、(9.7±1.5)mm(11.0±1.9)mm.眶下管的长度约(14.0±3.0);眶下管长轴与水平面的夹角约33°与矢状面的夹角约19.0°.上颌窦口与眶内下壁、鼻泪管、鼻小柱的距离分别约(5.1±0.7)mm、(6.8±2.6)mm、(48.4±3.7)mm;上颌窦口至鼻小柱连线与鼻腔下壁的夹角约32.5°.结论手术时根据上述解剖特点确定眶下孔、上颌窦口的定位及上颌窦骨孔的凿开范围,以防范术后各种并发症的发生.     

内镜经鼻、上颌窦、翼突入路至Meckel囊区的解剖特点和方法

目的探讨内镜经鼻、上颌窦、翼突入路至Meckel囊区的解剖特点和方法,为手术入路寻找标志点,测定相关解剖数据,提供可靠的解剖学依据。方法 5例(10侧)的新鲜颅骨标本,内镜经鼻、上颌窦、翼突入路至Meckel囊区,测定相关骨性解剖数据,寻找手术入路的解剖标志点。结果鼻小柱下缘到蝶窦口下缘是(61.2±1.6)mm,蝶窦开口下缘到鼻口上缘为(22.3±2.8)mm,鼻小柱下缘到蝶腭孔下缘为(62.8±2.3)mm,鼻小柱下缘到翼管前口下缘为(75.4±3.3)mm,鼻小柱下缘到腭蝶管前口下缘为(64.6±2.4)mm,鼻小柱下缘到后鼻孔上缘为(66.5±3.3)mm,翼管前口下缘腭蝶管前口上缘为(2.14±0.7)mm,圆孔下缘到翼管前口上缘为(7.57±0.7)mm,腭蝶管长度为(6.43±0.5)mm,翼管长度为(13.3±1.2)mm。结论用内镜经鼻、上颌窦、翼突入路至Meckel囊区是可行的,Meckel囊前方区域为四边形,它的内侧为斜坡旁段颈内动脉,下方为岩骨段颈内动脉,上方为外展神经,外侧方为上下颌神经。     

CT矢状位重建对鼻内窥镜手术相关解剖结构的测量

目的:探讨CT矢状位重建图像上测量与鼻内窥镜手术相关解剖结构对鼻内窥镜手术的参考价值。方法:对66例132侧健康志愿者鼻腔行CT轴位薄层扫描后矢状位重建,以鼻小柱下端外缘为参考点,鼻底为基线,测量与鼻内窥镜手术相关的重要结构与起点的距离及与基线的夹角。结果:所测鼻腔侧壁结构在矢状位重建图像上显示清晰,能准确区分额隐窝、钩突、蝶窦口、前筛顶及其相互关系。鼻小柱至额隐窝的角度和距离分别是(66.1±6.31)°和(52.2±4.55)mm;额隐窝前后径所测值为(5.1±2.72)mm;鼻小柱至前筛顶的角度和距离分别为(62.9±5.75)°和(60.3±5.48)mm;钩突长度为(12.7±3.92)mm;蝶窦口至鼻小柱的距离是(67.0±5.00)mm;准确获得了鼻小柱至鼻腔侧壁与鼻内窥镜手术相关各解剖结构的角度及长度数据。结论:CT鼻腔矢状位重建图像上能准确测量与鼻内窥镜手术相关解剖结构,对了解患者个体差异,减少术中并发症有较大帮助,具有较大的临床价值。     

上颌窦窦口的形态观察及其临床意义

目的：为了指导鼻内窥镜下功能性上颌窦手术。方法：对６０个头部标本（男３４，女２６）１２０侧进行了上颌窦口及其毗邻结构的观察测量。结果：上颌窦鼻通道的鼻开口口径为平均３．８ｍｍ，上颌窦通道长度为５．６ｍｍ，鼻内开口到前鼻棘连线与鼻底平面夹角为４５．２°，前鼻棘至鼻内开口的距离为３７．０ｍｍ，下鼻甲前端至鼻内开口距离为１９．５ｍｍ，中鼻甲前端至鼻内开口距离为１４．６ｍｍ。结论：上颌窦窦口为管状通道，该处的病变可以导致窦腔炎症，可以进行内窥镜下窦口扩大术，术中应避免损伤眼眶及鼻泪管。     

