抗IgE抗体的诱导及其对血清IgE水平的抑制

用ＩｇＥＦｃε片段和钥孔血蓝蛋白聚合物（ＫＬＨ－ＩｇＥ）免疫小鼠，产生了内源性抗ＩｇＥ抗体，同时伴有血清ＩｇＥ含量下降。这种状况在新生小鼠可保持１２周，而在同剂量ＫＬＨ－ＩｇＥ免疫的成年小鼠体内只能保持４周。以５倍剂量免疫成年小鼠，诱导出较高水平的抗ＩｇＥ抗体，ＩｇＥ水平也显著被抑制，并保持１２周，同时，ＩｇＥ分泌细胞数也显著减少。提示诱导产生的内源性抗ＩｇＥ抗体既可加速体内ＩｇＥ抗体的清除，也可抑制ＩｇＥ抗体的产生。     

黄芪治疗11例IgG亚类缺陷病的疗效观察及机理初探

研究ＡＭ研究治疗１１例ＩｇＧ亚类缺陷病患儿的疗效及机理，结果表明ＡＭ治疗使患儿缺陷的血清ＩｇＧ１、ＩｇＧ３水平升高，ＰＢＭＣ体外产生ＴＦＮ－γ水平升高。治疗半年后呼吸道感染频率及患病时间明显降低，提示ＡＭ部分改善ＩｇＧ亚类缺陷患儿免疫功能，减少呼吸道感染发生。     

应用小剂量肝素治疗儿童支气管哮喘机体免疫功能的研究

应用小剂量肝素治疗儿童支气管哮喘机体免疫功能的研究袁淑琴谭晓冬姚慧李绍云牛培新张彩检测了８３例哮喘患儿周围血，其ＣＤ３、ＣＤ４、ＣＤ８、总ＩｇＥ与８０例健康儿童进行比较，结果患儿ＣＤ３、ＣＤ４、ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８明显低于健康儿童，而总ＩｇＥ明显高于健康儿...     

肝胆胰疾病患者十一种血清蛋白质定量测量及其临床意义

收集１１４例临床确诊肝胆胰疾病患者血清，应用贝克曼全自动免疫分析仪联合定量检测１１种血清蛋白质，发现胆管结石及胆囊疾病患者血清ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＡ、ＩｇＭ、ＡＡＴ和ＡＭＧ升高，ＴＲＦ和ＣＥＲ降低，而Ｃ３、Ｃ４、ＡＡＧ和ＣＲＰ正常；胰腺疾病ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＡ、ＩｇＭ、ＡＭＧ、ＡＡＴ和ＣＲＰ升高，ＴＲＦ降低，Ｃ３、Ｃ３、ＡＡＧ和ＣＥＲ正常；肝硬化患者ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＡ、ＩｇＭ、ＡＭＧ和ＡＡＴ升高，Ｃ３、Ｃ４、ＴＲＦ     

用磁化自血疗法矫正慢性疱疹性口炎患者的免疫障碍

用磁化自血疗法矫正慢性疱疹性口炎患者的免疫障碍［俄］－１９９５，７４（２）．－３７～３９检查慢性疮疹性口炎患者２７例，年龄１９～４２岁，均有免疫障碍，表现在Ｔ淋巴细胞减少，Ｂ淋巴细胞增多，血清ＩｇＡ，ＩｇＧ和ＩｇＭ含量增多，唾液溶菌酶含量减少。疮疹性...     

妊高征患者血清免疫球蛋白的变化

中国图书分类号Ｒ３９２．７血清中免疫球蛋白（Ｉｇ）等指标的水平可以反映机体体液免疫的功能状态。正常妊娠时，母体和胎儿之间存在着一种免疫平衡，而妊高征则可能是这种平衡的失调。但正常妊娠和妊高征分娩前后血清Ｉｇ的变化及意义尚不清楚。为此，我们采用单向琼脂...     

