A Randomized Multicentre Comparative Study of 3 Types of IUD （3 years Follow up）

A randomized muhicentre clinical comparative study of Stainless steel ring, VCu 200 and TCu 200c has been carried out in 23 centres in 13 provinces and municipalities. The experience of 6,236 cases was analyzed by life table methods. The follow-up rate at the end of three years was 99.25%. Woman months of use of Steel ring, VCu 200 and TCu 220c were 54,366.5, 65,973.0 and 67,484.5 respectively. The cumulative continuation rate per 100 women at 36 months of use was 61.1, 78.1 and 80.2 respectively. The pregnancy rate was 5.2 and 5,3 per 100 respectively in cases of using TCu 220c and VCu 200, significantly lower than 17.6 per 100 in the ease of using Steel ring. The expulsion rate of TCu 220c at 36 months, 4.7 per 100, was the lowest; whereas the e,,cpulsion rate of Steel ring, 18.3 per 100, was the highest. However, the removal for bleeding and/or pain was 3.3 per 100 in Steelring, lower than 5.3 and 4.8per 100 in TCu 220c and VCu 200.     

A Comparison of 28 Months Performance of 4 Different IUDs in Breastfeeding Women Peasants

This is an experimental epidemiologic study comparing the performance of Stainless Steel Ring ( SSR) , Uterine Cavity-Shaped Device ( UCD ) , MLCu250 and TCu220c in breastfeeding women peasants, 711 healthy women, para 1 and gravida 1,22-32years of age, 3-9 months post-partum were randomly allocated to 4 groups receiving 4 different devices single-blindedly. They were followed up regularly. The results showed that 28 months after insertion, the use-ralated termination rates of UCD appeared to be the lowest,followed by MLCu250, TCu220c, and SSR in an increasing order. There were very significant differences among the use-related termination rates of four IUDs. SSR had higer termination rates than those of MLCu250 and TCu220c. The removals due to bleeding and pain were much higher in TCu220c than in MLCu250.     

Comparison between Two Techniques Used in Immediate Postplacental Insertion of TCu 380A Intrauterine Device：36-Month follow-up

Three hundred and eighty four women in Shanghai who delivered vaginally and chose IUD for contraception received the copper T-380A IUD inserted vaginatty within 10min after delivery of the placenta(i.e.,immediate postplacentat insertion,IPPI).Among them,98.70% were primipara.The women were randomly divided into twogroups:IUD inserted by hand and IUD insreted by ring forceps.Using Life Table Method and X^2test,expulsion and other discontinuation rates were compared at 6,12,24,and 36 months post-insertion between these two different groups.No uterine perforation,infection or prolonged period of lochia occurred in the 384 cases.Expulsions were the main reason for discontinuation.From 6 months to 36 months,the gross cumulative rates of all discontinuation events(expulsion, pregnancy,removal for bleed-ing/pain,etc.)were not statistically significantly different(P＞0.05).The results suggest that these two different insertion techniques do not significantly affect discontinuation rate in vaginal IPPI using the TCu 380A, which appears to be suitable for postpartum insertion in Chinese women.Other relevant issues,such as breast-feeding and IUD position in uterine cavity,are also analyzed and discussed in this paper.     