与蝶窦冲洗及内窥镜术有关的蝶窦口应用解剖

目的：为蝶窦冲洗及内窥镜术提供解剖学基础。方法：在６０侧成人头部正中矢状切面标本上解剖、观测了蝶窦口等结构。结果：蝶窦口内径２．１±０．３ｍｍ，距鼻小柱前下缘５８．６±３．８ｍｍ，距鼻腔底３５．１±４．３ｍｍ，距颈内动脉海绵体部中段１８．９±２．０ｍｍ，距视神经１５．９±１．８ｍｍ。结论：进行蝶窦冲洗时应注意蝶窦口的位置、角度；进行蝶窦内窥镜手术时应注意蝶窦口与周围结构的关系。     

鼻腔外侧壁的应用解剖及临床意义

目的:为临床开展鼻窦内窥镜手术提供外科手术解剖学依据。方法:在20具40侧经防腐处理的完整成人尸头标本上,观测鼻腔外侧壁诸结构的大小、分别与鼻前棘距离及其连线与鼻底平面之夹角。结果:上鼻甲长度为15.9±2.9mm,宽度为4.7±1.1mm;中鼻甲长度为36.5±3.4mm,宽度为10.4±3.4mm;下鼻甲长度为42.7±3.6mm,宽度为12.3±1.7mm。鼻前棘至中鼻甲前下端、后下端、额窦开口、蝶窦开口连线的距离及其与鼻底夹角分别为34.0±3.5mm、51.7±4.6mm、49.3±4.3mm、54.5±4.0mm及73.2±6.4°、22.8±3.3°、78.5±8.3°、43.5±5.2°。结论:鼻前棘至中鼻甲前下端、后下端、额窦开口、蝶窦开口连线距离及其与鼻底夹角的测量,为临床在内窥镜下寻找窦口、探入窦口及保护中鼻甲提供了解剖学依据。     

模拟内镜下经双鼻孔至Meckel腔的解剖

目的 通过模拟内镜下经双鼻孔至Meckel腔手术入路,对Meckel腔及入路的相关结构进行解剖学研究,为临床内镜下Meckel腔手术提供解剖学及形态学资料。
方法 对10具(20侧)动静脉灌注乳胶的成人尸头标本,完全模拟经双鼻孔至Meckel腔的手术入路逐层显微解剖,对入路相关解剖标志进行观察、分析、拍摄和测量。 结果 该入路可分4步,即寻找上颌窦口,进入上颌窦,进入翼腭窝和进入Meckel腔。鼻小柱距上颌窦口的距离为（45.07±2.01）mm,与蝶腭孔的距离为(64.84±3.00)mm,距翼管前孔距离为(71.34±2.99)mm。以鼻小柱至鼻后棘的连线为底边,其与鼻小柱与上颌窦口连线的夹角为(38.81±1.72)。其与鼻小柱与蝶腭孔连线的夹角为(25.92±2.05) °。蝶腭动脉及翼管动脉平均外径分别为(2.21±0.24)mm和(1.07±0.27)mm。翼腭窝区结构复杂,其内上颌动脉及其终支蝶腭动脉和腭降动脉变异较大,沿蝶腭动脉逆行解剖有助于寻找上颌动脉及其分支结构。解剖分离翼腭窝内神经、血管等结构,追踪翼管神经血管束,依据翼管后端正对颈内动脉破裂孔段的特点,解剖分离四方形空间可较直接进入Meckel腔。结论 侵犯Meckel腔肿瘤的入路选择应该个体化,应依据肿瘤主体在Meckel腔的位置及范围等决定选1种或联合入路;内镜下经双鼻孔至Meckel腔入路可较直接地暴露Meckel腔的前下内面及翼腭窝区域的解剖结构;手术中重要的解剖标志为蝶腭孔、翼管神经、翼管和上颌神经;翼腭窝中浅部血管结构的解剖有助于深部神经结构的保护,深部神经结构（如翼管神经和上颌神经）和其穿行的骨孔有助于在颅底辨别和控制颈内动脉。     