肿瘤热疗及其免疫效应

热疗已成为肿瘤局部治疗的重要手段之一。除热作用外，局部热疗诱发的机体抗肿瘤免疫效应，对热疗效果也具有重要影响。热疗可望成为制造肿瘤疫苗的方法之一。本文对肿瘤局部热疗与免疫及肿瘤疫苗的关系进行了综述，旨在促进基于热疗的生物治疗的研究及提高对肿瘤热疗的应用价值的认识。     

氩氦刀冷冻治疗的抗肿瘤免疫学机制研究进展

氩氦刀利用氩气快速制冷产生超低温(<-140℃)及氦气快速复温引起细胞内外冰晶形成、细胞脱水等机制导致肿瘤细胞死亡。氩氦刀冷冻治疗的抗肿瘤免疫效应得到了广泛的研究,多数研究表明冷冻治疗可以增强机体抗肿瘤免疫效应,冷冻治疗后肿瘤坏死物质持续释放入血,致敏树突状细胞,增强其抗原提呈能力并促进其分泌IL-4、IL-12等多种细胞因子,进而促进T细胞、B细胞的增殖与活化,使机体免疫系统激活而发挥抗肿瘤作用。而另一些研究发现冷冻治疗后发生了高带免疫耐受,使Treg细胞增殖及活性增加,抑制了机体的抗肿瘤免疫效应。近年来,氩氦刀联合CpG-ODN、CTLA-4抗体等其他免疫治疗方式取得了良好的治疗效果。本文通过回顾国内外文献,对氩氦刀冷冻治疗的抗肿瘤免疫学机制研究进展进行概述。     

乳糖发酵奈氏菌和脑膜炎奈氏菌诱生的流脑杀菌抗体…

利用杀菌力试验测定不同来源血清对脑膜炎奈氏菌（Ｎｍ）的杀菌抗体水平。结果表明Ａ群流脑病人恢复期血清、带菌者及乳糖发酵奈氏菌（Ｎ１）带菌者血清／兔抗Ｎｍ及Ｎ１血清中均具有对Ｎｍ的杀菌抗体。通过Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ ｂｌｏｔｔｉｎｇ分析发现上述人血清ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ和ＩｇＡ均与这两种奈氏菌的５２ｋＤ、１、２或３类外膜蛋白发生特异反应。用纯化的１和３类外膜蛋白及脂寡糖免疫小鼠制备免疫血清，测定抗体水平表明，Ｎ１     

光量子血疗前后血中补体C_3的检测

光量子血疗巳在国内外广泛用于治疗各种感染、免疫性疾病和心脑血管病等。其公认的作用有:红细胞生成增快,氧合作用增强,血粘度和血疑活性下降,改善微循环、增强免疫,杀菌杀病毒等。本文就20例血疗前后血中补体C_3含量作了检测,结果如下: 材料和方法:20例均为同期住院病人。其中脑梗塞7例,余13例为肺炎、高血压、眩晕症、高脂血症、冠心、脊髓炎、气管炎、甲亢等。男11例,女9例。年龄26至70岁。使用BGXY—Ⅰ型扁管式光量子血疗仪,均在作血疗时从三     

急性肌肉软组织损伤后不同冷疗方式处理的组织学变化

背景：冷疗处理急性软组织损伤已在临床广泛应用。 目的：观察不同冷疗方式对急性软组织损伤大鼠的组织学改变及治疗效果。 方法：将新生Wistar大鼠随机分成正常组、模型组、间断冷敷组及持续冷敷组,后3组建立急性软组织损伤动物模型。间断冷敷组用4 ℃生物冰袋间断冷敷于损伤部位,持续冷敷组用4 ℃生物冰袋持续冷敷,模型组不予以处理。冷敷48 h后观察各组损伤部位大体形态改变,采用损伤症候指数评估损伤程度。 结果与结论：与模型组比较,间断冷敷组及持续冷敷组损伤症候指数与组织学评分较低,白细胞介素1β的阳性表达率降低,转化生长因子β1的阳性表达率表达率升高  (P < 0.05)。与间断冷敷组比较,持续冷敷组损伤症候指数与组织学评分较低(P< 0.05),白细胞介素1β的阳性表达率降低(P< 0.05),转化生长因子β1的阳性表达率表达率升高(P < 0.05)。结果证实,冷疗处理治疗急性期软组织损伤的机制与降低白细胞介素1β及提高转化生长因子β1表达有关,持续冷疗的疗效优于间断冷疗。     