Uterine Cavity-shaped Device Used in China

Objective To assess the effectiveness, side effects, and acceptability of copper uterine cavity - shaped intrauterine devices （UCD） with and without indomethacin. Methods We used electronic search and hand search to identify relevant literatures. Included papers were systematically reviewed according to previous established guidelines. Results A total of 39 related papers were identified. Of them, 9papers were included in this review： 4 associated with medicated or non-medicated UCD200 （containing copper 200 mm^2） and 5 associated with medicated or non-medicated UCD300 （containing copper 300 mm^2）. The contraceptive effectiveness, cumulative one-year and two-year continuation rates＇ were similar between medicated UCD200, non-medicated UCD200 and TCu220C. The effectiveness of non-medicated UCD300 was similar to that of TCu220C and TCu200. The effectiveness of medicated UCD300 was similar to that of MLCu375 and TCu220C but lower than that of TCu38OA. The cumulative one-year, three-year and five-year continuation rates were similar between medicated, non-medicated UCD300 and TCu380A or MLCu375. The problem of bleeding was less common among medicated UCD users than among non-medicated devices. Conclusions Uterine cavity-shaped devices should continue to be used in the National Family Planning Proramme. However, priority should be given to the 300 mm^2 copper containing device. A large multicenter randomized comparative trial of UCD300 and TCu380A is needed.     

A frozen-thawed embryo transfer program improves the embryo utilization rate

Background Frozen-thawed embryo transfer （FET） is the most common way to prevent serious late ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and increase the cumulative pregnancy rate. We evaluated the effectiveness of an FET program for improving the embryo implantation and clinical pregnancy rates, and ultimate embryo utilization rate in infertility treatment. Methods Patients undergoing in vitro fertilisation （IVF） cycles from January 2006 to June 2008 were enrolled, including 179 patients who had undergone the first FET cycle after controlled ovarian hyperstimulation （COH） in which all embryos were frozen （group C1） and 1306 patients who had COH with fresh embryo transfer （ET） （group T1）. Logistic regression was used to model the embryo implantation and clinical pregnancy rates based on the mother＇s age, numbers of oocytes retrieved, embryos transferred and high-quality embryos transferred. The embryo implantation and clinical pregnancy rates were also compared between two groups after adjusting for age, the numbers of oocytes retrieved and the numbers of embryos transferred. Results Logistic regression analysis confirmed that embryo implantation and clinical pregnancy rates in group C1 were both significantly higher than those in group T1 after adjusting for confounding factors （43.6% vs 29.0%, 63.1% vs 47.0%, respectively; P 〈0.01）. The embryo implantation and clinical pregnancy rates were consistently higher in group C1 by comparing the age groups ≥35 or 〈35 years. The clinical pregnancy rates for the numbers of oocytes retrieved per cycle being ≥15 or 〈15 were higher in group C1, as was the embryo implantation rate. These differences were statistically significant for oocyte numbers 〉15 （P 〈0.05）. The embryo implantation and clinical pregnancy rates in group C1 were both significantly higher than in group T1 when two or three embryos were transferred （P 〈0.05）. Conclusion A program of freezing all embryos and performing FET improved the rates of embryo implantation and clinical pregnancy, and ultimately enhanced the embryo utilization rate.     

A Multicenter Comparative Clinical Study of Sino-Levonorgestrel-Releasing Implants No. Ⅰ and No. Ⅱ with Norplant

Objective To compare the efficacy, side effects and acceptability of two Sino-implants with NorplantMethods A randomized, prospective multicenter comparative clinical study was conducted in 10 clinical centers in China.Results Totally 1 001, 1 000 and 998 cases were recruited for Sino-implant No. I, No.11 and Norplant, respectively, in 1993. The follow-up rate was 99.8% totally in 5 years.Three and five pregnancies occurred respectively in Sino-implant No. Ⅰ and No. Ⅱ group, while no pregnancy occurred in the Norplant group. The cumulative pregnancy rate was 0.4, 0.7 and 0 per 100 women respectively in implant No.L No. H and Norplant group for five years, meaning that there was no statistical difference. There was no ectopic pregnancy in the three groups. The cumulative discontinuation rates at the end of five years were not significantly different among the three groups, either Menstrual problems were the main reason for termination. The menstrual blood loss decreased significantly and no serious health problems arose from implants use.Conclusion The two Sino-implants provided similar high efficacy and safety to Norplant, therefore, they can be used by women at reproductive age who are from different areas, different of races, educational background and occupation.     