经鼻内窥镜自体组织移植泪道再造术的应用解剖

目的:为经鼻内窥镜泪囊鼻腔造口自体组织移植渭道再造手术提供解剖学依据.方法:对20个成人尸头的40侧泪道标本进行了手术显微镜下解剖观察和测量.观察泪囊和鼻泪管在鼻腔外侧壁的投影和毗邻关系.测量泪囊窝内侧壁的厚度.测量泪阜-鼻腔及泪囊的水平距、30°斜距、45°斜距.结果:泪囊窝中1/3部在泪前嵴、泪囊窝骨壁中垂线和泪后嵴的厚度分别为(4.03±0.89)mm,(0.61±0.36)mm,(0.63±0.24)mm,泪前嵴最厚(F检验,P＜0.05),泪阜-鼻腔水平距、30°斜距和45°斜距分别为(17.23±0.70)mm,(14.51±1.72)mm,(17.34±2.38)mm,30°斜距最短,(F检验,P＜0.05),30°斜距和45°斜距比较差异无显著性意义(Q检验,踟.05).结论:泪阜到鼻腔及泪囊的距离和泪阜.鼻泪管上口连线与鼻底平面的夹角对鼻腔外侧壁造口部位选择、隧道的倾斜角度和自体移植组织长短的确定有指导意义.     

上颌窦口的临床解剖学研究及其意义

目的为临床开展鼻窦内窥镜手术提供解剖学依据.方法在20具40侧经防腐处理的完整成人尸头标本上观测上颌窦窦口走行方向、内径及长径、其内口和鼻腔开口情况、上颌窦裂口及上颌窦窦口构造.结果上颌窦窦口内径为(3.7±0.9)mm(2.0～5.9mm);长径为(2.8±0.8)mm(1.0～4.0mm);上颌窦鼻内开口位于钩突外侧、筛漏斗最下方,形似漏斗嘴;位于钩突中段者占60%(24侧),钩突尾端者占40%(16侧);有7.5%(3侧)存在副口,均位于窦口后下方,钩突尾端后,下鼻甲附着缘处.结论上颌窦窦口周围结构(钩突、筛泡)的变异或病变直接影响到上颌窦口的通畅.     

内镜经鼻、上颌窦、翼突入路至Meckel囊区的解剖

目的通过解剖学研究,探讨内镜经鼻、上颌窦、翼突入路至Meckel囊区的解剖特点和方法,寻找手术入路中的重要解剖标志点,测量相关解剖数据,为内镜经鼻入路处理Meckel囊区病变提供解剖学依据。方法 5例共10侧新鲜成人头颅标本,采用内镜经鼻、上颌窦、翼突入路解剖和暴露Meckel囊区,寻找该手术入路中重要的解剖标志,研究具体的解剖方法,测量相关的解剖数据,解剖过程中使用导航。结果鼻小柱下缘至后鼻孔上缘为(66.5±3.3)mm,至蝶窦口下缘为(61.2±1.6)mm,至腭蝶管前口下缘为(64.6±1.4)mm,至蝶腭孔下缘为(62.8±2.3)mm,至翼管前口下缘的距离为(75.4±3.3)mm,翼管前口下缘与腭蝶管前口上缘距离为(2.1±0.7)mm,与圆孔下缘距离为(7.5±0.7)mm,腭蝶管长度为(6.4±0.5)mm,翼管长度为(13.3±1.2)mm。以腭蝶管为解剖标志可以寻找到翼管前口;以翼管为解剖标志可以寻找到岩骨段颈内动脉前膝部,以斜坡旁颈内动脉隆突可以寻找到斜坡旁颈内动脉,以圆孔可以寻找到上颌神经。导航能够准确定位上述解剖标志。结论运用内镜经鼻、上颌窦、翼突入路可以解剖和暴露Meckel囊区。此入路是由Meckel囊前方四边形区域暴露该区域,此四边形内侧为斜坡旁段颈内动脉,下方为岩骨段颈内动脉,上方为展神经,外侧方为上、下颌神经;实验数据和导航可以辅助定位重要的解剖结构和标志。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.