Cryotherapy reduces skeletal muscle damage after ischemia/reperfusion in rats

The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of cryotherapy on the biochemical and morphological changes in ischemic and reperfused (I/R) gastrocnemius muscle of rats. Forty male Wistar rats were divided into control and I/R groups, and divided based on whether or not the rats were submitted to cryotherapy. Following the reperfusion period, biochemical and morphological analyses were performed. Following cryotherapy, a reduction in thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances and dichlorofluorescein oxidation levels were observed in I/R muscle. Cryotherapy in I/R muscle also minimized effects such as decreased cellular viability, levels of non‐protein thiols and calcium ATPase activity as well as increased catalase activity. Cryotherapy also limited mitochondrial dysfunction and decreased the presence of neutrophils in I/R muscle, an effect that was corroborated by reduced myeloperoxidase activity in I/R muscle treated with cryotherapy. The effects of cryotherapy are associated with a reduction in the intensity of the inflammatory response and also with a decrease in mitochondrial dysfunction.     

Does Cryotherapy Hasten Return to Participation? A Systematic Review

OBJECTIVE: To search the English-language literature for original research addressing the effect of cryotherapy on return to participation after injury. DATA SOURCES: We searched MEDLINE, the Physiotherapy Evidence Database, SPORT Discus, the Cochrane Reviews database, and CINAHL from 1976 to 2003 to identify randomized clinical trials of cryotherapy. Key words used were cryotherapy, return to participation, cold treatment, ice, injury, sport, edema, and pain. DATA SYNTHESIS: Original research, including outcomes-assessment measures of return to participation of injured subjects, was reviewed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) Scale. Four studies were identified and reviewed by a panel of certified athletic trainers. The 4 articles' scores ranged from 2 to 4 on the PEDro scale, which has a maximum of 10 points. Two of the articles suggested that cryotherapy speeds return to participation after ankle sprains. However, these authors failed to provide in-depth statistical analysis of their results. A confounding factor of compression as part of the treatment prevented interpretation of the effects of cryotherapy in 1 article. CONCLUSIONS: After critically reviewing the literature for the effect of cryotherapy on return-to-participation measures, we conclude that cryotherapy may have a positive effect. Despite the extensive use of cryotherapy in the management of acute injury, few authors have actually examined the effect of cryotherapy alone on return-to-participation measures. The relatively poor quality of the studies reviewed is of concern. Randomized, controlled clinical studies of the effect of cryotherapy on acute injury and return to participation are needed to better elucidate the treatment responses.     

短时冷冻结合镇痛药物与单纯镇痛药物对 全膝关节置换术后疼痛缓解的疗效分析

目的 验证30 min短时冷冻治疗结合镇痛药物治疗对全膝关节置换术后疼痛缓解效果是否优于单独使用镇痛药物。方法 选取2013年8月~2015年8月在重庆医科大学附属第一医院接收52例全膝关节置换术的患者,随机分为两组,每组26例,对照组在疼痛发作期仅给予镇痛药治疗;观察组在疼痛发作期采用镇痛药联合冷冻治疗,记录患者疼痛评分及疼痛管理满意度评分。结果 两种治疗方法在患者疼痛评分变化和疼痛管理满意度,差异无统计学意义（P >0.05）。与在第一个疼痛发作期采用镇痛药物联合冷冻治疗患者的疼痛管理满意度相比,在第二个疼痛发作期采用镇痛药物联合冷冻治疗的患者疼痛管理满意度较高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 止痛药物结合短时冷冻治疗相比于单纯给予止痛药物没有显著减少疼痛感或提高患者的疼痛管理满意度。     

Prevention of oral mucositis due to 5-fluorouracil treatment with oral cryotherapy