Selective Short-term Fertilization Combined with Early Rescue ICSh An Optimal Strategy for Patients at High Risk for Fertilization Failure

Objective To investigate clinical outcomes in patients who were at more precise criteria risks for fertilization failure and were treated with selective, short-term fertilization （oocytes and sperm co-incubated for 4 h） and early rescue intracytoplasmic sperm injection （ICSI）. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on 2023 women undergoing assisted reproductive technology （ART）. They were assigned to 4 groups： short-term in vitro fertilization （short-term IVF,, group A, n=217）, regular IVF （oocytes and sperm coincubated overnight, group B, n=1475）, short-term IVF and early rescue ICSI （shortterm ICSI, group C, n=94）, and regular ICSI （group D, n=237）. Results In group A, 69.8% （217/311） achieved normal fertilization rates, and the complete fertilization failure rate （fertilization rate was 0%） was 12.9% （40/311）. But all of the fertilization failure oocytes got rescue ICSI. In group B, the complete fertilization failure rate was 1.1% （19/1 692）. The fertilization rate, 2 PN （pronucleus） rate, and i PN rate were significantly lower in group A than those in group B （70.9% vs 80.8%, 57.8% vs 66.3%, and 3.5% vs 6.2%, respectively）. No significant differences were observed in clinical pregnancy rates and birth defect rates between groups A and B. The fertilization rates in groups C and D did not significantly differ （77.9% vs 76.2%）, which was also true for birth defect rates. The clinical pregnancy rate of group C was higher than that of group D （51.2% vs 42.3%）, but this difference was not significant （P〉0. 05）.Conclusion These results suggested that selective, short-term fertilization can result in effective outcomes for patients who were at high risk for fertilization failure.     

Study of the Effect of Two New Types of IUDs,TCu380A and GyneFix on the Positive Rate of Chlamydia Trahmatis

Objective To analyze the effect of two types of IUDs, TCu 380A and GyneFix on the positive rate of Chlamydia Trahmatis (CT).Methods The TCu380A and GyneFix IUDs were compared in a randomized was for the one-year and two-year positive rate of Chlamydia Trahmatis (CT) and with the control respectively.Results The one-year positive rate of CT antigens was 5. 63% of TCu380A and two-year was 4. 92%； the one year positive rate of CT antigens was 4. 62% and two-year was 5. 08% of GyneFix. There was no significant difference in the positive rate of CT antigen between the TCu 380A IUD, and CryneFix IUDs groups, while there were sig-nificant differences between the TCu380A IUD, GyneFix IUD and the controls ( 15. 18% ) respectively.Conclusion Both IUDs provide highly effective protection against CT infection.     

Experience with bromocriptine for the treatment of female infertility due to hyperprolactinemia.

From July 1981 to September 1988, 106 infertile patients with hyperprolactinemia treated with bromocriptine were reviewed retrospectively with special attention to the dosage of bromocriptine and the evaluation of infertility before treatment. 84 patients (79.2%) became pregnant. The 106 patients were divided into 3 groups according to the following doses: 7.5, 5.0, and less than 5.0 mg/day. The pregnancy rate was 90.7%, 84.6%, and 66.7% respectively with the highest at 7.5 mg/day, which was significantly higher than that at less than 5.0 mg/day (P less than 0.02). The average duration from treatment to pregnancy was 3.6, 3.4 and 7.4 months respectively. The longest duration in the less than 5 mg/day group was twice that in the other two groups. 85% of the pregnancies occurred within 6 months of treatment. Pretreatment of organic lesions and additional therapy for induction of ovulation were given to 29.8% of the pregnancies. The causes of infertility other than hyperprolactinemia were evaluated systemically before the use of bromocriptine. The optimal dose was 5-7.5 mg/day. Macroprolactinomas can be treated with bromocriptine, but should be followed up closely for the development of symptoms of intracranial pressure during pregnancy.