INTRODUCTION: One of the most common and important side effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is mucositis with ulcerations in the oral cavity. We investigated the effects of local cryotherapy on mucositis incidence administrated durng 5-FU treatment. METHODS: In a total of 99 courses, 5-FU and folinic acid combination chemotherapy was given to 40 patients. In our study, we considered every course as a single case, and cryotherapy was given to the same patient in one course but not given in the next. RESULTS: While mucositis developed in 6.7% of the courses given with cryotherapy, this ratio was 38.9% in courses given without cryotherapy. In the logistic regression analysis, development of mucositis had been found to correlate only with cryotherapy. Odds ratio (OR) = 11.5; in the 95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.2 - 41.9; (p = 0.001). DISCUSSION: Results of initial studies evaluating the effects of cryotherapy in preventing mucositis due to 5-FU based chemotherapy regimens were promising. We concluded that oral cooling prevents 5-FU induced mucositis. This effective prophylactic treatment should be used in patients who are at increased risk for developing 5-FU induced mucositis.     

Minimally invasive therapy under image guidance--emphasizing MRI-guided cryotherapy

Cryotherapy may provide a method for the focal destruction of cancerous tissue while preserving most of the surrounding normal tissue. The mechanisms of tissue injury in cryotherapy are 1) intracellular ice formation, 2) dehydration of cells, and 3) stagnation of microcirculation. MR images were superior to CT and ultrasound in monitoring interstitial cryotherapy, because the very short T2 relaxation time of ice affords excellent contrast between the ice and surrounding tissue, allowing an accurate depiction of the entire extent of the iceball. MR imaging demonstrates the iceball as sharply marginated regions of signal loss that expanded and engulfed the renal and hepatic masses with clear contrast between the iceball and surrounding tissue. Recently, a fast Joule-Thomson cryocycling device for MR-compatible cryotherapy application was developed and clinical trials under MRI-guided monitoring were performed in several sites of the body. In our series, cryotherapy was performed in 14 cases of renal tumor and 4 cases of hepatic malignancy under the guidance of a horizontal open MR system. Fourteen of the 18 cases were discharged a day after cryotherapy. One of the residual tumors at the margin of a renal cancer required re-cryoablation. All cryoablated tumors resolved and there were no serious complications and no clinically significant changes-during the follow-up study.     

Should Athletes Return to Activity After Cryotherapy?

Reference/Citation

Bleakley CM, Costello JT, Glasgow PD. Should athletes return to sport after applying ice? A systematic review of the effect of local cooling on functional performance. Sports Med. 2012; 42(1):69–87.

Clinical Question

Does local tissue cooling affect immediate functional performance outcomes in a sport situation?

Data Sources

Studies were identified by searching MEDLINE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and EMBASE, each from the earliest available record through April 2011. Combinations of 18 medical subheadings or key words were used to complete the search.

Study Selection

This systematic review included only randomized controlled trials and crossover studies published in English that examined human participants who were treated with a local cooling intervention. At least 1 functional performance outcome that was measured before and after a cooling intervention had to be reported. Excluded were studies using whole-body cryotherapy or cold-water immersion above the waist and studies that measured strength or force production during evoked muscle contraction.

Data Extraction

Data were extracted by 2 authors using a customized form to evaluate relevant data on study design, eligibility criteria, detailed characteristics of cooling protocols, comparisons, and outcome measures. Disagreement was resolved by consensus or third-party adjudication. To perform an intent-to-treat analysis when possible, data were extracted according to the original allocation groups, and losses to follow-up were noted. The review authors were not blinded to the study author, institution, or journal. For each study, mean differences or standardized mean differences and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for continuous outcomes using RevMan (version 5.1; The Nordic Cochrane Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark). Treatment effects were based on between-groups comparisons (cryotherapy versus control) using postintervention outcomes or within-group comparisons (precryotherapy versus postcryotherapy). If continuous data were missing standard deviations, other statistics including confidence intervals, standard error, t values, P values, or F values were used to calculate the standard deviation. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to assess the methodologic quality of included studies. Each study was evaluated for sequence generation, allocation concealment, assessor blinding, and incomplete outcome data. Studies were graded as low or high based on the criteria met, but the risk of bias across the studies was consistently high, so meaningful subgroup classifications were not possible. Differences in study quality and intervention details, including duration of cryotherapy interventions and time periods after intervention before follow-up, were potential sources of bias and considered for a subgroup analysis.