     

Extended Culture of Early Stage Embryos in Frozen-thawed Cycles

Objective To investigate the impact of extended culture of early stage embryos on pregnancy outcome of frozen embryo transfer （FET）. Methods The survival rates of embryos after thawing and pregnancy outcome following FET were compared retrospectively between zygote and cleavage embryos which cultured to cleavage stage or extended cultured to blastocysts. Results A total of 425 zygote embryos in 67 cycles were thawed. After thawing, the survival rate was 94.4% and with an average transfer of 2.8 embryos, the clinical pregnancy rate was 55.2% （37/67）. In 222 FET cycles, totally 1 270 cleavage stage embryos were thawed and the overall survival rates were 80.3%. With an average transfer of 2.7 embryos, the clinical pregnancy rate was 55.4% （123/222）. A significantly lower percentage of degenerated embryos were found for zygotes （5.6%） than that for cleavage stage embryos （19.7%） （P〈0.01）. The clinical pregnancy rate was 53.4% （116/217） in the group of transfer at cleavage stage, while the clinical pregnancy rate was 61.1% （44/72） in the group of transfer at blastocyst stage （P〉0.05）. Conclusion Although the clinical pregnancy rate was not different between patients with freeze-thaw zygote and cleavage stage embryo transfer, higher survival rate for zygote was shown compared with that for cleavage stage embryo. However, the present studies did not demonstrate that extended culture thawing embryos to blastocyst could achieve favor clinical outcome.     

Effect of Patient Age and Embryo Parameters on Pregnancy Outcome in In Vitro Fertilization-Embryo Transfer （IVF-ET）

Objective To study the effect of patient age, the number and quality of embryos transferred on pregnancy outcome in in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer procedures （IVF-ETs）. Methods A retrospective study was conducted with infertile women who underwent a total of 1 800 cycles of lVF-ET and intracytoplasmic sperm injection （ICSI） at the Reproductive Medicine Center of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College from Jan. 2006 to Dec. 2007. The patients were divided into three groups based on age （year）. 〈30, 30-34 and 235. The rates of clinical pregnancy and multiple pregnancies were compared in each group when 1-3 embryos and 0-3 goodquality embryos were transferred respectively. Results 1） In the group of patients aged 〈30 years, there was no significant difference in pregnancy outcomes with 1-3 embryos transferred. However, pregnancy rates were similar when 2 3 good-quality embryos were transferred, which was significantly higher compared with 0-1 good-quality embryos transferred; the incidence of multiple pregnancies was not an issue when only 1 embryo was transferred. 2） The pregnancy rate of the patients aged 30 34 was not significant not only when only 2-3 embryos were transferred but also when 2-3 good-quality embryos were transferred, which was significant compared with when 1 embryo or 0 1 good-quality embryo was transferred. The subgroup of 3 good-quality embryos transferred, at the same time, was expected to significantly increase multiple pregnancy rate. 3） For the patients aged 235, there were similar pregnancy rates in the subgroup involving 1-3 embryos transferred. Compared with 0-2 good-quality embryos transferred, the pregnancy rate was significantly higher in the patients with 3 good-quality embryos transferred. An increased trend toward multiple pregnancies was observed among not only the subgroups with 1-3 embryos transferred, but also when 1-3 good-quality embryos were transferred, although it was significantly higher in patients with 3 good-quality embryo transferred. Conclusion In an effort to achieve the ideal pregnancy rate without the risk of multiple pregnancies, it is desirable to employ a single good-quality embryo transfer for patients aged 〈30 years and 2 good-quality embryos for patients aged 330. As older women （aged 335 years）, this is important, need to abstain from poor-quality embryo transferred by increasing the number of embryos transferred in an effort to improve the rate of clinical pregnancy, if the patients have had enough 2 high-quality embryos.     