Main Results

Using the search criteria, the authors originally identified 1449 studies. Of these, after title and abstract review, 99 studies were deemed potentially relevant and kept for further analysis (1350 studies were excluded). Of the 99 potentially relevant studies, 35 were included in the final review (64 studies were excluded), with relevant outcomes of strength, power, vertical jump, endurance, agility, speed, performance accuracy, and dexterity reported. The 64 excluded studies were rejected due to intervention relevancy, outcome relevancy, and non-English language. In the 35 studies meeting the inclusion criteria, 665 healthy participants were assessed. Muscle strength (using an isokinetic dynamometer, cable tensiometer, strain-gauge device, or load cell) was assessed in 25 studies, whole-body exercise (vertical jump height, power, timed hop test, sprint time, and time taken to complete running-based agility tests, including carioca runs, shuttle sprints, T-shuttle, and cocontraction tests) was assessed in 6, performance accuracy (throwing or shooting) was assessed in 2, and hand dexterity was assessed in 2. Outcomes before and immediately after cryotherapy intervention were reported in all studies; additional outcome assessments at times ranging from 5 to 180 minutes postintervention were recorded in 11 studies. The review authors reported a high risk of bias: selection bias (poor randomization and concealment of group allocation), performance and detection bias (poor blinding of assessors), and attrition bias (incomplete data). Because of the diversity of studies, particularly with respect to cryotherapy protocols and the potential for rewarming before the posttest, the effects of cryotherapy on functional performance were mixed. From the included studies, the authors concluded that cryotherapy treatment reduced upper and lower extremity muscle strength immediately after cryotherapy. However, increases in force output after cryotherapy were reported in 5 studies. Regardless of the effect of cryotherapy on strength, the clinical meaningfulness of most of the data may not be important due to variability and small effects. Studies reporting outcomes of muscle endurance resulted in conflicting evidence: endurance increased immediately after cryotherapy in 6, whereas muscle endurance decreased in 3 . These conflicting results limit the ability to draw clinically relevant conclusions about the effect of cryotherapy on muscle endurance. The majority of studies evaluating whole-body exercise demonstrated decreases in performance after cryotherapy; these outcomes included vertical jump, sprint, and agility, even when cryotherapy was applied only to a body part. Additionally, cryotherapy appeared to decrease hand dexterity and throwing accuracy immediately after intervention, although an increase in shooting performance postintervention was reported in 1 study .

Conclusions

The authors suggested that the available evidence indicates that athletic performance may be adversely affected when athletes return to play immediately after cryotherapy treatments. Many of the included studies used variable cooling protocols, reflecting differences in time, temperature, and mode of cryotherapy. The majority of the included studies used cryotherapy for at least 20 minutes. However, when considering an immediate return to activity, this cooling duration may not be clinically relevant because cryotherapy applications during practice and competitions usually last less than 20 minutes. When immediate return to activity occurs after cryotherapy, short-duration cold applications or progressive warm-ups should be implemented to prevent a deleterious effect on functional performance.Key Words: cold modalities, functional performance, strength, endurance     

Comparison of different cold therapy programs on delayed-onset muscle soreness北大核心