Prevalence and Risk Assessment of Campylobacter jejuni in Chicken in China

Objective To understand the occurrence and distribution of Campylobacter jejuni in chicken in China,assess its health risk to the Chinese population,and provide recommendations for effective risk control.Methods Data from the National Food Safety Risk Surveillance Network on Campylobacter jejuni between 2007 and 2010 and from published articles were analyzed.Eleven parameters were used based on the whole chicken preparation process and prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni for risk assessment by using the Ross-Sumner Method.Results The detection rates of Campylobacter jejuni in raw chicken were between 0.29% and 2.28% during 2007-2010 in China(more than 20 provinces).The probability of illness caused by Campylobacter jejuni due to chicken consumption was around six out of one million consumers per day in urban areas and around one out of one million consumers per day in rural areas.Total predicted illnesses per year was about 736 000,accounting for 1.6‰ of the general population in urban areas and about 301 000,accounting for 0.37‰ of the total population in rural areas.The risk rankings of Campylobacter jejuni in chicken were 52 and 49 in urban and rural areas,respectively.Conclusion A high risk score for Campylobacter jejuni in chicken was obtained in China.This result may contribute to development of food safety management strategies.Key efforts should be made to control the risk of Campylobacter jejuni in chicken in China,especially in chick breeding and chicken preparation processes.     

Effect of a New Intrauterine Device on Reproductive Hormone Levels

A new intrauterine device, made up with plastic frame and silicon rubber tube, containing levonorgestrel (LNG) and copper (LNG-(Cu-IUD) has been designed and studied. The copper area is 220mm^2. The determined release rate of LNG is 10.8μg / day. Ten voluntary healthy women were recruited in the study. The menstrual cycles were regular in all subjects. The LNG-Cu-IUD was inserted into uterine cavity near the end of menstrual bleeding days. Serum FSH, LH, PRL. E2 and P values were determmed with RIAs. The results showed that LH peaks occurred in all subjects both before and after insertion of LNG-Cu-IUD. FSH peaks occurred in 8 subjects before and after insertion. PRL levels were within normal range in all subjects. The pre-ovulatory E2 peaks occurred in 9 subjects before and in 8 subjects after insertion. Serum P values were higher than 5 ng / ml in 9 subjects before and in 7 subjects after insertion.     

INTRAUTERINE CONTRACEPTIVE iDEVICE INSERTION WITH SUTURE FIXATION AT CESAREAN SECTION

Intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) in- sertion at cesarean section was performed on 150 cases in this hospital from April 1981 to April 1982. A new suture fixation method is used and described. The expulsion rate is 0.77。 (1 case) in 150 cases 42 days after insertion and 3.1To (4 cases) in 130 cases during the 3rd month with a 2.3To pregnancy rate. These expulsion rates are encouraging.     

Analysis of Factors Influencing Pregnancy Rate in Frozenthawed Embryo Transfer

Objective To analyse factors influencing the outcome of frozen-thawed embryo transfer （FET）. Method A retrospective analysis was performed in our center on 129 thawing cycles from March 2001 to April 2003. The related parameters were compared between conceived and non-conceived cycles. Results There were totally 129 clinical pregnancies in these transfers （pregnancy rate： 27.1%）. Frozen-thawed embryos were transferred to natural cycles and CC cycling and hormone replacement treatment had equal success. Groups of IVF and ICSI did not differ significantly in pregnancy rates （P〉0.05）. The pregnancy rates for one, two, three and four pre-embryos transfer were 0, 20.0%,44.1% and 75.0%, respectively （P〈0.05）. There were statistical differences between pregnancy group or non- pregnancy group in the endometrial thickness, CES, CES/No. of embryo. A higher pregnancy rate was observed in embryo transfers which had at least one 4-cell grade I embryo （d 2）（P〈0.01）. Conclusions The most important factors influencing the implantation rate and pregnancy rate of frozen-thawed embryo transfer are age, endometrium thickness, and the number, morphology and growth rate of transferred frozen embryos of women participants.     