BACKGROUND: Cryotherapy plays a positive role in the treatment of delayed-onset muscle soreness caused by high intense exercise. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of different crypotherapy programs on the levels of interleukin-6 and prostaglandin 2 in long distance race-walkers after 15-day training, and to determine a rational treatment program for delayed-onset muscle soreness. METHODS: Sixteen male race-walkers in Liaoning Province were randomly divided into cryotherapy and cryo/heat therapy groups, and received 10-minute cryotherapy and 2.5-minute cryo/heat therapy (2.5-mintue cryotherapy and 2.5-minute heat therapy alternately for 10 minutes), respectively, after 15-day training. The serum levels of interleukin-6 and prostaglandin 2 were detected at six different time points to compare the efficacy between two methods. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the cryo/heat therapy group, the serum levels of interleukin-6 and prostaglandin 2 in the cryotherapy group were significantly decreased. That is to say, cryotherapy is more available for alleviating delayed-onset muscle soreness after intensive eccentric training or in intensive seasons. © 2017, Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research. All rights reserved.     

Cryotherapy and Transcutaneous Electric Neuromuscular Stimulation Decrease Arthrogenic Muscle Inhibition of the Vastus Medialis After Knee Joint Effusion

OBJECTIVE: Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI) is a presynaptic, ongoing reflex inhibition of joint musculature after distension or damage to the joint. The extent to which therapeutic interventions affect AMI is unknown. The purpose of this study was to verify that the vastus medialis (VM) is inhibited using the knee joint effusion model and to investigate the effects of cryotherapy and transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) on AMI using this model. DESIGN AND SETTING: A 3 x 6 analysis of variance was used to compare Hoffmann-reflex data for treatment groups (cryotherapy, TENS, and control) across time (preinjection, postinjection, and 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after injection). SUBJECTS: Thirty neurologically sound volunteers (age = 21.8 +/- 2.4 years; height = 175.6 +/- 9.6 cm; mass = 71.5 +/- 13.3 kg) participated in this study. MEASUREMENTS: Hoffmann-reflex measurements were collected using a percutaneous stimulus to the femoral nerve and surface electromyography of the VM. RESULTS: Hoffmann-reflex measurements from the cryotherapy and TENS groups were greater than measurements from the control group at 15 and 30 minutes after injection. Measurements from the cryotherapy group were greater than for the TENS group, and measurements for the TENS group were greater than those for the control group at 45 minutes. At 60 minutes, the cryotherapy group measurements were greater than the TENS and control group measures. Measurements at 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after injection were reduced compared with the preinjection and postinjection measurements in the control group. Measurements in the cryotherapy group at 30, 45, and 60 minutes were greater than the preinjection, postinjection, and 15-minute data. No differences between time intervals existed in the TENS group. CONCLUSIONS: Artificial knee joint effusion results in VM inhibition. Cryotherapy and TENS both disinhibit the quadriceps after knee joint effusion, and cryotherapy further facilitates the quadriceps motoneuron pool. Cryotherapy treatment resulted in facilitation of the VM motoneuron pool during the post-treatment phase. The TENS treatment failed to disinhibit the VM motoneuron pool by 30 minutes postinjection.     

Cryotherapy and sequential exercise bouts following cryotherapy on concentric and eccentric strength in the quadriceps

We investigated the effects of cryotherapy followed by sequential exercise bouts on concentric and eccentric strength of the quadriceps. Nineteen males (18-27 years) participated in a two-stage design involving four sequences: ice and exercise, ice and rest, no ice and exercise, and no ice and rest. We gathered concentric and eccentric strength measures (torque) using a kinetic communicator (KIN-COM) prior to exercise, immediately following treatment, and 20- and 40-minutes post-treatment. There were significant decreases in concentric and eccentric strength immediately following the 25-minute cryotherapy treatment. This suggests that applying ice immediately prior to participation or returning an athlete to competition immediately following cryotherapy treatment may adversely affect his/her ability to perform. It appears that the reduction in strength following cryotherapy is of short duration (less than 20 minutes). The delayed effect of the ice treatment and sequential exercise appears to affect concentric and eccentric strength differently. Ice did not have a delayed effect on concentric strength, but there was a significant difference in eccentric values. This difference was a failure to improve during post-tests at the rate of those not treated with ice. Exercise did not have a significant effect on eccentric strength recovery, but there was a significant difference in concentric values. Moderate exercise following cryotherapy appears to help the recovery of concentric strength.