Efficacy of hepatitis B immunoglobulin in relation to the gene polymorphisms of human leukocyte Fcγ receptor III (CD16) in Chinese liver transplant patients

Background Although the use of hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) may lead to a significant reduction in recurrent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and improve the survival of patients who have undergone liver transplantation (LT) for hepatitis B-related diseases, the recurrence of the disease still remains at a lower level. Different clinical curative effects were observed in patients with the same HBV-related diseases and the same therapy. This study was undertaken to investigate whether the efficacy of HBIG is associated with FCGR3A gene polymorphisms in Chinese liver transplant patients.Methods Altogether 77 patients who had received liver transplantation for hepatitis B-related diseases with more than one-year survival after surgery were studied. The recurrence of HBV was characterized by the appearance of HBsAg in serum after the operation. The FCGR3A genotyping was performed using genomic DNA sequencing (ABI 3037). Single nucleotide polymorphism at nucleotide 559 was detected by Polyphred. Results Of the 77 patients, 14 were complicated with HBV recurrence post-transplant. The FCGR3A at nucleotide 559 TT was observed in 35 (45.5％) subjects, whereas TG in 31(40.3％) and GG in 11(14.3％). In the 559G carrier group (n=42, 54.5%), the risk of HBV recurrence was 9.5%, and 1- and 2-year recurrence-free survival rates were 95.2% and 88.7%, respectively. In the 559G noncarrier group (n=35, 45.5%), the risk of HBV recurrence was 28.6%, and 1- and 2-year recurrence-free survival rates were 74.3% and 69.3%, respectively. The risk of HBV recurrence and the recurrence-free survival rate were both statistically different between the 559G carrier and noncarrier groups (P<0.05).Conclusions A single nucleotide polymorphism（T/G）at position 559 of the FCGR3A gene was found in Chinese patients. The efficacy of HBIG in prophylaxis of HBV recurrence after LT is associated with the gene polymorphism, so detecting FCGR3A genotypes can be a clinical reference of the HBIG administration.     

A Case—Contrl Study of Dietary Factors in Patients with Lung Cancer

A case-control study was designed to investigate association of dietary factors with the risk of lung cancer in Sichuan,China.The cases consisted of 135 patients with preinvasive lung cancer which had been confirmed with histopathology,fiber bronchoscope,CT and X-ray film in three provincial hospitals in the recent one year.Controls were healthy subjects who went to one of these hospitals for health check-up;patients with pulmonary diseases was exluded.Controls were matched to cases for sex and age with a ratio of 1:1.Nutrient intakes, the eating habit and other relevant factors were investigated.The data analyzed with the conditional logistic regression model indicated,that dietary beta-carotene intakes had a significantly inverse association with the risk of lung cancer.Vitamin Chad a less significantly inverse association with the risk.Association of protein,fat,energy,retinol intakes of dietbalance index with the risk was not significant.Association of tea,alcohol,garlic or mushroom,respectively,with the risk was also not observed.Consumption of more processed foods and deep-fried foods were found to be risk factors.Smoking and air pollution from coal burning stoves were also observed as independent risk factors of lung cancer in the present study.The mental stress incidence in the case was significantly higher than that in the control.     

Coronary heart disease: incidence, risk factors and interventions in Jiaozhou of Shandong province

Background Coronary heart disease （CHD） is the most common type of heart disease and cause of heart attacks.This study investigated the epidemiological characteristics of CHD and its risk factors in Jiaozhou,Shandong province,to ultimately find a way of reducing the prevalence of cardiovascular disease,and to provide a theoretical basis for establishing a cardiovascular disease management path under the regional medical collaborative mechanism.Methods A questionnaire survey was performed including 1 952 people aged 35 years or older who were questioned by means of stratified,cluster,proportional sampling to investigate the prevalence of CHD and its risk factors.The data were inputted into SPSS11.0 statistical software for processing and analysis.We advised the local medical institutions to establish health files for the residents with CHD and risk factors.They were followed up regularly.Their risk factors and life-style were monitored,and advice was given as to proper medications.Green channels were established,and the patients were transmitted in a timely manner to superior hospitals for better treatment if the necessary treatments were not available in the local hospitals.The control of risk factors was observed after the follow-up for half a year.Results In Jiaozhou,the rates of coronary artery disease,hypertension,diabetes,hyperlipidemia and overweight were 8.15％,28.54％,11.43％,35.46％,and 18.70％ respectively.The rates of hypertension,diabetes,hyperlipidemia and overweight were higher than the data published in ＂The report of Chinese cardiovascular disease 2012＂; which are 24％,9.7％,18.6％,and 9.7％,respectively.The control of risk factors improved significantly after the guidance of the residents lifestyle and medication for six months.Conclusions The high prevalence of coronary artery disease in Jiaozhou is closely related to age,gender,diet structure,family history of cardiovascular disease,hypertension,diabetes,hyperlipidemia,overweight,and unhealthy lifestyle.Under the regional medic     

Comparison of Aspirin and Naoxintong Capsule (脑心通胶囊) with Adjusted-Dose Warfarin in Elderly Patients with High-Risk of Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation and Genetic Variants of Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase

Objective: To compared the therapeutic effect of a Chinese patent medicine Naoxintong Capsule(脑心通胶囊, NXT) and aspirin with adjusted-dose warfarin in Chinese elderly patients(over 65 years) with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation(NVAF) and genetic variants of vitamin K epoxide reductase(VKORC1), who are at high-risk of thromboembolism. Methods: A total of 151 patients, with NVAF and AA genotype of VKORC1-1639(a sensitive genotype to warfarin) and a CHA2 DS2-VASc clinical risk score of 2 or above, were chosen for this study. Patients were randomized into two groups and orally treated with a combination of aspirin(100 mg/day) and NXT(1.6 g thrice a day) or adjusted-dose warfarin [international normalized ratio 2.0–3.0). The primary end points including ischemic stroke and death as well as the secondary end points including hemorrhage events were followed up for at least 1 year. Results: Baseline clinical data and the rates of primary end points were similar between groups. However, the rate of serious bleeding(secondary event) in the combination therapy group was lower than that in the adjusted-dose warfarin group(0% vs. 7.9%, odds ratio: 0.921, 95% confidence interval: 0.862–0.984, P=0.028). Conclusions: Aspirin combined with NXT and warfarin displayed comparable rates of primary end point including ischemic stroke and all-cause death during the 1-year follow-up. However, as compared with warfarin, the combination therapy reduced the rate of serious bleeding. Therefore, aspirin combined with NXT might provide an alternative pharmacotherapy in preventing ischemic stroke for elderly patients with NAVF who cannot tolerate warfarin.(No. ChiC TR-TRC-13003596)     

Analysis of Infertility Rate among Firstly Married Chinese Women During 1976-1985

Data of “China Two-per-thousand Fertility and Contraception Survey‘, a project organized by the State Family Planning Commission in 1988, were applied to analyze the infertility rates in Chinese married women and its probable affectingfactors,The average infertility rate in firstly married Chinese women in 1976-1985 was 6.89%.The rates were gradually declining while calendar years in which Chinese women got married were close to 1985. Approximately 11.32percent of the women who were married in 1976 experienced infertility, whereas 3.89 percent of those did in 1985. The infertility rates in the women whose age of getting married were youhger than 20 years or elder than 29 years were apparently higher than those of the 20s. The rates were gradually going up while the age at women‘s menarche was increasing. The infertility rates were relatively lower in the developed economic regions of the eastern provinces and the metropolises in contrast to the western mountainous regions. The married women in rural area had slightly higher infertility rate than those in urban area. The infertility rates in women who used contraceptives before or immediately after their marriage showed no significant difference to those of nonuser.